Lecture 11
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lecture 11_中值定理
O
a
x0
x02
b x
几何意义: 在两个高度相同的点之间的连续曲线上 若除端点外，每一点都有不垂直于轴的切线，则其中必
有一条切线平行于x轴，也即平行于两个端点的连线。
证:
M 和最小值 m . 若M=m,则 因此
故在[ a , b ]上取得最大值
若 M > m , 则 M 和 m 中至少有一个与端点值不等,
( 1 x 1).
x (1, 1)
由推论1 f ( x ) C ,
arcsin x arccos x .1 x [ 1, 1] (arccos x ) 2 2 1 , x 例5（p.96） arctan x arc cot x x ( , ).
其他求导公式都可由它们及求导法则推出; 2) 求分段函数在分界点处的导数 , 及某些特殊
函数在特殊点处的导数; 3) 由导数定义证明一些命题. 2.用导数定义求极限 3.微分在近似计算与误差估计中的应用
二、 导数和微分的求法
1. 正确使用导数及微分公式和法则 2. 熟练掌握求导方法和技巧
(1) 求分段函数的导数 注意讨论界点处左右导数是否存在和相等
f ( x 0 x ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) x
令 x x0 x , 则
( x 很小时)
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) ( x x 0 ).
第一节 中值定理
一、罗尔（Rolle）中值定理
二、拉格朗日（Lagrange）中值定理
(2) 隐函数求导法 （对数微分法）
(3) 复合函数求导法 （链式法则、可利用微分形式不变性)
Lecture11
6.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Key to Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 我的听众，少则数十人，多则上千人。
目前我国各地对各种消费品的饿需求量已大大 增加。
5.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。
6. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Lecture 1tents of this Lecture
I. Conversion in C-E translation II. Exercises for conversion
I. Conversion in C-E translation
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
5. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship
Key to Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 我的听众，少则数十人，多则上千人。
目前我国各地对各种消费品的饿需求量已大大 增加。
5.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。
6. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Lecture 1tents of this Lecture
I. Conversion in C-E translation II. Exercises for conversion
I. Conversion in C-E translation
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
5. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship
lecture 11 比较句式和定语从句的翻译
A is to B what C is to D A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier. 作家的笔就如同战士的枪一样。
May as well… as和Might as well… as One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.
我们的战士打起仗来既勇敢又善战。 To be uncourteous appears to him little less than a crime. 在他看来，不礼貌无异于犯罪。
As much as, As much, As many与 So many He was greatly respected as much as his brother was despised. 他非常受人尊敬，而他弟弟则受人鄙视。 I was not in the least surprised, for I had expected as much. 我一点都不吃惊，因为我早已了到如此。
他们都是那些抛妻弃子、身背大刀进入深 山的好汉们的后代。
In the early days of the clipper ships, sailors who went on long voyages would often get a dangerous disease called scurvy. 在使用快速帆船的初期，远洋海员们往 往会患一种叫做坏死病的危险疾病。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end. 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生 的，就象我们不可能设想有哪根棍子会只有 一头一样。 Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his short-coming, and more serious faults. 有头脑的人谁也不会指望广告里说的都是真 的，同样也不指望申请工作的人回说出自己 的缺点和严重过失。
Lecture Eleven(11.28)
number: tense: derivations (派生): comparative degree of adj. and adv. e.g. The climate of Beijing is colder than (that of ) Shanghai. / She is older than any (other) girl in the group. morphological (vague, ambiguity) e.g. You can live (长久)/ stay（暂时）in my home. / They risked to break the laws…/ neither / none of us syntactical
CA: the similarities and differences of the structures of two or more language by comparison and contract the structures of one language the structures of the other / another similarities / positive transfer differences / negative transfer differences / interferences differences / difficulties
CA: bilingual comparison differential analysis a model of language acquisition an acadmetic term a strategy of outputting a conceptual theory
CA: the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages (sound system/ phonology; grammatical system), based on four assumptions: 1. the main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language 2. these difficulties can be predicted by contractive analysis 3. teaching materials can make use of contractive analysis to deduce the effects of interference 4. SL learning involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic system of the target language
lecture 11(物称与人称)
the conference room at 2 P· Friday. M. (All faculty and staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 P· Friday.) M.
三、物称与人称的翻译策略 (一)有灵主语与无灵主语的转换 汉语句子多为有灵主语;而英语善用无灵主语。 在翻译中,为了符合英汉各自的思维方式,在叙述 方式上必须注意主语的转换。请看下例英汉互译 中的转换: (12)Business took him to the town. 他因事进城去了。 (13)A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
2.非人称代词“it”和there be句型的使用。
王力先生曾对英语形式主语做过精辟的论述:就 句子结构而言,西洋语言(英语)是法治的,中国语 言是人治的,法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用 不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意 思,就算了。这也为英汉互译中“it”形式主语和 零位主语的处理提供了依据。
与此形成对比的是,中国人相信“天人合一 (oneness between man and nature)”。 而且, 这种“天人合一”儒家的代表人物孟子认为“万 物皆备于我” 。因此,从“我”就可以掌握“万 物”的本质,而“万物”的特征也显现在“我” 之中。这即是中国文化传统意义上的人本文化。 这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族主体型 的思维方式,即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推 理和研究事物的思维
（英文中出现了七个动词被动式，而中文里却 一个“被”字也没有，翻译时还添加了多个“我 们”“你们”等人称词。英汉语民族思维习惯之
Lecture 11英文修辞学课件排比、重复、对比
A． repetition of the words in reverse order One should eat to live, not to live to eat. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways. Live Simply---So That Others May Simply Live (newspaper heading)
• Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
a series of words 单词平行排列 Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men goodbye. The mail-coach lumbered, jolted, rattled and bumped upon its tedious way. a group of phrases Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Einstein was a fair amateur violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man.
