英语语言知识及运用

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(完整版)英语学科知识及教学能力

(完整版)英语学科知识及教学能力

英语学科知识与教学能力第一部分:语言知识与能力第一章:英语语言基础知识第二章:语言学与英语教学第一节:语言学机器与英语教学的相关基本概念一、语言学的基本概念:(一) 、语言学:语言学就是把语言作为研究对象的一个领域或一门学科。

(二) 、普通与杨学与应用语言学普通语言学( Linguistics )是对人类语言的看法和研究结果的理论概括,是研究与样的本质、发展和起源的类型和分类的语言学分支学科。

应用语言学( Applied Linguistics )是研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的语言分支。

边缘学科:社会语言学( Sociolinguistics )、心理语言学( Psycholinguistics )、生理语言学(Physiological Phonetics) 、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics) 、语体学 ( Stylistics )、信息论(Information Theory) 、词典学(Lexicography) 、翻译(Translation) 、言语病理学(Speech Pathology) 、言语矫治(Speech Therapy) 。

(三) 规定语言学( Prescriptive Linguistics )与描写语言学( Descriptive Linguistics )(四) 历时语言学( Diachronic Linguistics )与共时语言学( Synchronic Linguistics )(五) 口语与文字(六) 语言和言语:语言( Langue)是一套音义结合的符号系统,一个语言集团所共有的语言系统;言语(Parole )则是人们运用语言这种工具进行交际的过程或结果,指说话者在具体的场合下可能说出或理解的具体话语。

(七) 语言能力与语言行为二、外语教学中的基本概念(一)对比分析( Contrastive Analysis )1、认定语言时间的异同2、降低学习的难度3、决定教学重点4、预测错误的发生(二)错误分析1、负迁移( negative transfer )指语言教学中,母语模式妨碍学生学习外语的模式。

英语语法及知识点【优秀10篇】

英语语法及知识点【优秀10篇】

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英语语法基础知识大全

英语语法基础知识大全

英语语法基础知识大全第一节词类与句子成分一、词类能够自由运用得最小语言单位叫词。

根据词得形式、意义及其在句中得作用所作得分类叫词类(parts of speech)。

英语得词通常分为十大类,即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词与感叹词。

现分别叙述如下:(一)名词名词(noun)就是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念得名称。

例如:foreigner外国人soap 肥皂 Newton牛顿law 法律 freedom自由 peace 与平英语名词可分为两大类:1。

普通名词(mon noun)就是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念得名称。

例如: teacher 教师 market市场rice 大米magazine杂志 sound 声音production生产2。

专有名词(proper noun)就是特定得某人、地方或机构得名称。

专有名词得第一个字母必须大写。

例如:Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯New York 纽约United Nations联合国名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。

可数名词有单、复数之分。

绝大多数名词得复数形式得构成就是在单数名词得后面加-s或-es。

例如: shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆toy→toys 玩具leaf→leaves树叶英语中有一些名词得复数形式就是不规则得。

例如:man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成得具体规则,请参阅有关得英语语法书。

(二)冠词冠词(article)放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指得对象。

冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)与定冠词(definite article)两种。

不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物得“一个”。

英语学科知识与能力

英语学科知识与能力

第一章英语语言基础知识第一节中学英语语音知识一,字母,音素(phoneme)和音标(phoneme symbol):1. 根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍以及阻碍程度,将26个英文字母分为➢元音字母:a e i o u➢半元音字母:w y➢辅音:其他(注)区分元音vowels的方法:✧舌头抬起的高度——高中低✧舌头最高部分的位置——前中后✧元音的长度或紧度——长元音短元音✧唇的圆展度——圆唇非圆唇2.英语音素:(注)英语音标发音方法巧记:•/p/ ,/t/,/k/,/f/ ,/s/,/b/,/d/,/g/,/z/,/h/,/r/,/m/,/n/,/j/,/ w/与汉语拼音了的声母发音一致。

