Lecture11
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lecture 11_中值定理
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a
x0
x02
b x
几何意义: 在两个高度相同的点之间的连续曲线上 若除端点外，每一点都有不垂直于轴的切线，则其中必
有一条切线平行于x轴，也即平行于两个端点的连线。
证:
M 和最小值 m . 若M=m,则 因此
故在[ a , b ]上取得最大值
若 M > m , 则 M 和 m 中至少有一个与端点值不等,
( 1 x 1).
x (1, 1)
由推论1 f ( x ) C ,
arcsin x arccos x .1 x [ 1, 1] (arccos x ) 2 2 1 , x 例5（p.96） arctan x arc cot x x ( , ).
其他求导公式都可由它们及求导法则推出; 2) 求分段函数在分界点处的导数 , 及某些特殊
函数在特殊点处的导数; 3) 由导数定义证明一些命题. 2.用导数定义求极限 3.微分在近似计算与误差估计中的应用
二、 导数和微分的求法
1. 正确使用导数及微分公式和法则 2. 熟练掌握求导方法和技巧
(1) 求分段函数的导数 注意讨论界点处左右导数是否存在和相等
f ( x 0 x ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) x
令 x x0 x , 则
( x 很小时)
f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) ( x x 0 ).
第一节 中值定理
一、罗尔（Rolle）中值定理
二、拉格朗日（Lagrange）中值定理
(2) 隐函数求导法 （对数微分法）
(3) 复合函数求导法 （链式法则、可利用微分形式不变性)
Lecture 11 词语互借与文化
Dragon boat
是汉语“龙舟”字面的直译语。 “Dragon boat racing is now popular in Western countries with large Chinese communities, and in the eighties was officially established in Canada and the United Kingdom.” (E. Knowles, 1997:93) 以 上dragon-boat fleet (龙舟队)，dragon-boat festival (龙舟节)， dragon-boaters (龙舟赛 参加者)。
Lecture 11
Borrowing Words and Culture 词语互借与文化
Chinese and English Borrowing Words and Culture
汉语语言中借用了许多英语词汇，同样， 英语中也有不少汉语借用词 ，例 如: tea 茶； kowtow 叩头； cheongsam 旗袍； typhoon 台风；sampan 舢板； bohea 武夷 茶； kaolin 高岭瓷土；等等。
Special economic (development) zone
汉语“经济（发展）特区）”的直译，缩 写词为SEZ， 指：a region specially designated and with its own set of laws and regulations to facilitate and encourage economic development, normally by offering special concessions to foreign investors. (MDNW, p.339)“经济特区”是中国改革开 放的产物，这种经济区域模式在世界上有 较大影响。
Lecture 11 汉英科技翻译常见问题(1) 科技翻译
二、搭配问题
英语词语搭配往往是固定的，不可随意改动 。搭配涉及动词、名词、介词等等。
1. 目前生物工程的研发主要集中在基因工程 产品的开发上。 ? The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused in the development of genetic engineering products. 改译： The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused on the development of genetic engineering products.
四、标点问题
标点符号对书面语言的表达非常重要， 而且在英语中的使用比汉语严格，所以 汉译英时要引起注意。
轶事一则
有位记者采访报道一位女明星，文稿中的一个 逗号的误用引起一场笑话。试看下面的两个句 子。 1.I would like to wear no clothes which will distinguish me from others. 我不爱穿使我显得与众不同的衣服（原意） 2.I would like to wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from others. 我喜欢不穿衣服，这样就可以与众不同了。
如果出现这种情况，只需用螺丝刀拧紧螺丝 ，如果不拧紧螺丝，就会导致把手脱落。 A. In such a case, simple application of a screwdriver should be used to tighten screw. Failure to tighten the screw can eventually lead to disengagement of the handle. B. If this happens, simply tighten the screw with a screwdriver; otherwise, the handle may come off.
零输入响应和零状态响应
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分流得：
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广东海洋大学
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_11 零输入响应和零状态响应
2. RL电路的零输入响应
R1 US
Ri
作业 3.8,3.12,3.13
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_11 零输入响应和零状态响应
一、知识回顾
Q1：什么叫换路定理？
iL
L (0+)= L (0－) 抢答开始！
+ u (t)
-
iL(0+)= iL(0－)
A1：换则路电瞬感间电，流若（电磁感链电）压换保路持前为后有保限持值不，变。
换路瞬间，若电容电流保持为有限值， 则电容电压（电荷）换路前后保持不变。
令 =RC , 称为一阶电路的时间常数
RC
欧法
欧
库 伏
欧安伏秒
秒
广东海洋大学
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_11 零输入响应和零状态响应
=RC
p 1 1
RC
时间常数 的大小反映了电路过渡过程时间的长短
大 → 过渡过程时间长 小 → 过渡过程时间短
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_11 零输入响应和零状态响应
1t
lecture 11(物称与人称)
the conference room at 2 P· Friday. M. (All faculty and staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 P· Friday.) M.
