翻译讲义7

翻译讲义7
翻译讲义7

翻译讲义7 Topic: Translation Skills (II)

·Repetition 重复

一.为了文字清楚

二.为了突显原文精神

1.复原文中的重复用词

2.用同义词重复原文重复用词三.为了增强表现力

1.运用成语

2.运用词的重叠

3.运用对偶词组

4.运用原文已有的句子

李超

Repetation重复

重译法,有的著家亦称重复法。Repetation既然在翻译中被称为一种技巧,自然,就不是一般所说的不必要的重复,而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义:在翻译中,有时为了忠实原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实与原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语用于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

我们之所以要重复是因为行文和修辞的要求。本来可以用两个字,却偏偏用四个字,本来可以用一个成语,却偏偏用两个成语。这类重复往往是为了“雅”。但有时倒并不是为了使用成语之类的“雅”词,而仅仅是为了满足行文表达的基本要求。具体来讲,重译法有如下三个作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。

一.为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在合同、条约等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词。

二.为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。在英语中,一句话里两个动词共有一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。

如:

例1.We have to analyse and solve problems.

译文:我们要分析问题,解决问题。

例2.Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

译文:我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

三. 英语常用省略(语),但为了明确,为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。

如:

例 1. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

译文:无知是恐惧的根源,也是敬佩的根源。

例 2.The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law-in particular of the Geneva

Convention.

译文:使用原子武器显然违反国际法,特别是违反日内瓦公

约。

in particular adj. 尤其、特别、格外

clear a. easy to see or hear 易看见、听见

violation n. violate v. 违反、违背、违犯(法律、协议等)

例:但是我们还是有缺点的,而且还是很大的缺点。

译文:But we still have defects, and very big ones.

缺点: defect fault shortcoming weak-point

四.被定语从句修饰的名词有时在英译汉中要重复。

例:We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among

the nations of Asia and Africa.

译文:我们提倡和平共处的原则,这个原则目前在亚非

各国越来越得人心了。

下面我们再具体讲一下重译法应注意的问题。

一.为了文字清楚

(一)重复名词

例:The big company has its disadvantages.

译文:大企业有大企业的难处。

(二)重复动词

例:We should think more of the collective than of

ourselves.

译文:我们应该多考虑集体的利益,少考虑自己的

利益。

(三)重复代词

例:He had his value. 译文:他有他的可贵之处。

(四)重复形容词

例:Everybody knows who’s cool and who’s not.

It’s obvious.

译文:人人都知道谁酷谁不酷。这是一目了然的。

(五)重复副词

例:She is never too aggressive, never too

withdrawn.

译文:她(的为人)从不过分咄咄逼人,也从不畏畏缩缩。

二.为了突显原文精神

(一)重复原文中的重复用词

例1.Since that day, I have never missed a

Wednesday——Patricia have received a card

from me every Wednesday,every week,every

month,every year.

译文:自那天后,我没错过一个星期三——每年,每月,

每周的每个星期三,帕特丽夏都会收到一张我

送的贺卡。

例2.They’re all dead, and it’s your fault. Your fault!

译文:他们都死了,是你害的。你害的!

他们都死了,是都怪你。都怪你!

例3.-I have a big wake-up call. Look!

-Oh, my God. It is a big, big wake-up call.

译文:-我有一个很大的闹钟。你看!

-噢,天呐。那是是一个很大很大的钟。

(二)用同义词重复原文重复用词

例1.These seemed to call into question the dominance not only of Western power, but of Western ideology.

译文:这一切似乎不仅是人怀疑西方强权的垄断地位,而且也被西方意识形态一统天下的局面受到质疑。

Call sth. into question to doubt sth.:make others doubt sth.

怀疑、引起怀疑dominance n. 支配(地位)、控制(地位)

三.为了增强表现力

(一)运用成语

汉语中有大量的成语,这是汉语的一大特点。成语精炼简洁,念起来顺口,有节奏感,并且有丰富的表现力,如使用得当,可使文字生动活泼,增强修辞效果。英译汉时可酌情考虑使用汉语,使译文文字优美。

如:

例1.I watched many parents yell at each other and use bad language in front of theirs kids.

译文:我看到很多夫妻相互大叫,而且当着他们的孩子面出言不逊。

例2.Almost instantly I understood.

译文:转瞬间我茅塞顿开,豁然开朗。

(二)运用词的重叠

例1.Day and night she works hard in her laboratory.

译文:她在实验室里日日夜夜,勤勤恳恳地工作。

例2.John stood transfixed in front of the television,

neither moving nor speaking,for more than half an hour.