a row of clauses …they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed. a successive of sentences We shall fight him(Hitler) by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.
哈佛大学高等有机化学讲义Lecture11
(2) CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS/CYCLOREVERSION REACTIONS:
A cycloaddition reaction is the union of two smaller, independent pi systems. Sigma bonds are created at the expense of pi bonds. A cycloaddition can occur in an intramolecular sense, but it must be between two independent pi systems. Cycloaddition reactions are referred to as [m + n] additions when a system of m conjugated atoms combines with a system of n conjugated atoms. A cycloreversion is simply the reverse of a cycloaddition. Examples:
s Woodward-Hoffmann Theory R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1970. s Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory I. Fleming, Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, John-Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976. s Dewar-Zimmerman Theory T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1987. s General Reference R. E. Lehr and A. P. Marchand, Orbital Symmetry: A Problem Solving Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
国经lecture 11
2.Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
•
Purchasing Power Parity states that an exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the price level in one country to the price level in the other country.
%△XR
%△Pus %△Puk
For example: suppose inflation rate is 10% in the U.S. ,5% in the U.K. The R($/￡) increases 5% in the long-run.
3.Purchasing Power Parity In The Short Run And The Long Run
Big Mac index ,Jan 22nd 2009
• Helpfully, a UBS report published this week offers a handy guide to how long it takes a worker on the average net wage to earn the price of a Big Mac in 73 cities. Fast-food junkies are best off in Chicago, Toronto and Tokyo, where it takes a mere 12 minutes at work to afford a Big Mac. By contrast, employees must toil for over two hours to earn enough for a burger fix in Mexico City, Jakarta and Nairobi.
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Words bank
homonym Part of speech bank bank n n n v n n
meaning the edge of the river, lake, etc. an establishment for money business a large heavy animal to put up with a kind of fruit a boy or girl friend
bear
bear bear
date
date date
words
Pronunciation Part of speech
meaning
Bow
Bow Sow Sow
/／/／ /s／ /sau／ Nhomakorabean
n v n
bending the head as a greeting
the device used for shooting arrows to scatter seeds female adult pig
candidatus (Latin): pertaining to a person dressed in a white robe
office seeker in white gowns
a person who seeks an office
a person proposed for a place, award, etc
Bull
An adult male bovine mammal.
An exceptionally large, strong, and aggressive person. Characterized by rising prices: bull market a
In order to express new ideas, processes, products etc, language can do three things: Form a new word Borrow a word Add new meanings to established words
5
1
3
4
It is an oversimplification to regard all words as having had one primary meaning from their other meanings may be derived. The central meaning from which secondary meanings have radiated may become obsolete, and each of the secondary meanings may become a center of further radiations. (Brook 1958:72)
（4）a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object, e. g. the neck of a violin； （5）the narrowest part of anything：bottle, land, strait or channel
（4）wanton：licentious
（5）homosexual
Neck: （1）that part of man or animal joining the head to the body; （2）that part of the garment;
2
（3）the neck of an animal used as food, e. g. the neck of lamb；
Pain
penalty
upon／under pain of
suffering
great discomfort of the body
gay
（1）joyous and lively, merry；happy
（2）bright；brilliant
（3）given to social life and pleasure
Face: （1）the front of the head （2）the expression of the countenance （3）a surface of a thing （4）the side or surface that is marked, as of a clock （5）the appearance （6）dignity；self-respect （7）the topography（of an area) （8）［colloq］effrontery；audacity （9）［mining］the end of a tunnel
1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are （ ） A. primary and secondary B. central and peripheral C. diachronic and synchronic D. formal and functional 答案：C 2. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points. 答案：Polysemy refers to a fact that a word has more than one meaning. For example, the word face has more than one meanings : （1）the front of the head； （2）the expression of the countenance； （3）a surface of a thing； （4）the side or surface that is marked, as of a clock, playing card, domino, etc. ； （5）the appearance；outward aspect；resemblance； （6）［CH idiom］dignity；self-respect；prestige, as in lose／save face.
3. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______. A. they come from the same source B. they are correlated with one central meaning C. they are listed under one headword in a dictionary D. all the above 答案：D 4.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above
OE eare cer lang langian
Part of speech Modern E n n a v ear ear long long
Meaning an organ with which to listen and hear the grain-bearing spike of corn or wheat not short want very much