Variables, Attributes, Functions and Procedures
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
10
Parity generator architecture using variables
ARCHITECTURE behavioral OF oddParityLoop IS BEGIN PROCESS (ad) VARIABLE loopXor: STD_LOGIC; BEGIN loopXor := '0'; FOR i IN 0 to width -1 LOOP loopXor := loopXor XOR ad( i ) ; END LOOP ; oddParity <= loopXor ; END PROCESS; END behavioral ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 2
Variables
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
3
Variable – Example (1)
LIBRARY ieee ; USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all ; ENTITY Numbits IS PORT ( X Count END Numbits ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
13
N-bit NAND architecture using variables
ARCHITECTURE behavioபைடு நூலகம்al1 OF NANDn IS BEGIN PROCESS (X) VARIABLE Tmp: STD_LOGIC; BEGIN Tmp := X(1); AND_bits: FOR i IN 2 TO n LOOP Tmp := Tmp AND X( i ) ; END LOOP AND_bits ; Y <= NOT Tmp ; END PROCESS; END behavioral1 ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 15
Correct N-bit NAND architecture using signals
ARCHITECTURE dataflow1 OF NANDn IS SIGNAL Tmp: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 TO n); BEGIN Tmp(1) <= X(1); AND_bits: FOR i IN 2 TO n GENERATE Tmp(i) <= Tmp(i-1) AND X( i ) ; END LOOP AND_bits ; Y <= NOT Tmp(n) ; END dataflow1 ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 19
One-dimensional arrays – Examples (2)
type controller_state is (initial, idle, active, error); type state_counts_imp is array(idle to error) of natural; type state_counts_exp is array(controller_state range idle to error) of natural; type state_counts_full is array(controller_state) of natural; ….. variable counters: state_counts_exp; ….. counters(active) := 0; ….. counters(active) := counters(active) + 1;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
12
N-bit NAND
library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; ENTITY NANDn IS GENERIC (n: INTEGER := 4) PORT ( X : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 TO n); Y : OUT STD_LOGIC); END NANDn;
ECE 545 Lecture 10 Variables, Attributes, Functions and Procedures
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
George Mason University
Resources
• Volnei A. Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL Chapter 7, Signals and Variables Chapter 11, Functions and Procedures
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
17
Constrained Array Types
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
18
One-dimensional arrays – Examples (1)
type word_asc is array(0 to 31) of std_logic; type word_desc is array(31 downto 0) of std_logic; ….. signal buffer_register: word_desc; ….. buffer_register(6) <= ‘1’; ….. variable tmp : word_asc; ….. tmp(5):= ‘0’;
• Sundar Rajan, Essential VHDL: RTL Synthesis
Done Right Chapter 11, Scalable and Parameterizable Design Chapter 12, Enhancing Design Readability and Reuse
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
5
Variables - features
• Can only be declared within processes and subprograms (functions & procedures) • Initial value can be explicitly specified in the declaration • When assigned take an assigned value immediately • Variable assignments represent the desired behavior, not the structure of the circuit • Should be avoided, or at least used with caution in a synthesizable code
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 6
Variables vs. Signals
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
7
Variable – Example
ARCHITECTURE Behavior OF Numbits IS BEGIN PROCESS(X) – count the number of bits in X equal to 1 VARIABLE Tmp: INTEGER; BEGIN Tmp := 0; FOR i IN 1 TO 3 LOOP IF X(i) = ‘1’ THEN Tmp := Tmp + 1; END IF; END LOOP; Count <= Tmp; END PROCESS; END Behavior ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL
8
Incorrect Code using Signals
ARCHITECTURE Behavior OF Numbits IS SIGNAL Tmp BEGIN PROCESS(X) – count the number of bits in X equal to 1 BEGIN Tmp <= 0; FOR i IN 1 TO 3 LOOP IF X(i) = ‘1’ THEN Tmp <= Tmp + 1; END IF; END LOOP; Count <= Tmp; END PROCESS; END Behavior ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 14
Incorrect N-bit NAND architecture using signals
ARCHITECTURE behavioral2 OF NANDn IS SIGNAL Tmp: STD_LOGIC; BEGIN PROCESS (X) BEGIN Tmp <= X(1); AND_bits: FOR i IN 2 TO n LOOP Tmp <= Tmp AND X( i ) ; END LOOP AND_bits ; Y <= NOT Tmp ; END PROCESS; END behavioral2 ;
ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL 11
Parity generator architecture using signals
ARCHITECTURE dataflow OF oddParityGen IS SIGNAL genXor: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(width DOWNTO 0); BEGIN genXor(0) <= '0'; parTree: FOR i IN 1 TO width GENERATE genXor(i) <= genXor(i - 1) XOR ad(i - 1); END GENERATE; oddParity <= genXor(width) ; END dataflow ;
state variables 英文 定义
In the realm of computer science and programming, state variables serve as fundamental building blocks for modeling systems and processes that evolve over time. They embody the essence of dynamic behavior in software applications, enabling developers to capture and manipulate various aspects of an object or system's condition at any given moment. This essay delves into the concept of state variables from multiple perspectives, providing a detailed definition, discussing their roles and significance, examining their implementation across various programming paradigms, exploring their impact on program design, and addressing the challenges they introduce.**Definition of State Variables**At its core, a state variable is a named data item within a program or computational system that maintains a value that may change over the course of program execution. It represents a specific aspect of the system's state, which is the overall configuration or condition that determines its behavior and response to external stimuli. The following key characteristics define state variables:1. **Persistence:** State variables retain their values throughout the lifetime of an object or a program's execution, unless explicitly modified. These variables hold onto information that persists beyond a single function call or statement execution.2. **Mutability:** State variables are inherently mutable, meaning their values can be altered by program instructions. This property allows programs to model evolving conditions or track changes in a system over time.3. **Contextual Dependency:** The value of a state variable is dependent on the context in which it is accessed, typically determined by the object or scope to which it belongs. This context sensitivity ensures encapsulation and prevents unintended interference with other parts of the program.4. **Time-variant Nature:** State variables reflect the temporal dynamics of a system, capturing how its properties or attributes change in response to internal operations or external inputs. They allow programs to model systemswith non-static behaviors and enable the simulation of real-world scenarios with varying conditions.**Roles and Significance of State Variables**State variables play several critical roles in software development, contributing to the expressiveness, versatility, and realism of programs:1. **Modeling Dynamic Systems:** State variables are instrumental in simulating real-world systems with changing states, such as financial transactions, game characters, network connections, or user interfaces. By representing the relevant attributes of these systems as state variables, programmers can accurately model complex behaviors and interactions over time.2. **Enabling Data Persistence:** In many applications, maintaining user preferences, application settings, or transaction histories is crucial. State variables facilitate this persistence by storing and updating relevant data as the program runs, ensuring that users' interactions and system events leave a lasting impact.3. **Supporting Object-Oriented Programming:** In object-oriented languages, state variables (often referred to as instance variables) form an integral part of an object's encapsulated data. They provide the internal representation of an object's characteristics, allowing objects to maintain their unique identity and behavior while interacting with other objects or the environment.4. **Facilitating Concurrency and Parallelism:** State variables underpin the synchronization and coordination mechanisms in concurrent and parallel systems. They help manage shared resources, enforce mutual exclusion, and ensure data consistency among concurrently executing threads or processes.