economics_definitions(经济学术语大全)

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经济学常用词汇英文

经济学常用词汇英文

经济学常用英语词汇一、一般术语英文中文economist经济学家scarcity稀缺性opportunity cost机会成本marginal边际的utility效用efficiency效率equity公平trade-off权衡incentive激励externality外部性二、经济体系英文中文socialist economy社会主义经济capitalist economy资本主义经济collective economy集体经济planned economy计划经济market economy市场经济mixed economy混合经济liberal economy自由经济protectionism保护主义autarchy闭关自守globalization全球化三、经济学分支英文中文microeconomics微观经济学macroeconomics宏观经济学political economy政治经济学development economics发展经济学international economics国际经济学labor economics劳动经济学environmental economics环境经济学英文中文industrial economics工业经济学public economics公共经济学behavioral economics行为经济学四、市场结构英文中文perfect competition完全竞争monopoly垄断oligopoly寡头垄断monopolistic competition垄断竞争duopoly双寡头cartel卡特尔collusion勾结price discrimination价格歧视price leadership价格领导contestable market可竞争市场五、供求理论英文中文demand需求supply供给equilibrium均衡surplus过剩shortage不足elasticity弹性price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross elasticity of demand需求交叉弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性六、成本收益分析英文中文cost成本benefit收益total cost总成本fixed cost固定成本variable cost可变成本average cost平均成本marginal cost边际成本total revenue总收入average revenue平均收入marginal revenue边际收入七、国际贸易英文中文trade贸易export出口import进口tariff关税quota配额subsidy补贴exchange rate汇率balance of trade贸易差额balance of payments国际收支comparative advantage比较优势八、货币银行英文中文money货币currency货币bank银行deposit存款loan贷款interest利息interest rate利率inflation通货膨胀deflation通货紧缩monetary policy货币政策九、财政政策英文中文fiscal policy财政政策budget预算revenue收入expenditure支出tax税income tax所得税value added tax增值税sales tax销售税budget deficit预算赤字budget surplus预算盈余十、经济指标英文中文gross domestic product国内生产总值gross national product国民生产总值national income国民收入per capita income人均收入unemployment失业unemployment rate失业率economic growth经济增长economic development经济发展business cycle经济周期recession衰退。

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表

曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表一、引言曼昆经济学原理是一本经济学教材的经典之作,被广泛应用于经济学初学者的教学和研究中。

本文档为曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版术语表,旨在为读者提供对该教材中出现的关键术语进行解释和理解的辅助工具。

二、术语解释以下是曼昆经济学原理中文版第六版中出现的一些重要术语的解释:1.经济学(E c o n o mi c s)经济学是研究人类在社会资源稀缺的条件下进行选择和决策的学科。