译文:约翰一动不动,默默无言地在电视机前站了足足半

个多小时。

(三) 运用对偶词组

汉语不怕重复,汉语的重复并不会给人单调乏味的感觉,相反,如果使用得当,重复可以起反复强调的作用,还可以增强文章的思想性和艺术性。

例1.Eating and drinking,that fellow idled about and did no decent work.

译文:那家伙吃喝玩乐,东游西荡,不物正业。

idle v. to spend time doing nothing important 闲荡、无所事事、混时间

decent a. 相当不错的人

例2.You shouldn’t have said anything against this.

译文:对这件事,你不该说三道四。

(四) 重复原文已有的句子:

例:And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for you country.

My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what American

will do for you; but what together we can do for the

freedom of man.

译文:因此,美国同胞们,不要问国家为你们做些什么,而要向你们能为国家做些什么。

全世界的公民们,不要问美国将为你们做些什么,而要

向我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。

HOMEWORK

Oct.19TH, 2006 1.I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

2. The organization remains an invaluable tool at the disposal of the

international community.

3. Member states identified human rights as a central issue for the future

agenda of the Organization /and of the world community in general.

4.He left for London as he received the instruction from his boss.

5.We welcome its new efforts to improve its economic and political relations

with its northern neighbors.

6.Twentieth century history shows the impressive adaptive capacity of

international relations based on multinational principles and norms.

7.He has established a dialogue on human rights at the highest levels of

government, and with regional and national institutions worldwide.

8.He has also developed a positive and constructive dialogue with the NGO

community.

9.Capacity -building is an issue that is at the forefront of the global

development agenda.

10.We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way from China to

present this document to us.

11.In order to be effective, the United Nations human rights program must

achieve a higher degree of professionalism through both reform and reorganization of its structure.

12.Copper is used so widely for carrying electricity, as it offers very little

resistance.

13.A canting, lie-loving, fact-hating, scribbling, chattering, wealth-hunting,

pleasure-hunting, celebrity-hunting, mob, that, having lost the fear of hell, and not replaced it by the love of justice, cares for nothing but the lion’s share of the wealth wrung by threat of starvation from the hands of the classes that create it.

14.“I am defending myself, an accused communist; I am defending my political

honor, my honor as a revolutionary; I am defending my communist ideology, my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life. ”

15.I kept going back to it at odd times during the day, then at night when I was

being put to bed.

16.The letter I represents I, O owe, and U you.

17.All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.

18.If you go to Beijing, don’t forget to see my younger brother.

19.Rain or shine, I will go there.

20.I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.

Homework Explanation

Oct.19TH, 2006

Please, translate the following sentences with the translation skills—REPETITION ,we have learned.

1.I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste

time.

译文:我希望这次会议不要开得太久,太久了只会浪费时间。

Re: 由于汉语表达的需要,这个句子可以断在long之后,it指的是前面主句的内容,汉语中可以重复“太久了”来表述。这样做比较符合汉语中使用短句多的特点。

2. The organization remains an invaluable tool at the disposal of the

international community.

译文:本组织仍然是一种宝贵的工具,一种能为国际社会服务的宝贵工具。

remain v. to continued to be(in an unchanged state) 继续;依然(不变)invaluable adj. too valuable to be measured; extremely useful

(褒)非常宝贵的;价值高的无法估量的;极为有用的

该词是valuable 的反义词

siaposal n. 去掉;清除;处理

at the disposal of: able to be used freely by somebody/something

可供某人使用,供某人支配

at somebody’s disposal : 对某事物有用

community n. 社区;社会

Re: 用“重复”的手段来处理后听到的话,符合汉语表达的原则。这种方法适合灵活处理许多英汉句型差别较大的情况。3.Member states identified human rights as a central issue for the future agenda of the Organization and of the world community in general.

译文:成员国已确定人权为本组织未来议程中的一个中心问题,一个国际社会未来议程中的中心问题。

员国已确定人权为本组织未来议程中的一个中心问题,一个国

际社会今后议程中的核心问题。

Re: identify v. 确认

issue n. 问题,议题,争论点

agenda n. (会议的)议(事)程

in general:usually, in most cases一般而言;大体上

通过重复,纠正了前半句的不足。

4.He left for London as he received the instruction from his boss. 译文:他启程去了伦敦。收到老板的指示后就动身了。

他一收到老板的指示就立即启程赴伦敦了。

Re: instruction n. an order 命令,指示

像种非公文体的日常谈话式的原话,翻译中可以非常灵活,只要能充分达意就可以了同意重复使这句话听起来毫无重复之感。5.We welcome its new efforts to improve its economic and political relations with its northern neighbors.

译文:我们欢迎该国新的努力,改善其同北方邻国经济政治关系的努力。

Re: neighbors n.邻居,(比喻)邻国

6.Twentieth century history shows the impressive adaptive capacity of international relations based on multinational principles and norms.

