非谓语的用法总结解析

非谓语动词的用法总结

李靖

非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动，表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。

一．作主语 ( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数 )

1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如：

Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。（泛指玩火）

To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。

2）用动名词做主语的句型 :

It ’ s no use/no /pleasuregood doing sth做.......没有用处 /好处/乐趣

It ’ s a waste of time doing做sth.... 浪费时间

It is worth doing sth值得做某事

It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收

It is worth making an appointment before you go去.之前预约一下是值得的。

3）不定式做主语的句型 .

It is + adj +for sb to do sth.

比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如 considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单

词出现时。

It is silly of you to say so.

It is important for us to learn English well.

It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.

4)“Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语。如：

When to leave hasn’t been decided yet什.么时候动身还没定呢。

Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem是.自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。

5）一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：

Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe眼见为实。

.Planting flowers needs constant watering.

但and 连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致，

谓语一般用单数）。如： Lying and stealing are immoral说.谎与盗窃是不道德的。

6)动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：

----- What made him angry?

------ Mary’s /My/His/HerTheir/ The boy’ s/ The president（’madesbeinghimlateangry.

7）过去分词不能单独做主语，前面必须加上being，构成动名词，做主语。如：

Being exposed to the sun isharmful to the skin.

Being examined twice a year whether, it is a car, a bus or a truck, is the rule that every

driver must obey in this city.

经典练习：

1.It’s important for the figures_________ (update) regularly.

2.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when’sitbetter

______(remain) silent.

3.It’s really stupid of you _______（tell）him the news yesterday so it has been

disturbing him all the time.

4.___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as

learning to convey your affection and emotions.

5.__________(worry) about your grades doesn’t help.

6.The engine just won’tstart. Something seems _____ (go) wrong with it.

参考答案： 1. to update 2. to remain 3. to have told 4. understanding 5. worrying 6.to go

改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误

1.It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.

2.Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.

3.Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

4.Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.

5.He told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion.

6.How prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

参考答案： 1. 在 employ 前加 to 2. Hear 改为 Hearing 3. Know 改为 Knowing

4. Do 改为 Doing

5. have 前加 to

6. prevent 前加 to.

二.作定语

1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词，如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in

2)用不定式作定语的几种情况：

a.不定式表将来如： The car to be bought is for his sister.

b.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any，the only 等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑

上的主动关系 , 如：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式，因而它们也常跟不定式做定语，常见的有：promise, plan,

attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness,

willingness, readiness等

I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.

He said he had no plan to go there.

He made an attempt to stand up.

Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.

3)前置定语： V+ing 可以表示正在进行，也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态

请区别下面短语：

the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水 (表正在进行 )/白开水（表完成）

a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）

the developing countries/ the developed countries发展中国家 /发达国家

the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子 /

落叶 the remaining money/ the money left剩下的钱

注意：英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人感到⋯..的”，过去分词形式表示“感到⋯ .的”如：

an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音

a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情a puzzled expression一个困惑的表情

4）区别下列后置定语的用法：

to be done表示被动、将来；

done 表示被动、完成；

being done表示被动、正在进行；

v+ing 表示主动；

动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;

如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look和变化系动词就只有用

V+ing 形式。

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with students.

The question to be discussed at tomorrow’ s meeting is a very important one.

The food tasting delicious ells well.

注意：不定式在后置定语中只表示将来，不表目的；having dong或者 having been done一

般用在状语中，不可以做后置定语，过去分词本身就表被动和完成。

请完成下面的练习

1.There are many people ______ (wait) outside the hall.

2.There are many problems ______ ( remain) to be solved.

3.The flowers _______ (smell) sweet attract a lot of people.

4.There are many people _______ (invite) to the party.

th

5.The film, ______ (set) in the 19century, won the medal.

6.The meeting_________(hold) now is of great importance.

7.The meeting_________(hold) yesterday was of great importance.

8.The meeting ________ (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.

9.He is always the first_______ (come) and the last _______ (leave).

10.He is the only person ________(know) the truth.

11.He was the best ______ (do) the job.

13.A great number of students _________(question) said they were forced to practice the piano.

14.John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _____(offer) it to him.

15.After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ______ (provide)

16.Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______(stay) away.