**Implementation Across Programming Paradigms**State variables find expression in various programming paradigms, each with its own idiomatic approach to managing and manipulating them:1. **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):** In OOP languages like Java, C++, or Python, state variables are typically declared as instance variables withina class. They are accessed through methods (getters and setters), ensuring encapsulation and promoting a clear separation of concerns between an object's internal state and its external interface.2. **Functional Programming (FP):** Although FP emphasizes immutability and statelessness, state management is still necessary in practical applications. FP languages like Haskell, Scala, or Clojure often employ monads (e.g., State monad) or algebraic effects to model stateful computations in a pure, referentially transparent manner. These constructs encapsulate state changes within higher-order functions, preserving the purity of the underlying functional model.3. **Imperative Programming:** In imperative languages like C or JavaScript, state variables are directly manipulated through assignment statements. Control structures (e.g., loops and conditionals) often rely on modifying state variables to drive program flow and decision-making.4. **Reactive Programming:** Reactive frameworks like React or Vue.js utilize state variables (e.g., component state) to manage UI updates in response to user interactions or data changes. These frameworks provide mechanisms (e.g., setState() in React) to handle state transitions and trigger efficient UI re-rendering.**Impact on Program Design**The use of state variables significantly influences program design, both positively and negatively:1. **Modularity and Encapsulation:** Well-designed state variables promote modularity by encapsulating relevant information within components, objects, or modules. This encapsulation enhances code organization, simplifies maintenance, and facilitates reuse.2. **Complexity Management:** While state variables enable rich behavioral modeling, excessive or poorly managed state can lead to complexity spirals. Convoluted state dependencies, hidden side effects, and inconsistent state updates can make programs difficult to understand, test, and debug.3. **Testing and Debugging:** State variables introduce a temporal dimension to program behavior, necessitating thorough testing across different states and input scenarios. Techniques like unit testing, property-based testing, and state-machine testing help validate state-related logic. Debugging tools often provide features to inspect and modify state variables at runtime, aiding in diagnosing issues.4. **Concurrency and Scalability:** Properly managing shared state is crucial for concurrent and distributed systems. Techniques like lock-based synchronization, atomic operations, or software transactional memory help ensure data consistency and prevent race conditions. Alternatively, architectures like event-driven or actor-based systems minimize shared state and promote message-passing for improved scalability.**Challenges and Considerations**Despite their utility, state variables pose several challenges that programmers must address:1. **State Explosion:** As programs grow in size and complexity, the number of possible state combinations can increase exponentially, leading to a phenomenon known as state explosion. Techniques like state-space reduction, model checking, or static analysis can help manage this complexity.2. **Temporal Coupling:** State variables can introduce temporal coupling, where the correct behavior of a piece of code depends on the order or timing of state changes elsewhere in the program. Minimizing temporal coupling through decoupled designs, immutable data structures, or functional reactive programming can improve code maintainability and resilience.3. **Caching and Performance Optimization:** Managing state efficiently is crucial for performance-critical applications. Techniques like memoization, lazy evaluation, or cache invalidation strategies can optimize state access and updates without compromising correctness.4. **Debugging and Reproducibility:** Stateful programs can be challenging to debug due to their non-deterministic nature. Logging, deterministic replaysystems, or snapshot-based debugging techniques can help reproduce and diagnose issues related to state management.In conclusion, state variables are an indispensable concept in software engineering, enabling programmers to model dynamic systems, maintain data persistence, and implement complex behaviors. Their proper utilization and management are vital for creating robust, scalable, and maintainable software systems. While they introduce challenges such as state explosion, temporal coupling, and debugging complexities, a deep understanding of state variables and their implications on program design can help developers harness their power effectively, ultimately driving innovation and progress in the field of computer science.。
variables翻译
variables翻译"variables"的翻译是"变量"。
在计算机科学和数学领域中，变量是指用来存储和表示数据值的符号名称。
它们可以用来存储各种类型的数据，例如数字、字符串、布尔值等。
变量的用法和中英文对照例句如下：1. 声明变量 (Declare a variable):- 英文：We can declare a variable using the keyword "var". - 中文：我们可以使用关键字"var"来声明一个变量。
2. 初始化变量 (Initialize a variable):- 英文：To initialize a variable, we assign a value to it.- 中文：要初始化一个变量，我们需要给它赋一个值。
3. 变量的命名 (Naming variables):- 英文：It is important to choose meaningful names for variables.- 中文：为变量选择有意义的名称很重要。
4. 变量的赋值 (Assigning values to variables):- 英文：We can assign values to variables using the assignment operator "=".- 中文：我们可以使用赋值运算符"="将值赋给变量。
5. 使用变量 (Using variables):- 英文：We can use variables in calculations or to store intermediate results.- 中文：我们可以在计算中使用变量或者用它们来存储中间结果。
6. 变量的类型 (Types of variables):- 英文：In programming, variables can have different types such as integer, float, string, etc.- 中文：在编程中，变量可以有不同的类型，比如整数、浮点数、字符串等。
(完整版)数据库重要术语(中英文)
单词汇总(数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容,在这里简单列一下,如果你实在没时间看书,至少这些单词要熟悉.)：1. 数据库系统：database system(DS),database management system(DBMS)2.数据库系统(DS),数据库治理系统(DBMS )3. 关系和关系数据库table= relation , column = attribute 属性,domain, atomic domain, row= tuple ,relational database, relation schema, relation instance, database schema, database instance;4.表=关系,列=属性属性,域,原子域,排二元组,关系型数据库,关系模式,关系实例,数据库模式,数据库实例；1. key 们：super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, referencing relation, referenced relation;2.超码,候选码,主码,外码,参照关系,被参照关系5.关系代数(relational algebra): selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations, union, intersect, set difference( except\minus), Rename, assignment, outer join, grouping, tuple relation calculus6.(关系代数)：选择,工程,自然连接,笛卡尔积,集合运算,集,交集,集合差(除负),重命名,分配,外连接,分组,元组关系演算7.sql组成：DDL ：数据库模式定义语言,关键字：createDML ：数据操纵语言,关键字：Insert > delete、updateDCL ：数据库限制语言,关键字：grant、removeDQL ：数据库查询语言,关键字：select8.3.SQL 语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries, exists(as an operator), unique(as anoperator), scalar subquery, assertion, index(indices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking , grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored function4.SQL语言：DDL , DML , DCL , QL , SQL查询结构,聚合函数,嵌套子查询,存在(如运营商),独特的(如运营商),标量子查询,断言指数(指数),目录,授权,所有权限,授予,撤销,GRANT OPTION ,触发器,存储过程,存储函数9. 