英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化
与中国传统文化相关的四级英语词汇
风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen阳历：solar calendar阴历：lunar calendar闰年：leap year十二生肖：zodiac春节：the Spring Festival元宵节：the Lantern Festival清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day重阳节：the Double-ninth Day七夕节：the Double-seventh Day春联：spring couplets春运：the Spring Festival travel把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year庙会：temple fair爆竹：firecracker年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money舞龙：dragon dance舞狮：lion dance元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯：festival lantern灯谜：lantern riddle食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。
Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。
英语四级之中国传统文化
英语四级之中国传统文化Traditional Chinese CultureChina is a country with a rich and diverse cultural history. Its traditional culture, which spans thousands of years, has had a profound impact on the development of Chinese society and its people. Traditional Chinese culture encompasses various aspects, including philosophy, literature, art, music, and religion. In this essay, we will explore some of the key elements of Chinese traditional culture.One of the most influential aspects of Chinese traditional culture is Confucianism. Confucianism is a philosophical system developed by the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. It emphasizes the importance of moral values, social harmony, and the cultivation of personal virtues. Confucianism has had a significant impact on Chinese society, shaping the way people think and behave. It has also influenced the political system in China, with its emphasis on hierarchy, respect for authority, and the importance of education.Another important aspect of Chinese traditional culture is Taoism. Taoism is a philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the Way. It encourages people to live a simple and natural life, free from desires and attachments. Taoism has had a profound influence on Chinese art, literature, and medicine. It has also shaped the way people think about life and death, emphasizing the cyclical nature of existence and the importance of balance.Chinese traditional culture is also known for its rich literary tradition. Chinese literature dates back thousands of years and includesvarious genres, such as poetry, prose, and drama. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature is "Dream of the Red Chamber," a novel written in the 18th century by Cao Xueqin. It is considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature and explores themes of love, family, and the rise and fall of dynasties.In addition to literature, Chinese traditional culture is also known for its beautiful art and music. Chinese painting, for example, is characterized by its emphasis on brushwork and the use of ink and watercolors. Chinese calligraphy is another important art form, with its intricate strokes and elegant characters. Traditional Chinese music, on the other hand, is known for its melodic and soothing tones. Instruments such as the guqin, pipa, and erhu are commonly used in traditional Chinese music.Religion is another important aspect of Chinese traditional culture. Buddhism, which originated in India, was introduced to China more than two thousand years ago and has since become one of the major religions in the country. Buddhism emphasizes the practice of meditation and the pursuit of enlightenment. It has had a profound influence on Chinese culture, shaping the way people think about life, death, and the afterlife.In conclusion, Chinese traditional culture is a rich and diverse heritage that has shaped the development of Chinese society and its people. From Confucianism to Taoism, from literature to art and music, and from Buddhism to calligraphy, Chinese traditional culture encompasses a wide range of elements that have had a profound impact on Chinese society. It is a culture that values moral values, socialharmony, and the cultivation of personal virtues. It is a culture that celebrates beauty and seeks balance in all aspects of life.。
四级段落翻译历史文化
∙Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。
中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
∙YangkoYangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。