17. The room is empty except for a bookshelf（stand）in one corner.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d519160659.html,ura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of

mail______(wait) for her.

19.They might just have a place _____ (leave) on the writing course—why don’t you give it a try?

21. Volunteering gives you a chance _______ (change) lives, including your own.

参考答案： 1.waiting2.remaining3. smelling 4.invited 5. set 6.being held 7.held 8. to be held 9.

to come 10. to leave 11.to know 12.to do 13. questioned 14. offering 15. provided

16. to stay 17. standing 18. waiting 19. left20. used 21. to leave 22. to

change

三.作表语 (不定式 /动名词 /过去分词都可以做表语 )

1.动名词作表语表示抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常性的行为；不定式多表示具

体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作例如：比较下列区别

His favorite sport is swimming. 泛(指游泳)

Your task today is to wash the curtains(指.一次具体的工作)

2.excited/disappointed/frightened/pleased/satisfied/interested/puzzled/tired感到⋯

exciting/disappointing/frightening/pleasing/satisfying/interesting/puzzling/tiring令人⋯ .

He is moved by the moving movie.

The film is moving.

It is a pleasant trip（.pleasant 做前置定语）

The trip is pleasing（.pleasing 做表语）

3.注意下列表达方式： My bag is missing/ lost/ gone. I find my bag missing/lost/gone.

4.remain 的表语

1)remain to be done仍需去做 /有待于⋯

One problem remians to be solved.

It remians to be seen whether the operation was successful.

2)remain 做“仍然是”讲时，可用名词， adj，介词，现在分词或者过去分词作表语

He remained stuck滞(留)abroad

Peter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker.

Whatever achievements you’ ve made, you remain should modest.无论你取得多么大的成就，你都该保持谦虚。

He had to remain in hospital until he was better.他不得不一直住院直到身体好些。

This solid stone，square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.

The guests came in, but she rmained sitting/seated the desk reading客.人们都来了，但她还坐在写字台旁读书。

As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷。

注意： 1）用作不及物动词，意思是“剩下；剩余；遗留”，此时不能用进行时态，也没有被动语态。

After the fire, very little remained of his house火.灾过后，他的家所剩无几。

2)remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语；而left则只能作后置定语。例如：

There are still some apples left还.剩余一些苹果。

I bought a gift for her with the remaining money.我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物。

3)remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式。例如：

The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋代遗迹。

5. 1) 主语 + seem +(to be )+表语，表语多为名词或形容词

Tom seems (to be ) a very clever boy汤.姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩。

The man over there seems to be a new teacher那边.的那个人看上去像一个新

老

2) 主语 + seem to do sth

be doing sth

have done sth

Mrs. Green doesn’ t seem或seems( not ) to like the idea格.林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意。

The children seemed to be eating something in the room孩子.们好像正在房间里吃东西呢。

The young man seemed to have changed much这个.年轻人看起来变化很大。

6.当不定式用作表语时，其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的。如：

His aim is to do two years’ 他work的目in标one是一.年干两年的工作。

但有一种例外，那就是当主语部分有动词 do 的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。

如：

What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour你.先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好。

All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke我.只不过碰了一下窗户，玻璃就碎了

经典练习

1.My worry is your _______ (rely) too much on your parents.

2.Please remain ______ (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

3.For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in

staying________( connect)

答案： 1.relying 2.seated 3.connected

四.作宾语 (不定式和动名词都可以作宾语 )

1.只能用动名词作宾语的动词和短语

考虑、建议和原谅，承认、推迟没得想像

避免、继续练，否认完成停感谢

不禁止介意准逃亡

consider（考虑） ;advise/suggest/propose/recommend(建议 ); excuse/pardon(原谅)；

admit/acknowledge(承认)；delay/postpone/put off(推迟 ); imagine/fancy(想像)； avoid（避免）；practise（练习） ;deny(否认);finish(完成); appreciate/acknowledge(感谢 ); forbid (禁止); mind(介

意); escape(逃脱)；

此外，这些动词也跟动名词： miss（错过）；enjoy（享受）；risk (冒险 )；tolerate/bear/stand/put up with(容忍)；quit（停止）advocate（提倡）；resist（抵制）understand（理解）；allow/permit(允许)