表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints10.完整性约束,域名约束,参照完整性约束5.数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute, single-valued and multivalued attribute,derived attribute, binary relationship set, degree of relationship set, mapping cardinality, 1-1, 1-m, m-n relationship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participation, partial or total participation, weak entity sets, discriminator attributes, specialization and generalization6.实体关系数据模型,ER图,复合属性,单值和多值属性,派生属性,二元关系集,关系集,映射基数的程度,1-1, 1-米,MN关系集合(一对一,一对多,多对多),参与局部或全部参与,弱实体集,分辨符属性,特化和概化11. 函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition,First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F holds on R, Dependency preservation 保持依赖,Trivial, closure of a set of functional dependencies 函数依赖集的闭包,closure of a set of attributes 属性集闭包,Armstrong 's axioms Armstrong 公理,reflexivity rule 自反律,augmentation rule,增广率, transitivity 传递律,restriction of F to R i F 在Ri 上的限定,canonical cover 正那么覆盖, extraneous attributes 无关属性,decomposition algorithm 分解算法.7.函数依赖,标准化,无损连接〔或无损〕分解,第一范式〔1NF〕,第三范式〔3NF〕 BC范式〔BCNF〕, R满足F, F持有R,依赖保存,平凡,一组函数依赖封闭,一组属性,8. 事务：transition, ACID properties ACID特性,并发限制系统concurrency control system,故障恢复系统recovery system,事务状态transition state,活动的active,局部提交的partiallycommitted,失败的failed,中止的aborted,提交的committed,已结束的terminated,调度schedule,操作冲突conflict of operations, 冲突等价conflict equivalence,冲突可串彳f化conflictserializablity ,可串行化顺序serializablity order,联级回滚cascading rollback,封锁协议lockingprotocol ,共享〔S〕锁shared-mode lock 〔S-lock〕,排他〔X〕锁exclusive -mode lock 〔X-lock〕, 相容卜i compatibility,两阶段封锁协议2-phase locking protocol,意向锁intention lock,时间戳timestamp, 恢复机制recovery scheme,日志log, 基于日志的恢复log-based recovery, 延迟的修改deferredmodification,立即的修改immediate modification,检查点checkpoint.数据库系统DBS Database System数据库系统应用Database system applications文件处理系统file-processing system数据不一致性data inconsistency——致性约束consistency constraint数据抽象Data Abstraction实例instance模式schema物理模式physical schema逻辑模式logical schema物理数据独立性physical data independence数据方^型data model实体-联系模型entity-relationship model 〔E-R〕关系数据模型relational data model基于对象的数据模型object-based data model半结构化数据模型semistructured data model数据库语言database language数据定义语言data-definition language数据操纵语言data-manipulation language查询语言query language元数据metadata应用程序application program标准化normalization数据字典data dictionary存储治理器storage manager查询治理器query processor事务transaction原子性atomicity故障恢复failure recovery并发限制concurrency-control两层和三层数据库体系结构two-tier/three-tier数据才2掘data mining数据库治理员DBA database administrator表table关系relation元组tuple空值null value数据库模式database schema数据库实例database instance关系模式relation schema关系实例relation instance码keys超码super key候选码candidate key主码primary key外码foreign key参照关系referencing relation被参照关系referenced relation属性attribute域domain原子域atomic domain参照完整性约束referential integrity constraint模式图schema diagram查询语言query language过程化语言procedural language非过程化语言nonprocedural language关系运算operations on relations选择元组selection of tuples选择属性selection of attributes自然连接natural join笛卡尔积Cartesian product集合运算set operations关系代数relational algebraSQL 查询语言SQL query structureSelect 字句select clauseFrom 字句from clauseWhere 字句where clause自然连接运算natural join operationAs 字句as clauseOrder by 字句order by clause相关名称 (相关变量,元组变量) correlation name (correlation variable , tuple variable ) 集合运算set operationsUnionInterestExcept空值null values真值"unknown " truth “ unknown 〞聚集函数aggregate functionsavg, min, max, sum, countgroup byhaving嵌套子查询nested subqueries集合比拟set comparisons{ «,? 二 ,〉〉,?=}{some , all}existsuniquelateral 字句lateral clausewith 字句with clause标量子查询scalar subquery数据库彳修改database modification删除deletion插入insertion更新updating参照完整性referential integrity参照完整T约束referential Hntegrity constraint 或子集依赖subset dependency 可延迟的deferrable断言assertion连接类型join types内连接和夕卜连接inner and outer join左外连接、右外连接和全外连接left、right and full outer joinNatural连接条件、using连接条件和on连接条件natural using and so on 视图定义view definition物化视图materialized views视图更新view update事务transactions提交commit work回滚roll back work原子事务atomic transaction完整性约束integrity constraints域约束domain constraints唯——性约束unique constraintCheck 字句check clause参照完整性referential integrity级联删除cascading delete级联更新cascading updates断言assertions日期和时间类型date and time types默认值default values索弓I index大对象large object用户定义类型user-defined types域domains目录catalogs模式schemas授权authorization权卜M privileges选择select插入insert更新update所有权限all privileges授予权卜M granting of privileges收回权卜M revoking of privileges授予权限的权限privileges to privilegesGrant option角色roles视图授权authorization on views执行授权execute authorization调用者权限invoker privileges行级授权row-level authorizationJDBCODBC预备语句prepared statements 访问元数据accessing metadata SQL 注入SQL injection 嵌入式SQL embedded SQL 游标cursors 可更新的游标updatable cursors 动态SQL dynamic SQL SQL 函数SQL functions 存储过程stored procedures 过程化结构procedural constructs夕卜部语言例程external language routines触发器triggerBefore 和after 触发器before and after triggers过渡变量和过渡表transition variables and tables递归查询recursive queries单调查询monotonic queries排名函数ranking functionsRankDense rankPartition by分窗windowing联机分析处理〔OLAP 〕 online analytical processing多维数据multidimensional data度量属性measure attributes维属性dimension attributes转轴pivoting数据立方体data cube切片和切块slicing and dicing上卷和下钻rollup and drill down交叉表cross-tabulation第七章实体-联系数据模型Entity-relationship data model实体和实体集entity and entity set属性attribute域domain简单和复合属T生simple and composite attributes单值和多值属T生single-valued and multivalued attributes空值null value派生属性derived attribute超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key联系和联系集relationship and relationship set二元联系集binary relationship set联系集的度degree of relationship set描述性属性descriptive attributes超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key角色role自环联系集recursive relationship setE-R 图E-R diagram映射基数mapping cardinality——对——联系one-to-one relationship——对多联系one-to-many relationship多对——联系many-to-one relationship多对多联系many-to-many relationship参与participation全部参与total participation局部参与partial participation弱实体集和强实体集weak entity sets and strong entity sets分辨符属性discriminator attributes标识联系identifying relationship特化和概化specialization and generalization超类和子类superclass and subclass属性继承attribute inheritance单和多继承single and multiple inheritance条件定义的和用户定义的成员资格condition-defined and userdefined membership 不相交概化和重叠概化disjoint and overlapping generalization全部概化和局部概化total and partial generalization聚集aggregationUMLUML 类图UML class diagram第八章E-R 模型和标准化E-R model and normalization分解decomposition函数依赖functional dependencies无损分解lossless decomposition原子域atomic domains第一范式(1NF) first normal form(1NF)合法关系legal relations超码super keyR 满足 F R satisfies FF在R上成立 F holds on RBoyce-Codd 范式BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF)保持依赖dependency preservation第三范式(3NF) third normal form(3NF)平凡的函数依赖thivial functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包closure of a set of functional dependenciesArmstrong 公理Armstrong s axioms属性集闭包closure of attribute setsF 在Ri 上的限定restriction of F to Ri正贝 1 覆盖canonical cover无关属T生extraneous attributesBCNF 分解算法BCNF decomposition algorithm3NF 分解算法3NF decomposition algorithm多值依赖multivalued dependencies第四范式(4NF) fourth normal form(4NF)多值依赖的限定restriction of a multivalued independency投影-连接范式(PJNF) project-join normal form(PJNF)域-码范式(DKNF ) domain-key normal form(DKNF)泛关系universal relation唯一角色假设unique-role assumption 去标准化denormalization。
TS16949-AQSR培训资料
10
ISO/TS 16949
Element 4.1.2.2.2 4.1.3.2 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.2.4.2 4.2.4.6 4.4.2.3 4.6.2.2 Shift resources Management Review - supplemental Analysis and Use of Company Level Data Employee motivation, empowerment and satisfaction Impact on society Measurements Computer-aided design Research and development Subcontractor development Description Comment New Partly New Paragraph c new New Partly New New Partly New New Partly New
16
ISO/TS 16949
4.1.1.4 Continuous Improvement cont’d
value analysis, benchmarking, analysis of motion/ergonomics, mistake-proofing.