了解中国的文化和历史的英语
了解中国的文化和历史的英语
了解中国的文化和历史可以帮助我们更好地理解这个伟大的国家和它的民族。
以下是一些关于中国文化和历史的英语表达：
1. Confucianism: 儒家思想，这是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，强调家庭、社会和国家的和谐。
2. Chinese painting: 中国画，这是一种独特的艺术形式，使用毛笔和墨水在宣纸上作画。
3. Chinese characters: 汉字，这是中国书法的基石，也是世界上最古老的文字之一。
4. Chinese literature: 中国文学，包括古典文学和现代文学，如《红楼梦》、《水浒传》等。
5. Chinese architecture: 中国建筑，如故宫、颐和园等，这些建筑体现了中国古代的建筑风格和美学观念。
6. Chinese music: 中国音乐，如二胡、笛子等，这些乐器演奏出独特的音乐旋律。
7. Chinese medicine: 中医药学，如针灸、中药等，这些治疗方法源于中国古代医学理论。
8. Chinese cuisine: 中国菜，如川菜、粤菜等，这些菜肴体现了中国丰富的饮食文化。
9. Chinese tea: 中国茶，如龙井茶、普洱茶等，这些茶叶是中国传统
文化的重要组成部分。
10. Chinese history: 中国历史，从古代到现代，经历了数千年的发展历程。
了解中国的文化和历史需要长期的积累和学习。
希望这些英语表达可以帮助你更好地了解这个伟大的国家。
中国历史文化常用词汇英译英语四六级翻译必背
中国历史文化常用词汇英译Confucianism 儒教/儒家思想Taoism 道教Buddhism佛教temple寺庙Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Lao Tzu 老子ethics伦理学morality 道德benevolence 仁spiritual 精神的harmony 和谐The Analects of Confucius《论语》The Art of War《孙子兵法》Historical Records《史记》Historical Records《史记》zodiac十二生肖feudal封建的dynasty 朝代emperor； monarch皇帝，君主rein 统治royal 皇家的Tang Princess Wencheng 文成公主Empress Dowager Ci Xi慈禧太后prime minister丞相，宰相ethnic minority少数民族offer sacrifices 祭祀the Western Regions西域cradle of civilization文明的摇篮the Reform Movement of 1898 戌戌变法the Opium War 鸦片战争the War of Resistance Against Japan抗日战争Lunar calendar阴历Fengshui；geomantic omen风水calligraphy书法copybook 字帖Chinese character 汉字pictographic characters象形文字Mandarin （中国）普通话dialect 方言Chinese traditional painting 国画ink-wash painting 水墨画landscape painting 山水画mount裱scroll卷轴figure人物pavilion 阁，亭writing brush 毛笔ink 墨Xuan paper宣纸ink stone 砚台 A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival清明上河图mural painting 壁画clay figure泥人folk art 民间艺术craftsman 工匠Beijing Opera 京剧facial make-up 脸谱costume 服装acrobatics杂技cross-talk 相声clapper talk快板storytelling评书Xiaopin小品Puppet show木偶剧shadow play 皮影戏zither古筝Tai Chi太极the four great inventions of ancient China 中国古代四大发明the Silk Road丝绸之路compass 指南针papermaking 造纸术gunpowder火药printing 印刷术movable type printing活字印刷fleet 舰队voyage航海traditional Chinese medicine 中药acupuncture 针灸medical massage推拿herbal medicine草药abacus 算盘bronze ware 青铜器porcelain 瓷器seismograph 地动仪Go 围棋martial arts (Wushu)武术fireworks 烟花firecracker鞭炮statutory holiday 法定假日Spring Festival 春节The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV春节联欢晚会gift of money wrapped in red paper 红包New Year gift－money压岁钱family reunion 团圆Lantern Festival元宵节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节sticky rice dumplings粽子Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节moon cake 月饼the Double Seventh Festival 七夕Spring Festival couplets 对联temple fair庙会festival lantern花灯lantern riddle灯谜God of Wealth 财神dumpling 饺子dragon boat race 龙舟赛dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞stilt walking踩高跷dragon boat race赛龙舟kite flying 放风筝Yangge dance 秧歌舞Chinese cuisine中国菜color色aroma香taste , flavor 味chopsticks 筷子Sichuan cuisine川菜soybean milk 豆浆deep－fried dough sticks油条steamed buns 馒头steamed twisted rolls花卷steamed stuffed buns包子Beijing roast duck北京烤鸭hand－stretched noodles拉面hot pot火锅tofu 豆腐instant noodles 方便面wood-cut block print 木刻版画papercutting, paper-cuts 剪纸Chinese Spring Festival Paintings年画cloisonne 景泰蓝embroidery刺绣Suzhou embroidery苏绣batik 蜡染pattern 图案decorate v. 装饰decoration n. 装饰Chinese tunic suit 中山装cheongsam (qipao ) 旗袍Tang-style costume 唐装feature 特色unique to China 中国特有的characteristic 特点the Imperial Palace故宫the Forbidden City 紫禁城Beijing quadrangles北京四合院hutong胡同the Temple of Heaven 天坛The Summer Palace 颐和园the Great Wall 长城drum tower鼓楼the Terra-cotta Army of the First Emperor of Qin兵马俑the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi黄帝陵scenery, landscape 风景place of interests名胜tourist attraction/resort 观光胜地sightsee v. 观光，游览Mount Huangshan 黄山the Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟the Mogao Caves 莫高窟giant panda 大熊猫rare 珍稀的bamboo竹子。
英语四级之中国传统文化
英语四级：段落翻译1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。
狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。
古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。
据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。
在唐代（theTang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。