短语：

feel like doing sth（喜欢做某事 ; give up doing 放(弃做某事 ); keep doing(不停的做某事 ); be busy doing sth;can’ t helpdoing sth（情不自禁） ; be worth doing sth值(得做某事 )；

have difficulty/trouble doing sth(做...有困难 /麻烦 ); have a hard/good time doing sth做.... 很开心 /不开心 ; have fun doing sth 做.... 很开心 succeed in doing sth成功做某事

句型：

It is no use/good /pleasure doing 做sth.......没有用处 /好处/乐趣

There is no point in doing sth= There is no need to do sth没必要做

It is worthwhile doing/ to do sth = be worthy to be done= be worthy of being done= be worth doing sth值得做某事

2.只能用不定式作宾语的动词

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮

decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help,(afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten口诀之外的单词 )

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’tturned up yet.

3.forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作

宾语，但意义上有区别。

forget to do sth _________________ forget doing sth ______________________

go on to do sth __________________go on doing sth ______________________

mean to do sth____________________ mean doing sth___________________

regret to say/tell/inform/announce__________________________________

regret doing sth/having done________________________________________

remember to do sth_________________ remember doing sth________________

stop to do sth______________________ stop doing sth____________________

try to do sth______________________ try doing sth_________________________

can’thelp (to) do sth __________________ can’thelp doing sth __________________

can’thelp but do sth =can’tbut do sth ___________________

sb used to do sth ___________________ sb be used to doing sth ____________________

sth be used to do sth ________________________

be afraid to do sth不敢做某事be afraid of doing sth担心发生某事

be sure to do sth一定会 .....be sure of doing sth确信会 .....

Let ’ s go on studying Lesson（6让.我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）

Let ’ s go on to study Lesson（6.让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）

I remember doing the exercise（.我记得做过练习。）

I must remember to do it.（我必须记着做这事。）

I tried not to go there.（我设法不去那里。）

I tried doing it again.（我试着又干了一次。）

Stop speaking.（不要讲话。）

He stopped to talk.（他停下来讲话。）

I mean to come early today（.我打算今天早些来。）

Missing the train means waiting for another hour（误.了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）

4.在 allow，advise，forbid， permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词

作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：

allow /advise/forbid/permit sb to do sth

allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth

We don ’ t allow smoking here.

We don ’ t allow students to smoke.

动词 need，require，want 作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾

语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 be worth后必须用动名词的主动形

式来表示被动意义。

Sth need/ want/require doing / to be done⋯需要⋯.

Sth be worth doing⋯值得⋯.

deserve to be done/ doing⋯ ..值得⋯.

The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.

Her method is worth trying.

These proposals deserve considering/ to be considered这些.建议应该被考虑。

5.to为介词的短语

devote oneself/ one’s time to (把...贡献给 ...)；look forward to (期望)；pay attention to 注(意)； attach

importance to 重(视 )； be used/accustomed to习(惯于做某事 )；when it comes to 当(谈到做某事 ) ; get

down to(着手)；prefer doing sth to doing sth（喜欢 ...而不喜欢 ; turn to doing sth(转向)； thanks to 多(亏);

lead to 导(致 )；the key to doing sth (做某事的关键 )；object to/be opposed to反(对)；contribute

to (有助于 )；be addicted to doing sth沉(湎于；对...上瘾)；make contributions to对(...做出贡献 ) ；

due to（由于）； apply oneself to致(力于 ) ；stick to（坚持）； come close to（接近于）等后的

动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

6. 不定式做动词（词组） tell,show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise,discuss,

ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时，前面常常带引导词 how, what, whether, where, when,

who 等，但是 why后加不带 to 的不定式。

He showed us how to do the work= He showed us how we should do the work.

I don know’t what to do= I don’ t know what I should do.

We must decide whether to stay or go=We must decide whether we’ ll stay or go.

Can you tell me why do it?

7.在love，hate，prefer，like 等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，

指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。

I love swimming.I love to swim today.

8.start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。

It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.

典型例题

1.David threatened _____(report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.

2.He chose _______(keep) silent when asked why.

3.He volunteered _________(help) the victims in the earthquake.

4. Whenever you are in trouble, don’ t hesitate _______(ask) me for help.

5.As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need ______(repair).