NOTE 2 Guidelines for quality improvement are given in ISO 9004-4
12
ISO/TS 16949
ISO vs. QS-9000:98 vs. ISO/TS 16949
Element 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Total ISO Shall 16 2 7 5 9 7 6 3 1 2 149 QS Shall 17 3 18 12 23 12 8 5 2 5 337 ISO/TS 16949 Shall 20 2 18 14 24 8 12 7 3 4 341
下定义类英语段落范文
下定义类英语段落范文英文回答：The definition of a class in computer science is a blueprint or template for creating objects with similar properties and behaviors. A class defines the attributes (instance variables) and methods (functions) that objects of that class will have. When a class is instantiated, it creates an object that inherits the properties and behaviors defined by the class.Classes are used to represent real-world entities or concepts in object-oriented programming. They provide a way to organize code and make it more reusable. By defining a class, you can create multiple objects of that class, each with its own unique set of data.中文回答：类在计算机科学中的定义是用于创建具有相似属性和行为的对象的蓝图或模板。
类定义了该类对象将具有的属性（实例变量）和方法（函数）。
当实例化类时，它会创建一个继承类定义的属性和行为的对象。
在面向对象编程中，类用于表示现实世界实体或概念。
它们提供了一种组织代码并使其更可重用的方法。
通过定义一个类，您可以创建该类的多个对象，每个对象都有自己唯一的一组数据。
CSE培训教材：主要配置和技术
22
CATT components: Log
内部文件,严格保密. 内部文件,严格保密.
CATT procedure
Functions Parameters Variables
Attributes
info on test result short / detailed log archive debugging"
Attributes
Parameters Variables
Log
Execution
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CATT components: Functions
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SETVAR - Set variable TCD - Start transaction TXT - Comment REF - Reference module IF ... ENDIF DO ... ENDDO ...
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执行CATT 执行CATT
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目录
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CSE结构以及和 结构以及和SAP关系 关系 结构以及和 CSE和R/3的区别 和 的区别 CSE主要配置 主要配置 CATT 权限管理和User Role 权限管理和
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CSE结构以及和 结构以及和SAP关系 关系 结构以及和 CSE和R/3的区别 和 的区别 CSE主要配置 主要配置 CATT 权限管理和User Role 权限管理和
因变量和自变量
因变量和自变量In a function relation, a particular number changes with the number of other (or other) variables that are called dependent variables. Such as: Y=f (X). This expression means that the Y varies with the X. Y is the dependent variable, and X is the independent variable. Simpler and easier to interpret: how to understand what variables and arguments are, is actually simple. To put it plainly, the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent variable is the result". For example, the market generally sell 10 yuan a pound of pork, because of the storm in recent days and the price of 2 yuan. The price of setting up my pork is Y, the price of pork is 10, and the price is X yuan. This can be written in function: Y=10+X. How much money does it affect when I buy pork (Y) because of the price increase (X)?. Here, X is the independent variable, and Y is the dependent variable. For a function in which the independent variable and the dependent variable are sometimes mutual, that is, the independent variable of the variable, the amount of variation caused by another quantity, then this quantity is called the dependent variable. Therefore, in practical problems, we should pay attention to whose change has caused the change. At the time, distance, speed range speed of the road, by the time the changes caused by the time it is commonly referred to as the independent variable and speed as the dependent variable, independent variable in mathematical function in general and type variables can be this is a function and its inverse function transformation.brief introductionIn psychological experiments, independent variables aremanipulated and manipulated by the experimenter. The term "independent variable" comes from mathematics. In mathematics, y=f (x). In this equation, the argument is x, and the dependent variable is y. Applying this equation to the study of psychology, the independent variable refers to the factors or conditions that cause the change of the dependent variables, so the independent variable is regarded as the reason of the dependent variable. An independent variable has a continuous variable and a class variable. If the independent variable manipulated by the experimenter is a continuous variable, the experiment is a functional experiment. If the independent variable manipulated by the experimenter is a categorical variable, the experiment is of a factor type. In psychological experiments, an obvious problem is to have an organism as a subject (symbol O) reacting to stimulus (symbol S) (symbol R), that is, S - O - R. Obviously, the stimulus variable here is the independent variable. In mathematical equations, a variable that can affect other variables is called an independent variable. Independent variables have a wide range of applications, ranging from mathematics, functions to computers and programming. If x takes any quantity, y has only one quantity corresponding to the X, then x is called the independent variable of the function accordingly. Or, if y is a function of X, then x is the argument of this function.Edit this paragraph in broad senseAny system (or model) is composed of various variables, when we analyze these systems (or model), can influence the choice of some variables on other variables, so we choose these variables as independent variables, affected by the quantityis called the dependent variable. For example, we can analyze the effects of breathing on the maintenance of life in the human body, then breathing is the independent variable, and the state of life maintenance is considered as dependent variable. Systems and models can be a two yuan function, so simple, can also be the whole society is so complex.Edit the type of argument in this paragraph(1) stimulation argument: if different reaction subjects is different from characteristics of the stimulus, such as light intensity, sound size quoted, we put the result of this kind of independent variable called stimulation variables. (2) environmental characteristics, independent variables: the characteristics of the environment when the experiment is conducted, such as temperature, whether there is audience presence, whether there is noise, day or night, etc., can be used as independent variables. Time is a very important and independent variable, especially in memory experiments. You can even say that there is hardly any memory experiment without using time as independent variable. (3) the characteristics of various subjects variables: a person's characteristics, such as age, gender, occupation, education, extroversion personality, left or right handedness, for self evaluation of high or low, can be used as independent variables. (4) temporary differences between subjects: the temporary differences of the subjects are usually caused by the arrangement of the main test, that is, by the different instructions given by the main test.Edit this paragraph dependent variable and independent variableAn independent variable is a manipulated variable, and a variable is a variable that is measured or recorded. The difference between these two terms of language seems to confuse many readers, as some readers say, "all variables are dependent."". But once you recognize the difference, you'll find the difference is essential. The independent and dependent variables the word is mainly used for the experimental study of variables were manipulated, in this sense, the independent reaction in the research object form, characteristic, purpose is independent of the other variables are "dependent on" manipulation of variables or experimental conditions change. In other words, they are responses to what the object will do. In conflict with the nature of this definition, the term is also used in the study of the object being divided into the experimental groups according to the original attributes of the object rather than the manipulation of the independent variables. In experiments comparing men and women with white blood cells, sex is referred to as independent variable, whereas white blood cell count as dependent variable.Causation: the dependent variable varies with the argument。
首都医科大学 作业答案含期末 医学高级英语+医学SCI论文写作