• /θ/像一张嘴,咬住舌头,正是这个音标的发音。

/ð/与之相同,只不过清浊有变化。

• /v/就是拼音的w(乌)。

• /ʃ/是拼音的sh(师)。

• /ts/是拼音的c(次)。

• /tʃ/是拼音的ch(吃)。

• /tr/发音像汉字“戳”• /ʒ/是拼音的r(日)。

• /dz/很难表达啊...有z(资)的音,但是前面浊化了。

• /dʒ/是拼音的zh(知)。

• /dr/读“捉”• /ŋ/是拼音的ng(就是ang eng ing ong的后半部分).二,语音的变化:1.音节:一个音节至少有一个元音字母1)重读:Stressed2)3)连音:liaison●辅音+元音●R/re+元音●辅音+半元音●元音+元音4)音的同化:assimilation1 因唇形的影响而发生的同化:(1)[n], [d], [t]在双唇音[m], [b], [p]前面被同化,如ten men (十个人)(2)双唇音[p]后面的[n]变成[m], 如:open (打开)2 因声带的影响而发生的同化:(1)浊辅音可变为清辅音,如:of course (当然)(2)清辅音可变为浊辅音,如:like that (像那样)3 因发音部位的影响而发生的其他同化:(1)[s] 和[z]在ʃ或[j]前面被同化为ʃ和ʒ如:this shirt (这件衬衣)(2)[t], [d], [s]和[z]在[j]前面和[j]合并为tʃ,dʒ,ʃ和ʒlast year (去年)Did you go? (你去了吗?)God bless you (上帝保佑你)Has your letter come? (你的信来了吗?)5)失去爆破音:❖爆破音+爆破音:前一个爆破音失去❖爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音❖爆破音/t,d/+鼻音/m,n/❖爆破音/t,d/+舌边音/l/第二章语言学与英语教学美国语言学家克拉申在20世纪70年代提出了“语言习得”理论,认为人们掌握语言有两种方式,一种是习得Acquisition 无意识的逐渐掌握母语,一种是学习learning,一般指学习母语之外的第二种语言。

中学英语语言知识与语言应用

中学英语语言知识与语言应用

浅谈中学英语语言知识与语言应用【摘要】培养学生初步运用英语交际的能力是中学英语教学的最终目的,在使用九年义务教育英语新教材的过程中,许多中学教师遇到一些问题,如语言知识与语言运用能力到底是一种什么关系,知识向能力的转化,关键因素是什么,如何克服听说与读写脱节的问题,等等。

通过对这些问题的探讨,希望能从理论上和实践方面提出一些解决问题的途径。

【关键词】交际系统知识应用一、语言知识与运用语言的关系对语言知识和语言运用的不同侧重,实际上是体现了两种不同的语言本质观。

如果把语言看成是一个知识性系统,那么掌握语言的知识(语音、词汇、语法等)则成了外语教学的最高目标;如果把语言看成是一个交际系统,那么在教学中则会注意对学生进行听说读写的技能训练和能力培养。