三、物称与人称的翻译策略 (一)有灵主语与无灵主语的转换 汉语句子多为有灵主语;而英语善用无灵主语。 在翻译中,为了符合英汉各自的思维方式,在叙述 方式上必须注意主语的转换。请看下例英汉互译 中的转换: (12)Business took him to the town. 他因事进城去了。 (13)A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
2.非人称代词“it”和there be句型的使用。
王力先生曾对英语形式主语做过精辟的论述:就 句子结构而言,西洋语言(英语)是法治的,中国语 言是人治的,法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用 不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意 思,就算了。这也为英汉互译中“it”形式主语和 零位主语的处理提供了依据。
与此形成对比的是,中国人相信“天人合一 (oneness between man and nature)”。 而且, 这种“天人合一”儒家的代表人物孟子认为“万 物皆备于我” 。因此,从“我”就可以掌握“万 物”的本质,而“万物”的特征也显现在“我” 之中。这即是中国文化传统意义上的人本文化。 这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族主体型 的思维方式,即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推 理和研究事物的思维
（英文中出现了七个动词被动式，而中文里却 一个“被”字也没有，翻译时还添加了多个“我 们”“你们”等人称词。英汉语民族思维习惯之
Lecture 11英文修辞学课件排比、重复、对比
A． repetition of the words in reverse order One should eat to live, not to live to eat. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways. Live Simply---So That Others May Simply Live (newspaper heading)
• Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
a series of words 单词平行排列 Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men goodbye. The mail-coach lumbered, jolted, rattled and bumped upon its tedious way. a group of phrases Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Einstein was a fair amateur violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man.
a row of clauses …they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed. a successive of sentences We shall fight him(Hitler) by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.
哈佛大学高等有机化学讲义Lecture11
(2) CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS/CYCLOREVERSION REACTIONS:
A cycloaddition reaction is the union of two smaller, independent pi systems. Sigma bonds are created at the expense of pi bonds. A cycloaddition can occur in an intramolecular sense, but it must be between two independent pi systems. Cycloaddition reactions are referred to as [m + n] additions when a system of m conjugated atoms combines with a system of n conjugated atoms. A cycloreversion is simply the reverse of a cycloaddition. Examples:
s Woodward-Hoffmann Theory R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1970. s Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory I. Fleming, Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, John-Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976. s Dewar-Zimmerman Theory T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1987. s General Reference R. E. Lehr and A. P. Marchand, Orbital Symmetry: A Problem Solving Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
国经lecture 11
2.Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
•
Purchasing Power Parity states that an exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the price level in one country to the price level in the other country.
%△XR
%△Pus %△Puk
For example: suppose inflation rate is 10% in the U.S. ,5% in the U.K. The R($/￡) increases 5% in the long-run.
3.Purchasing Power Parity In The Short Run And The Long Run
Big Mac index ,Jan 22nd 2009
• Helpfully, a UBS report published this week offers a handy guide to how long it takes a worker on the average net wage to earn the price of a Big Mac in 73 cities. Fast-food junkies are best off in Chicago, Toronto and Tokyo, where it takes a mere 12 minutes at work to afford a Big Mac. By contrast, employees must toil for over two hours to earn enough for a burger fix in Mexico City, Jakarta and Nairobi.
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6.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Key to Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 我的听众，少则数十人，多则上千人。
目前我国各地对各种消费品的饿需求量已大大 增加。
5.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。
6. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Lecture 1tents of this Lecture
I. Conversion in C-E translation II. Exercises for conversion
I. Conversion in C-E translation
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
5. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship
and durability. 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly
the trade in opium must be preceded by the
destruction of the drug itself.
绝对不许违反这个原则。
No violation of this principle can be
tolerated.
这种人闹什么东西呢？ 闹名誉，闹地位， 闹出风头。
cut down the percentage of defective products.
II. Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 3. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in this direction.
3. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in this direction.
有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的 成就给予了很好的评价。
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
水手们兴高采烈，蜂拥而至，把这两个 人围了起来。
1.Verbs Converted Into Other Parts of Speech 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are
exceptionally good. 林则徐认为，要成功的制止鸦片买卖，就得首 先把鸦片焚毁。
Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of
What are these people after? They are
after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.
2. Conversions Between Other Parts of Speech
该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
Key to Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 我的听众，少则数十人，多则上千人。
目前我国各地对各种消费品的饿需求量已大大 增加。
5.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。
6. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.
Lecture 1tents of this Lecture
I. Conversion in C-E translation II. Exercises for conversion
I. Conversion in C-E translation
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
5. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship
and durability. 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly
the trade in opium must be preceded by the
destruction of the drug itself.
绝对不许违反这个原则。
No violation of this principle can be
tolerated.
这种人闹什么东西呢？ 闹名誉，闹地位， 闹出风头。
cut down the percentage of defective products.
II. Exercises
1. With the passage of time , my admiration for him grew more. 2. My audience varied from tens to thousands 3. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in this direction.
3. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in this direction.
有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的 成就给予了很好的评价。
4. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.
水手们兴高采烈，蜂拥而至，把这两个 人围了起来。
1.Verbs Converted Into Other Parts of Speech 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are
exceptionally good. 林则徐认为，要成功的制止鸦片买卖，就得首 先把鸦片焚毁。
Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of
What are these people after? They are
after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.
2. Conversions Between Other Parts of Speech
该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。