6.—Can I smoke here?

— Sorry. We don ’ t allow ______(smoke) here.

7. I hear they’ ve promoted Tom, but he didn’ t mention ______(promote) when we talked on the

8.Bill suggested _______(hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.

9.I really appreciate _______(have) time to holiday with you on this nice island.

10.I can hardly imagine her _______(marry) such a men as Lee.

11.It ’ s quite hot today. Do you feel like __(go) for a swim?

12.The film star wears sunglass. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).

13. — They are quiet, aren’ t they?

—Yes, they are accustomed to not talk at meals.

14.How can I afford to fly to America when I can only earn 800 Yuan a month.

15.Would you mind turn down your radio a little, please?

16.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed caught.

17.He practiced playing the piano every morning.

18.He risked losing his life in order to save the drowning girl.

19.He was considering changed his mind.

20.He was considered to be very rich.

21.Don ’ t worry. We can manage to help you out.

22.I was advised to quit the job and try a new one.

23.We ’ ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to be done to achieve theccessfinal. su

24.One learns a language by making mistakes and correct them.

25.China recently tightened its waters controls near the HuangYan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from attacked in the South China Sea.

26.Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and having reduced to ruins, the city took on a

new look.

27.When it comes to speak in public, no one can match him.

28.Lydia doesn’ t feel like study abroad. Her parents are old.

29.I really regret _____ (inform) you that you have failed to pass the exam.

30.He tried ______(persuade) her to accept their incitation, but in vain.

31.She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

32.I still remember taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.

33.No one answered the front door, so I tried knocking at the back door.

34.I’ m afraid I can’ t help painting the house this afternoon.

35.I couldn’ t choose but to accept his invitation.

36.I’ m sorry. I didn’ t mean hurt you.

37.Now that we have finishedExercise I, let’ s go on to doⅡ .Exercise

38.I couldn’ t help but admiring him for his courage.

39.Oh, my goodness! I forgot to lock the door last night. Is there anything missing?

40.I forgot paid already, so I went to my boss again.

41.The competitor never dreamed of there __________ (be) a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100meter race.

42.Have you heard of my sister _______ (win) the contest?

43.The doctor does not mind I eating a little meat occasionally.

44.She didn ’ t mind herstakenbook away and used by other students.

45.I insist on Mary go there.

46.I knew nothing about the window was open.

47.He left the city without our know it.

答案：

1.to report

2. to keep

3. to help

4.to ask

5.repairing

6.smoking

7.having been promoted

8.holding

9.having 10. marrying 11.going 12.being recognized 13.talk改为 taking 14.正确 15.turn改为 turning 16.caught

前加 being 17.正确 18.正确 19.changed改为 changing 20正.确 21.正确 22.正确 23.正确 24.correct 改

为 correcting 25.attecked前加 being 26.having改为 being 27.speak改为 speaking 28.study改为studying 29.to inform 30.to persuade 31正.确 32.taken前加 being 33正.确 34.painting改为 paint 35.去掉 to 36.正确 37.正确 38.admiring 39正.确 40.paid前加 being 41.being 42.winning 43.改I为 my 或me 44.taken前加 being 45.go改为 going，或去掉 on 46.was改为 being 47.know改为

knowing 五．作状语

不定式分词作状语时，不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，不定式表示目的，

动名词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。

(一)不定式作状语

1.不定式作目的状语

In order to可以放在句首，也可以放在句中； so as to 只能放于句中，in order to 和 so as to 放于句中时，不能用逗号隔开。

To catch the early bus/In order to catch the early bus, he gets up early.

= He gets up early to catch the early bus.

Bob took down my telephone number so as / in order not to forget it.

= In order not to forget it, Bob took down my telephone number.

2.不定式作结果状语

不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中： so+adj +as to do sth; such+n +as to do sth;⋯enough to do sth; too⋯ .to; Only to do sth表示不定式出乎意料的结果。

I ’m not so stupid as to write it down.’=Im not such a fool as to write it down.

He is clever enough to be fit for the job.

Jane arrived at the station only to be told the train had gone.

比较： He died, leaving only debts动.(名词表示自然而然的结果 )

I ’m too tired to stay up longer.