译文:二十世纪的历史表明,国际关系具有惊人的调整适应能力,而这种国际关系的基础是多边原则与准则.

二十世纪的历史表明,以多边原则与准则为基础的国际关系具有惊人的调整适应能力.

Re: impressive adj. causing admiration, esp. by giving one a feeling of

size, importance, or great skill; making a strong or

good impression

令人钦佩的;给人以强烈或良好印象的,令人难忘的adaptive adj. 适应的,能适应的

capacity n. ability or power 能力,才能;力量

multinational adj. (公司)多国的,跨国的

principle n. 原则

norm n. standard, eg. of behavior or ability, that is regarded as average or generally acceptable

准则,标准,规范;平均数

7. He has established a dialogue on human rights at the highest

levels of government, and with regional and national institutions worldwide.

译文:他已开始就人权问题在政府最高一级进行对话,并与世界各地区和国家机构进行对话。

Re: institutions 社会机构

这句话也可以切得更碎些,然后再用重复的方法连起来:

他已开始了人权问题的对话,在政府最高一级。并与世界各地

的区域和国家机构进行对话。

这句话还可译为:

他和政府最高一级以及世界各地的区域和国家机构建立了人

权对话的关系。

8. He has also developed a positive and constructive dialogue with

the NGO community.

译文:他还开展了积极的、建设性的对话,与非政府组织进行这样的对话。

Re: positive adj.积极的,

constructive adj.建设性的

NGO: None Governmental Organization

9. Capacity-building is an issue that is at the forefront of the global development agenda.

译文:能力建设是一个首要问题,一个全球发展议程的首要问题。

Re:forefront adj.最前线,最前列,最重要的位置

10. We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way

from China to present this document to us.

译文:我们非常感谢您所做的努力。感谢您专程从中国前来向我们介绍这个文件。

Re: grateful adj.表示感谢的,感激的

present v. show

11.In order to be effective, the United Nations human rights program

must achieve a higher degree of professionalism through both reform and reorganization of its structure.

译文:为了有效,联合国人权方案必须提高工作水准,通过改革和结构重组来提高工作水准。

Re: effective adj.效果好的

program n. 计划, 方案, 安排, 纲领

achieve v. succeed in doing or reaching 做到, 达成, 完成

professionalism n. (褒)专业精神

12. Copper is used so widely for carrying electricity, as it offers very

little resistance.

译文:铜广泛用于输电,因为铜的电阻很小。

13 A canting, lie-loving, fact-hating, scribbling, chattering,

wealth-hunting, pleasure-hunting, celebrity-hunting mob, that, having lost the fear of hell, and not replaced it by the love of

justice, cares for nothing but the lion’s share of the wealth wrung by threat of starvation from the hands of the classes that create it.

译文:一伙冒充善良、爱撒谎、不顾事实、瞎写瞎说、追求金钱、追求快乐、追求名誉的人,一伙既失去对地狱的畏惧,又没有代之对正义的热爱的人,他们斤斤计较的,只是分到最大部分的财富,这笔财富是从创造它的阶级手里以饥饿相威胁而榨取得来的。Re: canting adj.伪善的cant v. 作为伪善的表示

lie-loving adj. 爱说谎的的

hate v. dislike 不喜欢;不愿;

fact-hating adj. 不顾事实的

scribble v. to write meaningless marks乱涂,瞎写

chatter v. (of people) to talk quickly, continuously, and for a long time, usu. About something unimportant

[人]唠叨,饶舌,喋喋不休

scribbling, chattering瞎写瞎说

wealth n. 财富

hunt v. to search (for); try to find 搜寻,寻找

wealth-hunting adj. 追求金钱

pleasure-hunting adj. 追求快乐

celebrity n. fame [正]名声,名誉;(尤指娱乐界的)名人,名流

celebrity-hunting adj. 追求名誉

mob n. a large noisy crowd, esp. one which is violent

(常贬)成群的暴徒

replace v.取代;代替

the lion’s share of(…)最大的一份

wring v. (p.p.)wrung(把湿衣服)拧干;绞掉(水)

[喻]逼某人做事

starvation n. 挨饿;饥饿;饿死starve v.

14. “I am defending myself, an accused communist; I am defending

my political honor, my honor as a revolutionary; I am defending my communist ideology, my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life. ”

译文:我正在保卫自己——一个被控告的共产党员;我正在保卫着我的政治荣誉,一个革命家的荣誉;我是正在保卫着我的共产主义观点、我的理想、我全部生命的内容和意义。

Re: defend v.防御; 防守; 保卫

accuse v. 指控; 控告

revolutionary n. 革命者; 革新者

adj. 革命的; 革命性的; 革新的

ideology n. 意识形态; 思想(体系); 思想意识

significance n. 意义

15.I kept going back to it at odd times during the day, then at night when I was being put to bed.