前一种知识性系统语言观左右了我国中学外语教学许多年,它的影响渗透到了语言教育的许多方面,其影响是深远的。

“聋哑脖和“高分低能”症均是这种语言教学观的产物。

后一种语言教学观在教学实践中因许多教师不了解语言知识在能力形成中的作用,虽然也注重对学生进行听说读写能力的培养,但是效果并不太理想。

辩证地看语言知识和语言运用能力的关系,是一种相辅相成的统一体。

语言知识是进行听说读写能力培养的基础和前提。

外语交际能力的培养是建立在牢固掌握语言基础知识和灵活运用知识之上的。

然而知识不等于能力。

那种认为掌握了语言知识就等于掌握了语言的观点是错误的。

衡量一个人外语水平的高低,其标准是看他运用外语进行交际的能力如何。

语言知识是为交际能力服务的,语言知识也只有通过言语交际活动才能得到巩固和被牢固地掌握。

语音、词汇、语法等知识中只要缺一,语言的信息交际就会中断。

语言知识的重要性,由此可见。

另外,语言知识的掌握不是靠讲,而是靠练,只有进行言语操练,在情景中加以运用才能被理解和掌握。

英语课是实践课,它必须要通过听说读写的反复操练才能形成自动化的习惯。

语言形成习惯,也仅仅是掌握运用外语的一个条件,并不等于掌握了语言运用能力。

英语语言学的七大功能及举例

英语语言学的七大功能及举例

英语语言学的七大功能及举例1. 交际功能交际功能是语言的最基本也是最重要的功能,它指的是交流、沟通、表达情感和意愿等方面所扮演的作用。

例如:- Could you please pass me the salt?(你能把盐递给我吗?)- Hi, how are you?(嗨,你好吗?)- I love you.(我爱你。

)2. 表达功能表达功能指的是语言为人们表达思想、感情和各种信息提供的便利工具。

例如:- I think that's a bad idea.(我觉得这个主意不太好。

)- The weather is so nice today.(今天的天气真好。

)- He explained it very clearly.(他讲得很清楚。

)3. 记忆功能记忆功能指的是语言在记忆和学习过程中所扮演的重要角色。

例如:- Please repeat after me.(请跟我重复。

)- We need to memorize these vocabulary words.(我们需要记住这些词汇。

)- She recited the poem from memory.(她背诵了那首诗。

)4. 知识功能知识功能指的是语言为我们获取和传递知识提供的工具。

例如:- I learned a lot about history from reading this book.(我通过读这本书学到了很多历史知识。

)- She explained the concept in detail.(她详细地解释了这个概念。

)- He taught me how to play chess.(他教我下象棋。

)5. 形成文化身份功能语言在塑造文化身份、加强群体感情和认同感等方面也有重要作用。

例如:- Speaking Mandarin is an important part of my Chinese identity.(说普通话是我的中国身份的重要组成部分。

英语基础语法知识(语法和句子)

英语基础语法知识(语法和句子)

不及物动词(intransitive verb)本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语,例如: The old man walked very slowly. 这老人走的很慢。(walked 是不及物动词) He didn't sleep well last night. 他昨晚睡的不好。(sleep 是不及物动词)
英语的句子成分有八种:主语、谓语动词、宾语、定语、状语、表语、主语补足语和宾语补足语以
及同位语。现分述如下:
(一)主语 主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首,一般不
省略。可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。例如: Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。(名词做主语) He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。(代词做主语) Three plus four equals seven. 三加四等于七。(数词做主语) To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(动词不定式做主语) Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。(动名词做主语) Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决与天气。(从句做主语)
不少词可以属于几个词类,例如:smoke(名词) (烟尘),(动词) (吸烟);own(形容词) (自 己的),(动词) (拥有);just(副词) (刚才),(形容词) (正义的);key(名词) (钥匙),(形 容词) (主要的),等。
二、句子成分
由不同词类的单词,按照一定的语法规则组合在一起,能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句 子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成,这些部分叫做句子成分(members of the sentence)。