注意：only too⋯to 结构中，并非是“太⋯ .而不能⋯.”之意，而表示“非常⋯.”这样搭配的形

容词有： pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy等。

I ’m only too glad to have passed the exam考试.及格了，我非常高兴。

I ’m too willing to help you.

3.不定式作原因状语

当这些形容词light, heavy, hard/difficult, easy, comfortable, pleasant, dangerous impossible,

interesting nice等出现时要用主动表被动。

This question is easy to answer.

This book is difficult to understand.

（二）分词做状语

分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状语等，为了强调，可以

与while, when, once, if , unless等连词连用。

(not)V+ing表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系

V+ed表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系

(not) having done 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系；动作发生在谓语动作之前

(not)having been done表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系 ; 动作发生在谓语动作之前

1. When ________ (offer) help, one often says“Thank you”or “It’s kind of you.

2.____________(Separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and

animals not found in any other country in the world.

3.Generally speaking, if _______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

4.He glanced at her, ________( note) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.

5.The teacher came into the lab, _________(follow) by some students.

6._________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.

7.Not _______________(receive) her letter, he wrote again.

参考答案： 1.offered2. Separated 3. taken 4. noting 5. followed 6. Having been told 7.

having received

(三) 独立成分作状语

有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说 strictly/ honestly/frankly speaking 严格地、诚实地、坦率地讲considering/given/taking⋯ into consideration考虑到 judging from/by 根据 ....判断 compared with/to 与....相比 provided/ providing/ suppose/ supposing/ assuming假设

to be frank/ to tell you the truth/ to be honest坦率地说、跟你说实话、老实

说 To make things/ the matter worse更为糟糕的是

seeing that鉴于

Considering his age, he is quite tall.

Judging from his look, he didn’tagree with you at all.

I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make things worse, it began to rain.

To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.

练习：

1).______ (sleep) late in the morning, he turned off the alarm’clock.

2)._______(see) from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

3)._______(see) the sunset from the hill, he felt relaxed.

4)._______(clean) the desks, we began reading.

5).__________(surround) for a month, the enemy had to give in.

6).___________(lose) in the woods, he finally saved by the police.

7).All the afternoon he worked with the door_______(lock).

8).With winter_______(come) on，it's time to buy warm clothes.

9).I can't go out with all these dishes________(wash).

10).Anderson was lying on the bed with the window________(open).

11).He stood there with his eyes ______(fix) on the wall.

12).He felt relaxed, with his work _______(do).

13). He felt anxious, with a lot of work________(do)

参考答案： 1) to sleep; 2) seen; 3) seeing; 4) Having cleaned; 5) having been surrounded; 6) lost

7) locked 8) coming 9) to wash 10) open 11).fixed 12) done13) to do

总结状语从句的做题方法： 1.___________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________

4._____________________________________________________

( 四) 独立主格

非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致。但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中做状语，我们称之为独立主格。它的结构特点是：

① 独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语，与主句的主语不同，前后主语不一致；②在独立主格

中的状语中，不定式表示还未作，过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③ 独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开。

独立主格的结构为： (with)主语 +V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/介词结构 / 副词

1). 名词 /主格代词 +现在分词。名词 /主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：

The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’tknow what to say.

=With the girl staring at him, he didn’tknow what to say.

姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.

=_______________________________________________________

如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。

2). 名词 /主格代词 +过去分词。名词 /主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：

The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.

= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved随着.问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken (= because herlassesg were broken), she couldntsee the words’ on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________.

由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

3). 名词 /主格代词 +不定式。名词 /主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性

的动作。如：

He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.

=He is going to make a model plane, with some old parts to help.

借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

4). 名词 /主格代词 +形容词。如：

An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive那.架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生

还。 = An air accident happened to the plane, with nobody alive.

So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. =_____________________________这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。

5). 名词 /主格代词 +副词。如：

He put on his sweater ,wrong side out.

= He put on his sweater , with wrong side out他把.毛衣穿反了。

The meeting over, they all went home.=____________________________________________.

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会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

6). 名词 /主格代词 +介词短语。如：

The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.