因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. InChinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, whichcould drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history ofmore than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was alreadyintroduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the liondance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom wherepeople could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.2、中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。
英语四级翻译常用—中国历史与文化
英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swing武术 martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper,and ink stone)《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游爷己》Journey to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records《诗经》The Book of Songs《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes《礼记》The Book of Rites《三字经》Three-character Scriptures八股文 eight-part essay五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui; geomantic omen阳历 Solar calendar阴历 Lunar calendar闰年 leap year十二生肖zodiac春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day重阳节 the Double-ninth Day七夕节 the Double-seventh Day春联 spring couplets庙会 temple fair爆竹 firecracker年画（traditional) New Year pictures压岁钱 New Year gift-money舞龙dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯 festival lantern灯谜 lantern riddle舞狮 lion dance踩高跷 stilt walking赛龙舟 dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜 Shandong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine粤菜 Canton cuisine扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine月饼 moon cake年糕 rice cake油条 deep-fried dough sticks豆浆 soybean milk馒头 steamed buns花卷 steamed twisted rolls包子 steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck拉面 hand-stretched noodles馄饨 wonton (dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu? bean curd麻花 fried dough twist烧饼 clay oven rolls皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks火锅hot pot长城 the Great Wall of China烽火台 beacon tower秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs五台山"Wutai Mountain九华山 Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei泰山 Mount Tai黄山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain故宫 the Imperial Palace天坛 the Temple of Heaven午门 Meridian Gate大运河 Grand Canal护城河the Moat回音壁Echo Wall居庸关 Juyongguan Pass九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵 the Ming Tombs苏州园林 Suzhou gardens西湖 West Lake九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭 Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼 drum tower四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex孔庙 Confucius Temple乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama转世灵重 reincarnated soul boy 中药 traditional Chinese medicine 《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi，s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine 《神农本草经》Shennong，s Herbal Classic《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica针灸 acupuncture推拿 medical massage切脉 feeling the pulse五禽戏 five-animal exercises旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代 dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty汉朝 Han Dynasty唐朝 Tang Dynasty宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝 Ming Dynasty清朝 Qing Dynasty秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch诸侯vassal皇妃 imperial concubine丞相，宰相 prime minister太监 court eunuch少数民族 ethnic minority祭祀 offer sacrifices西域 the Western Regions战国 the Warring States中华文明 Chinese civilization文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang 鸦片战争the Opium War太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising918 事变 September 18th Incident长征 the Long March西安事变 Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong孙中山 Sun Yat-sen蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek国民党 Kuomingtang中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族 Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials学者 scholar诗人 poet政治家statesman。
四六级考试翻译部分常用的中国历史文化词汇
笔 架：penholder 笔 筒：brush pot 镇 纸：paperweight 书 法：calligraphy 湖笔的尖健齐圆四德：sharp, tough, neat, and round. 甲骨文Inscriptions on Bones & Tortoise Shells 钟鼎文 Bronze Inscription 大篆 Big Seal Characters 小篆 Small Seal Characters 隶书 Official Script 楷书 Regular Script 草书 Cursive Hand 行书 Running Hand 儒学 Confucianism 中庸 the way of medium (cf. Golden Means) 中和 harmony (zhonghe) 孝顺 to show filial obedience 孝子 dutiful son 家长 family head
• • • •
17. 18. 19. 20.