高级医学英语Final30题1.单选题(1分)He decided to___his gratitude for his friends into concrete actions.A.translateB.transferC.transitD.transfuse2.单选题(1分)Some of these farmers even allowed repayment___instead of in cash.A.in moneyB.in kindC.in financeD.in return3.单选题(1分)_____,Timothy’s suggestion is more acceptable.A.In balanceB.For balanceC.Off balanceD.On balance4.单选题(1分)Smoke will___a great hazard to people’s health.A.incurB.inflictC.recurD.occur5.单选题(1分)The badly wounded take_____for medical attention over those only slightly hurt.A.provisionB.processC.privilegeD.priority6.单选题(1分)The statement was so_____l that it excluded all possible arguments.A.obscureB.subtleC.unequivocalD.ambiguous7.单选题(1分)__________,crime is growing at a rapid rate with the development of science and technology.A.With viewB.In termsC.With perspectiveD.In essence8.单选题(1分)Generally speaking,a good teacher is the one who______wisdom to his pupils.A.implementsB.impartsC.implicatesD.implies9.单选题(1分)The“Green Box”project aims to collect unwanted mobile phones and electronic accessories,and_____them in an environment-friendly way.A.displayB.disproveC.disregardD.dispose of10.单选题(1分)He was highly praised______his brave deeds.A.in virtue ofB.leading toC.resulting inD.by means of11.单选题(1分)The job____is available for three months only.A.under questionB.out of questionC.in questionD.out of the question12.单选题(1分)_________the terms of the contract,her first novel should be published by the end of this year.A.In correspondence withB.In terms ofC.In accordance withD.In connection with13.单选题(1分)Educational development must be systematic and planned;it must be______ a nation’s politics,economy,and culture.A.in coincidence withB.in contradiction withC.in concert withD.coupled with14.单选题(1分)Don't____damage on any innocent person.A.inflictB.enforceC.bringD.foster15.单选题(1分)This failure of research motivated the_____of a new type of data.A.incisionB.incubationC.introductionD.invasion16.单选题(1分)Jim___his success to how hard he has always worked.A.attributesB.contributesC.leadsD.tributes17.单选题(1分)He is so easily changing that we cannot accept any of his promises____.A.at a face valueB.at retail valueC.at great valueD.at fair value18.单选题(1分)The Congressman’s speech has______clarity to the government’s position on welfare reform.A.endorsedB.broughtC.createdD.aroused19.单选题(1分)I wonder how your religious belief will_____________political action.A.burst intoB.run intoC.translate intoD.break into20.单选题(1分)As the man was unemployed,the council decided to____the rent that he was indebted.A.write downB.write offC.write outD.give off21.单选题(1分)I have little information___his past.A.regardsB.in view ofC.as regardsD.in light of22.单选题(1分)Inequality of property,_______the exploitation of the masses of the poor by a rich minority,breeds class conflict.A.resulting inB.resulting fromC.leading inD.leading from23.单选题(1分)They have____their new ideas into a book.A.excludedB.coordinatedC.incorporatedD.cooperated24.单选题(1分)It was undoubted that such strange conduct in public____criticism.A.was subject toB.was toC.opted toD.was likely to25.单选题(1分)They gathered together and made a complex plan which_____considerable risks for rescuing the old lady.A.entailedB.collectedposedD.consisted26.单选题(1分)He has moved out the house and had all the furniture__.A.depletedB.deploredC.deployedD.disposed of27.单选题(1分)___march10,they ceased to be husband and wife.A.As toB.As forC.As ofD.As regards28.单选题(1分)The preparation of the project____considerable time and labor.A.retailsB.enactsC.entailsD.enrolls29.单选题(1分)The cost of the building____10000Yuan.A.points toB.amounts ofC.mounts toD.amounts to30.单选题(1分)That space has already been______for building a new hospital.A.exposedB.locatedC.imposedD.allocated医学SCI论文写作Final40题单选题共15题，共30分12.0分_________are the written representation of an oral language form.132.0分Clarity in writing the results section could be achieved by the following except _______.142.0分Intracranial bleeding is a common complication of TBI()increases the risk of death and disability.判断题共25题，共50分162.0分Support of the answer could come from both the present study and other studies.正确错误172.0分When it comes to human subjects,authors usually present the detailed information in tables.正确错误182.0分The meaning of the sentence doesn't change when the adverb is moved.正确错误data field,vertical scale,horizontal scale,labels and data.正确错误202.0分In the abstract,how the study was done is presented in the results section.正确错误212.0分Tables are used to present specific information or exact values while figures are used to show comparisons,patterns or trends.正确错误222.0分A nonrestrictive attributive clause describes a noun in an essential way.It cannot be removed from a sentence.正确错误232.0分The Results part in the abstract should present all the results in the study.正确错误242.0分Figure titles could be in the form of noun phrase+preposition phrase.正确错误252.0分Figures are more suitable for presenting static or exact numbers rather than pronounced trends.正确错误262.0分All letters in acronyms need to be capitalized.正确错误272.0分Use a comma after an introductory dependent clause which are signaled by words such as after,although,as,because,before,if,since,unless,when,and while.正确错误282.0分Figure legends usually come below the figure.正确错误indefinite article a/an.正确错误302.0分We should avoid the sudden shift of sentence topics,so putting old informationbefore new is a great strategy.正确错误312.0分In New England Journal of Medicine,the top left cell of the table is kept empty.正确错误322.0分Seasons need not be capitalized.正确错误332.0分Answer to the research question or hypothesis should be presented with thesame variables,verbs used and point of view with those in the question from the introduction section.正确错误342.0分The column headings are very long and informative in the table.正确错误352.0分By removing extra and unspecific words,the final title should be unambiguous,memorable,captivating,and informative.正确错误362.0分In order to emphasize the most important information,we should always repeat key terms at the end of the sentences.正确错误372.0分Use comma to join independent clauses closely related in thought.正确错误message of the paper through the independent variable and the dependent variable used in the study.正确错误392.0分For a well-known method or apparatus,authors need not to be described.Only provide a reference.正确错误402.0分In scientific and technical writing,placing the most complicated information at the end of the sentence makes the sentence less clear.正确错误Exercise11.A space is placed before a period,and one space separates a period from the followingsentence.【×】No space is placed before a period.e a comma after an introductory dependent clause which are signaled by words such as after,although,as,because,before,if,since,unless,when,and while.【√】e colons to link items in a series of three or more.【×】Use commas to link items in a series of three or more.e colons to direct readers to examples,explanations,and significant words and phrases.【√】e comma to join independent clauses closely related in thought.【×】Use semicolons to join independent clauses closely related in thought.6.There is a space after the first or before the final quotation mark.【×】There is no space after the first or before the final quotation mark.e parentheses to separate material from the main body of a sentence or paragraph.【√】8.A dash is used to clarify ambiguity caused by multiple modifiers.【×】A hyphen is used to clarify ambiguity caused by multiple modifiers.9.Do not place a colon after a verb,because the verb also introduces;so the colon would beredundant.【√】e periods to punctuate some abbreviations.【√】11.A________falls between commas and parentheses in regards to the strength of separation.【C.dash】e_______to provide source information.【B.parentheses】e______around material you are borrowing word for word from sources.【A.quotationmarks】e_____to enclose various interrupting words,phrases,and clauses.【mas】15.主观题(1分)From your writing experience,which punctuation is difficult for you to usecorrectly?Can you give any examples?Exercise21.Every sentence begins with a capital letter.【√】2.Articles at the beginning of sentences do not need to be capitalized.【×】3.All main words need to be capitalized in titles.【×】4.All letters in acronyms need to be capitalized.【√】5.We should give the full term for acronyms at first mention.【√】6.Acronyms should be put in parentheses before the full term.【×】7.The'should always be capitalized in proper nouns.【×】8.Chemical names of medications should be capitalized.【×】9.Titles are capitalized when they procede the name.【√】10.Seasons need not be capitalized.【√】11.Which of the following needs to be capitalized in a title which capitalize main words?【A.nous】12.Sentences beginning with numerals can be revised by the following except______.【D.putting the number in parenthesis】A.writing out the numberB.adding introductory phrasesC.rearranging sentence structure13.For medications,we need to capitalize______.【C.brand names】14.For proper nouns,we need not capitalize_______.【B.the’in front of a certain place】A.months s D.places15.主观题(1分)How could we apply capitalization principles in writing titles for academic papersin medicine?Exercise31.Some nouns can be either countable or uncountable depending on the context.【√】2.Uncountable nouns must be preceded by either a,an,or the.【×】3.The meaning of the sentence doesn't change when the adverb is moved.【×】4.A normally uncountable noun that is conceptualized as countable will use the indefinitearticle a/an.【√】5.In academic writing,we’d better use more noun clusters.【×】6.Academic writing usually requires the noun that expresses the concept as generally aspossible.【×】7.Academic writing at the phrase level requires finding the most precise word available forexpressing a concept or action.【√】8.When a concept or relationship is simple,try to make it complex.【×】9.Contractions are the written representation of an oral language form,and they should beavoided in academic writing.【√】10.If a noun can be used to express different but similar concepts it is probably a category termand very precise.【×】11.________can add a sense of possibility,ability,permission,obligation,necessity,intentionor prediction.【C.modal verbs】12._________are the written representation of an oral language form.【A.Contractions】13.When a concept or relationship is complex,try to express it as________as possible;【B.simple】14.A________occurs when one or more nouns is moved to a position directly in front ofanother noun to function as an adjective.【D.noun cluster】15.主观题(1分)Which principle is more difficult for you in your writing,clarity,simplicity orprecision?Why?Exercise41.An effective sentence does not contain ideas that are not closely related and does not express athought that is not complete by itself.【√】2.The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive,so we should avoid the useof the passive voice in different sections of the paper.