初中英语语用知识

初中英语语用知识

初中英语语用知识
语用知识是研究语言使用规则、语言言外条件对语言使用的内在规律以及与语境相关的语义和功能的学科。

在初中英语中,语用知识主要涉及以下几个方面:
1. 礼貌用语:例如请、谢谢、对不起等,初中生应该掌握这些基本的礼貌用语,并能够在合适的场合运用。

2. 对话表达:初中生需要学会基本的对话表达技巧,包括问候、告别、邀请等。

在对话中,应尊重对方,礼貌地提出请求或意见。

3. 语气和语调:初中生需要通过语气和语调来表达自己的情感和态度。

例如,生气时会用生硬的语气,高兴时会用轻松的语调等。

4. 言辞委婉:有时候,初中生需要使用一些委婉的语言来表达自己的意思,以避免冒犯他人。

例如,可以用“可能”代替“肯定”,用“你认为呢?”代替“你错了”。

5. 倾听和回应:初中生需要学会倾听他人讲话,并适时作出回应。

在交流中,要给予对方足够的关注,尊重和回应对方的观点。

通过系统学习和实践,初中生可以逐渐掌握这些语用知识,提高自己的语言交际能力。

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All the feelings of 13___________ I had D. happiness felt my freshman year came flooding back. The next day Kristen 14________ B. came up to me and gave me a 15______ with D. hug tears in her eyes. She had realized it was me by the handwriting. She cried and said it was the nicest thing anyone had done for her.
A. freshman She was now having the same sense of loneliness as I had felt as a 11_______. I wanted to do something. Finally, I 12___________ it out: the single rose. C. figured I drove to her house and put the rose in her mailbox secretly.
第二节 语法填空 Meet Tiffany. She is a 23-year-old woman from New York. Tiffany has just moved to London and is hoping to make friends as she is new to the city. She has made a profile on Facebook in 16 ____ hope of meeting some likethe minded (志趣相投的 people. She has 志趣相投的) 志趣相投的 even included a photo of 17______, and herself some information about her favorite music, films and books.
23 ______ waiting for more than an After hour, nobody had come. Tiffany would surely have been very upset 24____ she were a real person. This if experiment shows that on the Internet, people are willing to call just 25 _________ a “friend”. anyone
第一节完形填空 Today is Max’s first day of pre-school. C. exchanged We 1____________ a few last minute Kindergarten questions before Mia woke up. We did our best to ignore the tick-tick-tock A. summer that had been missing all 2__________, but soon enough we knew it was time to roll out of bed and into the important day. I did my best to 3 __________ for the children and we D. prepare all piled into the car and 4 toward school. C. headed
He jumped out of class, even 14 B. happier _________ than when we had left him, and enjoyed our hour alone. After we picked up Mia, her hand fell into her brother’s and the two of them started singing and 15_________. He was the A. dancing fearless explorer and she the clever adventurer.
第二节 语法填空 The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have found 16_______ (good) parents. My better mom is smart, funny, and very artistic. She loves painting aห้องสมุดไป่ตู้d encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17 _____ her own book and art store. And at night she is engaged in adult 18_________ (educate). education
But no one knew who sent it to me. My A. relatives friends, family and 5 __________ were as surprised to hear that as much as I was. This was what happened on my freshman (大一学生 year’s Valentine’s 大一学生) 大一学生 Day.
Tiffany decided 21_______ (host) her to host own birthday party in a bar, hoping to meet her new buddies. Everyone 22 ___________ (invite) and her creator was invited sat in the corner to wait and see if anyone turned up.
She helps kids 19_________ have dropped that /who out of high school 20_________ (get) their get /to get diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ___ us and loves doing new things with us, at 22____ going to a new museum, going out like onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow.
The end of the Valentine’s Day in my senior year was 6 ___________ to a close. I D. drawing walked into my French class with flowers which I received from my friends and 7 _________ Kristen looking 8_______ . Well, C. noticed C. upset my friend saw me walk in with my flowers and 9________ her head with tears in her B. hung eyes. She hadn’t received a single flower. Not even from her best 10_________. D. friend
2
We 5__________ to Mia first, finding out C. attended B. teacher who her 6__________ was. We grasped her tight, told her we were 7________ of her A. proud and wished her well on her first day of 2nd grade. We then crossed the 8____________ C. playground to stand in line with the nineteen other D. handing parents, 9__________ their five years olds to the teachers. “I think my teacher will like me,” Max stood 10__________ between us. D. smiling
“Your teacher is going to love you,” we both11__________. A. agreed Ten minutes later, at about 9:00, on 9/9/09 we were waving 12 B. goodbye to our boy _________ who, I believe we would both agree, had never looked quite so 13________. C. big The day sped by a little too fast and soon enough it was time to pick up Max from his first short day.
My dad knows 23_____ to fix anything how and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. So I have to say 24_____ the gift I’m that most grateful for is the one the God 25 _____ (give) me, my parents. gave
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