译文:我白天不时想到它,晚上临睡时也会想着它。

Re: odd adj.不固定的; 临时的; 额外的

16.The letter I represents I, O owe, and U you.

译文:字母I代表“我”,O代表“欠”,U代表“你”。

Re: represent v.代表(某人,某团体)

17 .All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.

译文:所有物体都由分子组成,而分子则由原子组成。

Re:molecules n. 分子

atoms n.原子

18 .If you go to Beijing, don’t forget to see my younger brother.

译文:你要是去北京的话,别忘了去看一看我弟弟。

19.Rain or shine, I will go there.

译文:晴也罢,雨也罢,我都要去。

20.I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.译文:我的问答完全是坦坦荡荡,不藏不掖。

Re:withhold v.to keep (back) on purpose 扣留; 保留

refuse to give 拒绝给予

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币(一大笔钱)请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝,显然画家不喜欢这种绘画,因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然,这场贪图财利的婚姻,将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一(至少在绘画上如此),即:男人善于思考推理,女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新,也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上,拇指放于嘴中,瞪着眼睛若所所思,但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族,他不懂他们的语言,他又必须依赖他们的善良生存,而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美,因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”,而不是女性的,浴中人体艺术,正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk(‘total work of art’).康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天,贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品,这一举动,拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

英语翻译技巧选修课讲义

第一单元词语的翻译(1) 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如,英语中有词形变化,汉语中没有;英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等,而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起,不一定或很少使用连词和介词,也没有关系代词。所以,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯,但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1.增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多,汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1:不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres. 例2:怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3:又要马儿跑得快,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze.Isn’t it ridiculous! 2.增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外,还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法,英译时需增补it。 例4:一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day. 例5:是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6:尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l. 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分,又有表态部分,在汉语里往往是叙事在前,表态在后。叙事部分比较长,表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反,表态在前,叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语,以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7:我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems. 例8:我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that. 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中,只要从上下文能正确理解,宾语常常可以省略,但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语,因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9:我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

翻译讲义

一.课堂导入 (以温故提问的方式导入) 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) (①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译:指译文要与原文保持对应关系,重要的词语要相应的落实,要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式,力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译:指着眼于表达原句的意思,在忠于愿意的前提下,灵活翻译原文的词语,灵活处理原文的句子结构。) 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对:一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换:有些词语意义已经发展,用法已经变化,语法已经不用,在译文中, 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留:人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译;与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删:一些没有实在意义的虚词,如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等,同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补:省略的部分;词语活用相应的部分;代词所指的内容;使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调:把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来,使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词,后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二.文言句子翻译题的解题步骤: (一)总体分五步: 第一步: 第二步: 第三步: 第四步

第五步: (二)分步解析: 第一步: 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的,告诉学生,翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手,不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠,会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病,而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句,只要理解句子的大意就行,这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步: 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键,因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子,一定有几个得分点,突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外,每一位学生由于情况不同,在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中,要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来,然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时,可以给学生提供下面的方法: 第三步:理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下,因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式,导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱,不合现代文的句子规范。所以,翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生,要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式: 第四步:草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸(考试时可以在试卷上)上先大致草拟一下答案,结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步: 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整,然后誊写到答卷上,这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰,又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律:①做翻译题的时候,应该有踩点得分的意识,要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点:一是关键词,二是特殊句。

翻译课讲义(5)

作业讲评: 1.I hope you won’t mind when …词序需作调整;2.When I go without you for a nice chat …单独去(独自)… 3.but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they do yours (take your place) paraphrase: Just as they can not take the place of you, so you cannot take the place of other friends.你不能代替我其他朋友,正如他们也不能代替你一样。 同样句型举例: I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. 直到用语言描绘美,我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。当然,语言也可以创造自己的美。但世界上我们所感受到的美是不可言传的,正如相片无法捕捉到雄鹰那令人惊叹的敏捷或超新星发出的巨大力量一样。 4.just as I do yours =just as I need your care, encouragement and sobering criticism

英汉翻译复习资料

填空题复习资料: 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人,物从中国”的翻译思想,而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出:“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标:‘译事三难:信、达、雅’,三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为:案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实,通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材,翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8.20世纪50年代初,傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点;60年代初,钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说:“信言不美、美言不信”。 10.20世纪90年代,美籍意大利学者韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti )提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论,该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助,但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比(Mary Snell-Hornby)在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍:20世纪80年代,西方翻译研究出现文化转向;90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向;而进入新世纪,翻译研究又回到了语言学时代,出现了“U字形转向”(U-turn)。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准,提出了功能翻译(Functional Equivalence)(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13.辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”,在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度,这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准,真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。

六级翻译强化提高班菜鸟课程讲义

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