【×】The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive,but we could use the passive voice as needed in different sections of the paper.3.Nouns made from verbs like"intention"from"intend"can obscure the key actions of sentencesand add length of a sentence.【√】4.In scientific and technical writing,placing the most complicated information at the end of thesentence makes the sentence less clear.【×】In scientific and technical writing,placing the most complicated information at the end of the sentence improves readability.5.The writers need to use parallelism with similar grammatical forms,structure,and word order toachieve balance in sentences.【√】6.The adverbials“it is well known that”,“it is clear that”,“it is recognized that”and so on areunnecessary wordy expressions.【√】7.The plural nouns like"fungi"and"vertebrae"should take plural verbs.【√】8.A nonrestrictive attributive clause describes a noun in an essential way.It cannot be removed froma sentence.【×】A nonrestrictive attributive clause describes a noun in a nonessential way.It can be removed froma sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.9.A nonrestrictive attributive clause describes a noun in a nonessential way.It can be removed froma sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.【√】10."With our larger sample size we could conduct the examination of specific types ofanticholinergic drugs."This sentence is in agreement with academic style.【×】Revision:With our larger sample size we could also examine specific types of anticholinergic drugs.We should avoid nominalization and put action in the verb.11."Increases at45seconds were greater than()at35seconds."【C.those】To decide whether to add“that”or“those”(or to repeat the noun),determine whether the comparative term is all together in one spot or is split.In this example,the comparative term is together.We should add“those”which is parallel with"increases".12.“The population-attributable fraction associated with total anticholinergic drug exposure duringthe1to11years before diagnosis is10.3%..”This sentence is inaccurate as().【D.The tense is inappropriate.】Revision:The population-attributable fraction associated with total anticholinergic drug exposure during the1to11years before diagnosis was10.3%...13."The finding of more pronounced associations for vascular dementia than for other types arenovel."This sentence is inaccurate as().【A.The subject and the verb do not agree in number.】Revision:The finding of more pronounced associations for vascular dementia than for other types is novel.The singular subject"finding"takes a singular verb"is".14.Intracranial bleeding is a common complication of TBI()increases the risk of death anddisability.【C.,which】Intracranial bleeding is a common complication of TBI(traumatic brain injury),which increases the risk of death and disability.Here,a nonrestrictive attributive clause is used to describe a noun in a nonessential way.It can be removed from a sentence without changing the sentence’s meaning.15.主观题(1分)Please look at the following sentences."As for Diabetes mellitus,it represents amajor modifiable risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD),congestive heart failure(CHF),and mortality,conferring a15%increase in death compared to those without diabetes.The comparison of associations between measures of adiposity and outcomes in individuals with type2diabetes was the goal of this post hoc analysis."Do you think they are in agreement with academic style?If not,how would you revise the two sentences?Exercise51.The subject of the topic sentence should be the topic of the paragraph.【√】【考察paragraph writing中clear topic sentence部分原则】2.Order of emphasis is always recommended in methods section.【×】【考察paragraph writing中clear order of details部分原则】3.To make the order of details more effective,chronological order is recommended.【×】【Order of emphasis is more recommended.】4.The order of details will be efficient if they allow for a minimum of repetition.【√】【考察paragraph writing中clear order of details部分原则】5.We should keep a consistent verb tense to strengthen continuity.【√】【Avoiding a sudden shift in time is important】6.In order to emphasize the most important information,we should always repeat key terms at the endof the sentences.【×】【Keys terms should be repeated early in the sentence.】7.To make the language less repetitve,we should use as many ways to explain the key terms as possible.【×】【Keys terms should be repeated exactly in the sentence.】8.We should avoid the sudden shift of sentence topics,so putting old information before new is a great strategy.【√】【考察paragraph writing中consitent flow of ideas部分原则】9.Which of the following is not included in the most common orders of details in SCI papers?【C】A.announced orderB.time orderC.cause and effectD.emphasis order【考察paragraph writing中clear order of details部分原则】10.Which of the following is not a connective word that expresses contrast?【A】A.for another thingB.even soC.on the contraryD.Yet【考察use conective words部分原则】11.Having a family history of dementia puts you at greater risk of developing the condition.________, many people with a family history never develop symptoms.【D】A.SoB.For instanceC.In briefD.However【考察use conective words部分原则】12.The point of view should be that of____________.【B】A.first personB.third personC.second personD.above all【考察consistent point of view部分原则】13.It is very common to use direct questions in academic writing.【×】【Direct questions should be avoided.】14."We"is never applied in academic writing.【×】【t is acceptable to use we as the subject of sentences especially when describing methods.】15.（主观题）What challenges and difficulities did you meet when you were doing the transition between paragraphs?Exercise61.A good title is the most possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.【×】【A good title is the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.】2.A title should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly.【√】【考察title的功能】3.An informative and complete title should include the sufficient and necessary information for reader to know either what the research is about or what the research has discovered.【√】【考察title的特点】4.The function of the title of a descriptive paper is to express either the topic or the message of the paper through the independent variable and the dependent variable used in the study.【×】【The function of the title of a hypothesis testing paper is to express either the topic or the message of the paper through the independent variable and the dependent variable used in the study.】5.Titles need to be general to a potential reader quickly scanning a table of contents or performing an online search.【×】【Titles need to be comprehensible and enticing to a potential reader quickly scanning a table of contents or performing an online search.】6.Being brief and concise means you need to use accurate and clear words to indicate the clear relationship between variables and exact meaning of your research paper.【×】【Being accurate and clear means you need to use accurate and clear words to indicate the clearrelationship between variables and exact meaning of your research paper.】7.Paying attention to word order in the title is important because it can influence the reader’s interest in the paper.【√】【考察title的语言特点】8.Generally,words at the end of the title make the most impact.【×】【Generally,words at the beginning of the title make the most impact.】9.By removing extra and unspecific words,the final title should be unambiguous,memorable, captivating,and informative.【√】【考察title的语言特点】10.Correct use of prepositions in the title makes it clearer and helps the reader to understand how the title elements are related to each other.【√】【考察preposition的作用】11.A________is a word or a group of words used before a noun,pronoun,or noun phrase to show direction,time,place,location,spatial relationships,or to introduce an object.【C】A.VerbB.NounC.PrepositionD.Adjective【考察preposition的理解】12.________means we use the minimum words to provide the sufficient information of the research paper.【B】A.ClearityB.BrevityC.AccuracyD.Clear target【考察Brevity的含义】13.In________,phrases are used in the title to indicate what the paper is about.【A】A.a topic/phrase titleB.a topic/sentence titleC.a message/phrase titleD.a message/sentence title【考察topic/phrase title的含义】14.In________,phrase are used in the title to indicate what the paper has found.【D】A.a topic/sentence titleB.a topic/phrase titleC.a message/sentence titleD.a message/phrase title【考察message/phrase title的用法】15.（主观题）From your writing experience,what can be an effective title?Can you give an example? Exercise71.Introduction part explains“the known”,and“the unknown”of the field.【×】【It should explain“the known”,“the unknown”,and the new knowledge added by the findings of the current research”.】2.Two functions of Introduction are to provide enough information and to arouse the readers'interest in continuing reading your article.【√】3.The form of Introduction is like a cone,from small to large or narrow to broad.【×】【The form of Introduction is like an inverted cone,from large to small or broad to narrow.】4.Introduction ends with a clear statement summarizing your rationale,or your hypothesis or your purpose.【√】5.To formulate your objective,present tense is the best choice.【×】【Past Tense】ing proper adverbs is a good way to link different facts together to produce logical,clear text.【√】7.You should be cautious to cite a reference that you have not read and be sure to cite the source of the original document.【√】8.References should not only be selected from up-dated articles with higher impact factors.【×】【References should be selected from up-dated articles with higher impact factors.】9.Original literature should be selected rather than review articles.