= The boy goes to the classroom,with a book in his hand那.男孩手里拿着书去教室。

Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door玛.丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

7). There being +名词（代词）， being不可省。如：

There being nothing else to ,do we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed没有.再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

8). It being +名词（代词）， being不可省。如：

It being Christmas,he t government offices were closed由.于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

It being a holiday,all the shops were shut由.于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

经典试题练练看

1.The party will be held in the garden, weather ________(permit).

2.The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _______ (lay) for a meal to be cooked.

3.The lecture ______(give), a lively question and answer session followed.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d519160659.html,e on, please give me some ideas about the project.

Sorry. With so much work ______(fill) my mind, I almost break down.

5.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _____(finish), he gladly accepted it.

6.With nothing _______(do), we went to the cinema.

7.With their son _______(attend) a foreign college now, the parents have some financial problems now and then.

8. Her money ________(run out), the lazy middle aged woman began to steal others’money at crowded places, such as bus stops, stations, airports and ports.

触类旁通改改错

1.The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog followed them.

2.Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some have a life span of around 20 years.

3.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons were finished for the day.

4.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent was launched at the end of last March.

5.The street was quiet with no buses were running.

6.In came a man with his hand being tied back.

7.With Mr Smith away, we’ve got more room.

8.With the car broken down halfway on the road, we had great difficulty walking home in the snow.

答案：

1. permitting

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d519160659.html,id

3.(having been) given

4.filling

5.finished

6.to do

7.attending

8.having run out

1. following 改为 following

2. have改为 having

3. 去掉 were

4. 去掉 was

5. 去掉 were

6. 去掉 being

7. 正确 8. broken改为 breaking

六．作宾补时

1).tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask/ advise/ allow/beg/

cause/expect/forbid/ intend/ prefer/ remind/ require/request/command/direct/ want/wish/call on/ demand of/depend on+ sb to do

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You are not allowed to do smoke here.

The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.

He asked me to finish it in time.

The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.

2)感官动词feel; hear/listen to; see/watch/observe/look at/ notice的宾补结构有四种形式，以

see为例

do sth 看见某人做了某事主动

doing sth 看见某人正在做某事

sb being done看见某人正在被⋯

See done 看见某人被⋯ .被动

sth done看见某物被⋯

I saw him go downstairs just now.

I saw him playing on the playground now.

I saw him being beaten by a man when I passed by.

I saw the girl well taken care of.

I’d like to see the plan carried out.

3) 使役动词 make/ let/ have/ get后跟宾补的情况

do sth 让某人做某事主动

doing sth 让某人持续做某事

sb done使某人被⋯.

have被动

sth done 让别人作某事；不幸的遭遇

He had me write a letter to him.

She had him waiting outside for a long time.

I had my daughter taken care of by my mother.

I had my hair cut yesterday.

Tom had his leg broken while playing football.

注意：

1. have 表示“有”have sth to do 主(动 )

have sth to be done被(动 )

I have a lot of clothes to wash today.

I am going to do some washing today. Do you have any clothes to be washed.

2.can’t/won’t have sb doing sth不能让某人做某事

I can’thave Yonghui getting way with telling people lies.

I won’thave you speaking to you dad like that.

get sb to do sth= let/ make/ have sb do

sth get sth done= have sth done

get sb/ sth doing使某人 /某物开始行动起

来 have sb doing sth使某人不停地做某

事 get done 被.....

The teacher gets us to read the text aloud.

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Her son has been ill for days .She needs get to him examined in the hospital.

The captain got the soldier moving towards the front after a short rest.

He managed to get the horse running.

we couldn’t get the car starting.

He got run by the car.

注意：以上的感官动词和使役动词的被动结构要加不定式to

Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

4). 动词 leave，keep, set, find, catch的宾补结构

sb/sth doing让某人/某物一直处于某种状态

sth undone/untouched/ unfinished/ unsettled留下某事未作

① Leave sb to do sth 让某人去做某事

sth to be done留下某事要做

It ’s wrong to leave the machine running.

The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn’ttaste delicious.

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.

② keep sb/sth doing使某人一直做某事

sb/sth done使某人/某物被⋯.

Keep the engine running.

You should keep me informed of his whereabouts(行踪).

sb doing sth发现某人正在做某事

③find sb/sth done发现某人/某物已经⋯ .

sb/sth (to be)+adj/n 发现某人 /某物⋯.

We found him (to be)dishonest.