红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 儒家文化：Confucian Culture
• • • • • • • • • •
四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 针灸：Acupuncture 京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera 秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera
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英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化京剧Peking opera 秦腔Qin opera功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi口技ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show皮影戏shadowplay 折子戏opera highlights杂技acrobatics 相声witty dialogue comedy刺绣embroidery 苏绣Suzhou embroidery泥人clay figure 书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting中国结Chinese knot中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder 印刷术printing造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass青铜器bronze ware 瓷器porcelain; china唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing武术martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture 道教Taoism墨家Mohism 法家Legalism佛教Buddhism 孔子Confucius孟子Mencius 老子Lao Tzu庄子Chuang Tzu 墨子Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures八股文eight-part essay 五言绝句five-character quatrain七言律诗seven-character octave 旗袍cheongsam中山装Chinese tunic suit 唐装Tang suit风水Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar 闰年leap year十二生肖zodiac 春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival 清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day 七夕节the Double-seventh Day春联spring couplets 庙会temple fair爆竹firecracker 年画（traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle 舞狮lion dance踩高跷stilt walking 赛龙舟dragon boat race胡同hutong 月饼moon cake粤菜Canton cuisine年糕rice cake 油条deep-fried dough sticks豆浆soybean milk 馒头steamed buns花卷steamed twisted rolls 包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck 拉面hand-stretched noodles馄饨wonton (dumplings in soup) 豆腐tofu/ bean curd麻花fried dough twist 烧饼clay oven rolls皮蛋100-year egg; century egg 蛋炒饭fried rice with egg糖葫芦tomatoes on sticks 火锅hot pot长城the Great Wall of China 烽火台beacon tower秦士台皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang兵马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池Huaqing Hot Springs五台山"Wutai Mountain 九华山Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山Mount Tai黄山Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain故宫the Imperial Palace 天坛the Temple of Heaven午门Meridian Gate 大运河Grand Canal护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall居庸关Juyongguan Pass 九龙壁the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵the Ming Tombs 苏州园林Suzhou gardens西湖West Lake 九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼drum tower 四合院quadrangle; courtyard complex 孔庙Confucius Temple 乐山大佛Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama 转世灵重reincarnated soul boy中药traditional Chinese medicine《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine《神农本草经》Shennong’s Herbal Classic《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica针灸acupuncture 推拿medical massage切脉feeling the pulse 五禽戏five-animal exercises旧石器时代the Paleolithic Age新石器时代the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会matriarchal clan society 封建的feudal朝代dynasty 秦朝Qin Dynasty秦史皇the First Emperor of Qin 皇太后Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦founder of the Han Dynasty 成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period 文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng 慈禧太后Empress Dowager诸侯vassal皇妃imperial concubine 丞相，宰相prime minister太监court eunuch 少数民族ethnic minority祭祀offer sacrifices 西域the Western Regions战国the Warring States 中华文明Chinese civilization文明的摇篮cradle of civilization 鸦片战争the Opium War太平天国the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命the 1911 Revolution 新民主主义革命New-democratic Revolution 五四运动the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义Nanchang Uprising 918 事变September 18th Incident 长征the Long March 西安事变Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东Mao Tse-tong 孙中山Sun Yat-sen蒋介石Chiang Kai-shek 国民党Kuomingtang中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族Manchu 蒙古人Mongo士大夫scholar-officials 学者scholar诗人poet 政治家statesman社会地位social status。