【√】10.Standard textbooks as references are always needed to list as well.【×】【There is usually no need to list standard text books as references and if this has been done,specify the place in the book.】11.Generally,Introduction section accounts for about_______of the total word count of the body of a typical research article.【C.10%】12.There are generally2-5paragraphs in the Introduction section,most commonly____paragraphs.【A.3】13.In the Introduction section,to describe something that has not happened yet,_________tense is recommended.【D.Present Perfect】14.To indicate the order of your experimental methods and results,which adverb is the most appropriate?【B.Subsequently】15.（主观题）Among all the suggestions provided in the lesson of Introduction part,which principle or techinique have you used before?You could give an example to illustrate.Exercise81.The subsections of the Methods in different medical papers follows the generic structure only.【×】【The subsections of the Methods in different medical papers follows a generic structure on the one hand,differ from observational studies to clinical trials on the other.】2.Interventions cannot be written in a single subsection with a single subtitle.【×】【Interventions can also be written in a single subsection with a single subtitle,or may not need to be described in more detail than given in the Study Design.】3.When drugs were used,state the generic name,manufacturer,purity,and concentration ofdrugs,also state the amount of drug administered per kilogram of body weight and duration.【√】4.When it comes to human subjects,authors usually present the detailed information in tables.【√】【Present the detailed information of the human subjects(the basic demographic profile)better in tables】5.Authors don't have to include a statement regarding obtaining approval from the ethics committeewith its registration Number.【×】6."The Declaration of Helsinki"is a set of ethics principles developed by the World MedicalAssociation to provide guidance to scientists and physicians in medical research involving humansubjects.【√】7.For a well-known method or apparatus,authors need not to be described.Only provide a reference.【√】8.Authors can only state how they calculated derived variables in Methods of Measurement andCalculation.【×】【State how you calculated derived variables either in Methods of Measurement and Calculation or in Analysis of Data.】9.In Analysis of Data subsection,authors can state the sample size(n)if the sample size analyzedfor each comparison is not obvious from the study design.【√】10.Within each subsection of the Methods,authors can organize topics in2types of orders:eitherchronologically or in order of most to least important.【√】11.METHODS must answer3questions【BCD】A.How many experiment have been done?B.What was used?C.What was done?D.How it was done?12.Which of the following subtitles of the Methods section are frequently used ones in clinicalstudies?【ABCD】A.Study(Human)SubjectsB.Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaC.Study DesignD.Analysis of Data13.In the Study Design you often include the following information：【ABCD】A.Questions askedB.Independent variablesC.Dependent variablesD.All controls14.The types of details that are often placed in parentheses include:【ABCD】A.manufacturers’namesB.Model numberC.WeightsD.Doses and concentrationsExercise91.The results section should include as many data as possible.【×】2.Generally the results section should not include comparison of the results with others.【√】3.Data are always presented in the tables and figures,and never in the text.【×】4.Tables are used to present specific information or exact values while figures are used to showcomparisons,patterns or trends.【√】5.The results section could organize in chronological order,or in the order of importance.【√】6.All results should be given equal length in the results section.【×】7.Unnecessary intensifiers such as‘clearly’.‘essential’,‘quite’,‘basically’,‘rather’,‘fairly’‘really’and‘virtually’should be avoided.【√】8.Irrelevant results could be excluded from the results section,but results that do not support thehypothesis should be reported.【√】9.For clinical studies,the results section typically includes participant description,primary results,and secondary results.【√】10.The results section is usually written in the present tense.【×】11.The results section should present an effective interplay between the following except_____.【D】A.TablesB.FiguresC.TextD.References12.Data in the text of the results section should be______【A】A.Accurate and internally consistentB.In numeral formC.Repeating those in tables and figuresD.As detailed as possible13.Clarity in writing the results section could be achieved by the following except_______【C】。
python常用的英语单词
python常用的英语单词Python is a popular programming language used for various purposes such as web development, data analysis, and artificial intelligence. In order to effectively work with Python, it is important to understand and be familiar with the commonly used English words in the Python programming language. In this article, we will explore and discuss some of the frequently used English words in Python and their meanings.1. Variable:In Python, a variable is a named location used to store data. It can be assigned a value of a specific data type such as integer, float, string, or boolean. Variables are an essential component of programming as they allow us to store and manipulate data.2. Function:A function is a block of organized, reusable code that performs a specific task. In Python, functions are defined using the 'def' keyword, followed by the function name and a set of parentheses. Functions can take parameters as inputs and return values as outputs. They allow us to break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable units of code.3. Loop:A loop is a programming construct that allows us to repeatedly execute a block of code. In Python, there are two types of loops: 'for' loop and 'while' loop. The 'for' loop is used to iterate over a sequence, such as a list, tuple, or string. The 'while' loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of code until a certain condition is met.4. List:A list is a data structure in Python used to store a collection of items. Lists are ordered, mutable, and can contain elements of different data types. They are defined by enclosing the items in square brackets and separating them with commas. Lists are commonly used to store and manipulate a group of related data.5. Dictionary:A dictionary is another data structure in Python used to store a collection of key-value pairs. Each key is unique and associated with a value. Dictionaries are unordered and mutable. They are defined by enclosing the key-value pairs in curly braces and separating them with commas. Dictionaries are commonly used for tasks such as mapping, indexing, and counting.6. Conditional:Conditionals are used to control the flow of execution in a program. In Python, conditional statements such as 'if', 'elif', and 'else' are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Conditionals allow us to make decisions and execute specific blocks of code based on the result of a comparison or evaluation.7. Module:A module is a file containing Python code that can be imported and used in other Python programs. Modules are used to organize code into logical units and provide a way to reuse code across different projects. Python has a rich library of modules that provide various functionalities such as mathematical operations, file handling, and networking.8. Exception:An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program, disrupting the normal flow of code. In Python, exceptions are used to handle errors and provide a way to gracefully recover from unexpected situations. Exceptions can be caught and handled using 'try', 'except', 'finally' blocks.9. Class:A class is a blueprint for creating objects in Python. It is a user-defined data type that encapsulates data and functions. Classes are used to create objects that have attributes and behaviors. They are the foundation of object-oriented programming and allow us to model real-world entities and their interactions.In conclusion, these are just a few of the commonly used English words in Python. Understanding and familiarizing oneself with these words is crucial for effectively working with Python and writing clean, efficient code. Mastering these concepts will pave the way for a deeper understanding of the Python programming language and its vast capabilities.。
英文文献及翻译：计算机程序