Often I found her quietly crying alone.

I found him buried in the novel. 我发现他在埋头读一本小说。

④catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事（往往是坏事）

I caught Tom cheating in the exam.

5).常用不定式作主语补足语的句型do sth/ to be done

Sb /sth be said/believed/reported/ considered/ supposed to

have done/ have been done

He is said to be the best player in our school.

He is said to have gone abroad.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

The bank is reported to have been robbed.

You are supposed to pay the bill by Friday.

He is believed to have invented the machine.

6)当不定式用作介词 except或 but 的宾语时，该不定式有时带 to，有时不带 to，情形比较复杂，

大致原则是：其前有 do，不定式不带 to；其前没有 do，不定式通常带 to。如：

He likes nothing except to watch TV除.了看电视外，他什么都不喜欢。

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It had no effect except to make him angry除.惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。

There ’ s little we can do except wait除了.等待我们没有什么办法。

I could do nothing except agree我.除了同意，没有别的办法

重点句型： have no choice/alternative but to do sth别无选择只能做某事

have nothing to do but do sth / can do nothing but do别sth无选择只能做某事

经典例题：

1.I looked up and noticed a snake ______(wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

2.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _______(wash).

3.Having finished her project, she was invited _______(speak) by the school to the new students.

4.When we saw the road _______(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.

5.Let those in need ______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.

6.He is thought ______(act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.

7.Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles ______(recognize).

8.I was advised _______(take) more exercise and eat less sugar.

9.That eight-year-old boy was made _________(work) day and night by the cruel boss.

10.When he went back to his home village ten years later, he found it completely _____(change).

11.Passengers are permitted ______(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.

12.Simon made a big bamboo box _____(keep) the little sick bird till it could. fly

13.Listen! Do you hear someone call for help?

14.I felt something hitting me on the back.

15.Let the children quiet, please.

16.He was heard leave the house.

17.I’ll have him to pay attention to his handwriting.

18.Don’thave the students study all day.

19.All that set me thinking.

20.He got his tooth pull out yesterday.

21.He was caught steal in the shop and was sent to prison.

22.I found my desk mate, Li Yang, play basketball on the playground.

23.Michael put up a picture of aoY Ming beside the bed to keep himself reminding of his own dreams.

24.Even the best writers find themselves losing for words.

25.Claire had luggage _______ (check) an hour before her plane left.

26.I have a lot of readings ________ (complete) before the end of this term.

27.Every year, Tom remembers to have some flowers ________ (send) to her mother on her birthday.

28.The director had her assistant _______ (pick) up some hot dogs for the meeting.

29.The two men had their lights ________ (burn) all night long.

30.He had his house _______ (break) into last night.

31.With the world changing fast, we have something new deal with all by ourselves every. day

32.Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls join up.

33.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but meet an even great challenge.

34.He had all his students to stand up and sing the song together.

35.They had the machine run all day and all night.

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36.We won’thave such a thing happening again.

37.Something has gone wrong with my computer’ll.Iget it _________ (repair) tomorrow.

38.It’s too noisy outside.’llIhave to get the children ___________ (stop) shouting.

39.The first thing he did every morning was to get his car ____________(start).

40.He was very humorous and often got us ________ (laugh).

41.Considering his illness, the doctor tried to get the patient stop smoking.

42.His sudden appearance got them surprising.

43.He got his ankle hurt in the game yesterday.

44.The boss got them worked as soon as they entered the workshop.

答案：

1.winding

2.washed

3. to speak

4. blocked

5. understand

6. to have acted

7.recognized8. to take9. to work10. changed 11. to carry12. to keep

13. call改为 calling 14. hitting改为

hit15. quiet前加 be

16. leave前加 to 17.去掉 pay 前的

to

18.study改为 studying19. 正确20. pull 改为 pulled21. steal改为 stealing

22.play 改为 playing23.reminding 改为 reminded24. losing改为 lost25. checked

26.to complete 27. sent 28. pick29. burning 30. broken 31. deal前加 to 32. join改为 joined 33.meet前加 to 34.去掉 to35. run改为 running36.正确37. repaired38. to stop 39.started40. laughing41. stop 前加 to42. surprising改为 surprised43.正确

44.worked改为 working

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