Computer Language and ProgrammingI. IntroductionProgramming languages, in computer sc ienc e, are the artific ial languages used to write a sequenc e of instructions (a computer program) that c an be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a voc abulary, grammar, and syntax. How ever, natural languages are not suited for programming computers bec ause they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatic al struc ture may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logic al structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be prec ise.Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistic ation and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a partic ular kind of computing problem or for use on a partic ular model of computer system. For instanc e, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL w ere written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for sc ientific applic ations, and COBOL for business applic ations. Although these languages were designed to address spec ific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as mac hine languages, are designed to be used by one spec ific model of computer system, or even by one spec ific computer in c ertain researc h applications. The most c ommonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, PASCAL and BASIC fall into this c ategory.II. Language TypesProgramming languages can be c lassified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a c omputer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer. High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they c an be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of high-level languages are C, C++, PASCAL, and FORTRAN. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very c lose to mac hine languages and do not have the level of linguisticsophistic ation exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into mac hine language.1. Machine LanguagesIn mac hine languages, instructions are written as s equenc es of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer c an understand direc tly. An instruc tion in mac hine language generally tells the computer four things: (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, suc h as adding the two numbers together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruc tion to perform. While all exec utable programs ar e eventually read by the computer in mac hine language, they are not all programmed in machine language. It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language bec ause the instructions are sequenc es of 1s and 0s. A typic al instruc tion in a mac hine language might read 10010 1100 1011 and mean add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B.2. High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing w ords and syntax from human language. They are more similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing c omplic ated programs. These programming languages allow larger and more complic ated programs to be developed faster. How ever, high-level languages must be translated into machine language by another program c alled a compiler before a c omputer can understand them. For this reason, programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language.3. Assembly LanguagesComputer programmers use assembly languages to make mac hine-language programs easier to write. In an assembly language, each statement corresponds roughly to one mac hine language instruction. An assembly language statement is composed w ith the aid of easy to remember commands. The command to add the c ontents of the storage register A to the c ontents of storage register B might be written ADD B, A in a typical assembly language statement. Assembly languages share certain features w ith mac hine languages. For instance, it is possible to manipulate spec ific bits in both assembly and machinelanguages. Programmers use assemblylanguages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple. Assembly languages are also used when some part of the c omputer has to be c ontrolled direc tly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individua l c harac ters to a printer.III. Classific ation of High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are c ommonly c lassified as proc edure-oriented, functional, objec t-oriented, or logic languages. The most common high-level languages today are proc edure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or proc edure, and given a name such as “proc edure A.” If the same sequence of operations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer bac k to the proc edure. In essence, a proc edure is just amini- program. A large program c an be c onstructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks. Proc edural languages allo w programs to be shorter and easier for the c omputer to read, but they require the programmer to design eac h procedure to be general enough to be usedin different situations. Func tional languages treat proc edures like mathematic al functions and allow them to be processed like any other data in a program. This allows a much higher and more rigorous level of program construction. Func tional languages also allow variables—symbols for data that c an be spec ified and changed by the user as the program is running—to be given values only once. This simplifies programming by reduc ing the need to be concerned w ith the exac t order of statement execution, sinc e a variable does not have to be redec lared , or restated, eac h time it is used in a program statement. Many of the ideas from functional languages have become key parts of many modern procedural languages. Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages. In objec t-oriented languages, the c ode used to write the program and the data proc essed by the program are grouped together into units called objec ts. Objec ts are further grouped into c lasses, which define the attributes objects must have. A simple example of a c lass is the c lass Book. Objects w ithin this c lass might be Novel and Short Story. Objec ts also have certain functions assoc iated w ith them, called methods. Thecomputer accesses an objec t through the use of one of the object’s methods. The method performs some ac tion to the data in the object and returns this value to the computer. Classes of objec ts can also be further grouped into hierarchies, in whic h objects of one class can inherit methods from another c lass. The structure provided in object-oriented languages makes them very useful for complic ated programming tasks. Logic languages use logic as their mathematic al base. A logic program consists of sets of facts and if-then rules, whic h spec ify how one set of facts may be deduced from others, for example: If the statement X is true, then the statement Y is false. In the execution of such a program, an input statement can be logic ally deduced from other statements in the program. Many artific ial intelligenc e programs are written in suc h languages.IV. Language Structure and ComponentsProgramming languages use spec ific types of statements, or instructions, to provide func tional structure to the program. A statement in a program is a basic sentenc e that expresses a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction. Statements define the types of data allow ed, how data ar e to be manipulated, and the w ays that proc edures and functions work. Programmers use statements to manipulate common components of programming languages, such as variables and macros (mini-programs within a program). Statements known as data dec larations give names and properties to elements of a program c alled variables. V ariables c an be assigned different values w ithin the program. The properties variables c an have are c alled types, and they inc lude such things as w hat possible values might be saved in the variables, how much numeric al accuracy is to be used in the values, and how one variable may represent a collection of simpler values in an organized fashion, such as a table or array. In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer. V ariables that are pointers do not themselves have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to loc ate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable. An expression is a piec e of a statement that describes a series of c omputati ons to be performed on some of the program’s variables, such as X+Y/Z, in which the variables are X, Y, and Z and the computations are addition and division. An assignment statement assigns a variable a value derived from some expression, while c onditional statements spec ify expressions to be tested and then used to selec t whic h other statements should be executed next.Proc edure and function statements define c ertain bloc ks of code as procedures or functions that can then be returned to later in the program. These statements also define the kinds of variables and parameters the programmer c an c hoose and the type of value that the c ode will return when an expression acc esses the procedure or function. Many programming languages also permit mini translation programs c alled macros. Macros translate segments of c ode that have been written in a language struc ture defined by the programmer into statements that the programming language understands.V. HistoryProgramming languages date back almost to the invent ion of the digital c omputer in the 1940s. The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s w ith the introduc tion of commerc ial c omputers. The first proc edural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s: FORTRAN, created by John Bac kus, and then COBOL, created by Grac e Hopper The first functional language w as LISP, written by John McCarthy4 in the late 1950s. Although heavily updated, all three languages are still w idely used today. In the late 1960s, the first objec t-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged. Logic languages bec ame w ell known in the mid 1970swith the introduction of PROLOG6, a language used to program artific ial intelligenc e softw are. During the 1970s, proc edural languages c ontinued to develop w ith ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and A d a SMALLTALK w as a highly influential object-oriented language that led to the merging ofobjec t- oriented and procedural languages in C++ and more rec ently in JAVA10. Although pure logic languages have dec lined in popularity, variations hav e bec ome vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern databases, such as SQL.计算机程序一、引言计算机程序是指导计算机执行某个功能或功能组合的一套指令。