经济学主要关注资源的分配、生产、交换和消费等方面,研究经济体系的运行规律和经济政策的制定。

2.供给(S u p p l y)供给是指市场上生产者愿意出售的商品和服务的数量。

供给的决定因素包括生产成本、技术水平、生产者的预期利润和市场价格等。

3.需求(D e m a n d)需求是指市场上消费者愿意购买的商品和服务的数量。

需求的决定因素包括商品价格、消费者收入水平、个人偏好和市场营销策略等。

4.市场均衡(M a r ke t E q u i l i b r i u m)市场均衡是指市场上供给和需求达到平衡的状态。

在市场均衡下,商品的供给量等于需求量,市场价格得到稳定的确定。

5.机会成本(O p p or t u n i t y C o s t)机会成本是指进行某项活动所放弃的最高价值的替代选择。

因资源稀缺而产生的机会成本是经济学中重要的概念,有助于进行资源的有效配置和决策的分析。

6.边际效应(M a r gi n a l E f f e c t s)边际效应是指对某项决策增加或减少一单位量时所产生的影响。

边际效应可以帮助经济学家和决策者计算出最佳的决策方案。

7.产权(P r o p e r ty R i g h t s)产权是指一项资源的所有权和控制权,包括土地、房屋、知识产权等。

产权保护是市场经济顺利运行的基础,有助于激励个体创造财富和进行经济交换。

8.外部性(E x t e r na l i t y)外部性是指市场交易对除交易双方以外的第三方造成的影响。

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc

经济学主要专业名词定义(英文版)doc预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Part OneEconomics:The study of how the forces of supply and demand allocate scarce resources. Subdivided into microeconomics, which examines the behavior of firms, consumers and the role of government; and macroeconomics, which looks at inflation, unemployment, industrial production, and the role of government. ?supply:The total amount of a good or service available for purchase; along with demand, one of the two key determinants of price.demand: The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price.resource: A person, asset, material, or capital which can be used to accomplish a goal.consumer:An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resaleperfect competition:Market in which no participant can influence prices. Characterized by a free flow of information, no barriers to entry, and a large number of buyers and sellers.monopolistic competition: A market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole.oligopoly : A market dominated by a small number ofparticipants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices.monopoly : A situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. This would happen in the case that th ere is a barrier to entry into the industry that allows the single company to operate without competition (for example, barriers to entry, or governmental regulation).PART 4hotel: Commercial establishment providing lodging, meals, and other guest services. In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six letting bedrooms, at least three of which must have attached private bathroom facilities. ?Hotel:Although hotels are classified into 'Star' categories (1-Star to 5-Star), there is no standard method of assigning these ratings, and compliance with customary requirements is voluntary. A US hotel with a certain rating, for example, is may look very different from a European or Asian hotel with the same rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of service..PART 5:Account : A record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.Finance: A branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as wellas resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets.inventory : A company's merchandise, raw materials, and finished and unfinished products which have not yet been sold.These are considered liquid assets, since they can be converted into cash quite easily. There are various means of valuing these assets, but to be conservative the lowest value is usually used in financial statements.payroll :The financial record of employees' salaries, wages, bonuses, net pay, and deductions.accounts receivable : Money which is owed to a company by a customer for products and services provided on credit. This is treated as a current asset on a balance sheet. A specific sale is generally only treated as an account receivable after the customer is sent an invoice.general ledger:Central repository of the accounting information of an organization in which the summaries of all financial transactions (culled from subsidiary ledgers) during an accounting period are recorded. Also called the book of final entry, it provides the entire data for preparing financial statements for the organization.Statement :Banking and commerce: Chronological summary of all transactions associated with an account during a stated period, and their effect on the account.Logistics : Planning, execution, and control of the procurement, movement, and stationing of personnel, material, and other resources to achieve the objectives of a campaign, plan, project, or strategy. It may be defined as the 'management of inventory in motion and at rest.'Part EightHow to define OBM?What area does the field of OBM consist of ?What is the goal of the field of OBM?List the five characteristics of OBM.List the two characteristics of methodology employed of OBM.Group: Two or more people who interact to achieve their goals.Organizational effectiveness: The ability of an organization to achieve its goals.Management: The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial , material and other resources to increase its effectiveness.Accounting : The systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of financial transactions of a business.Claim: The right of a creditor over a debtor.Income statement :An accounting of sales, expenses, and net profit for a given period.Challenges for organizational behavior:①Using new information technology to enhance creativity and organizational learning②Managing human resources to increase competitive advantage (the ability to outperform competitors or other organizations that provide similar goods and services)③Developing organizational ethics(rules, beliefs, and values that outline the ways in which managers and workers should behave) and well-being(the condition of being happy, healthy, and prosperous)④Managing a diverse workforce(diversity: differences resulting from age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background.)⑤Managing the global environment⑥The stud y of organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels: the individual, the group, and the organization as awhole.Personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Personality is determined both by nature(biological heritage) and nurture(situational factors.)The big five model of personality:①Extravision(positive affectivity)②Neuroticism(negative affectivity)③Agreeableness(The tendency to get along well with others)④Conscientiousness(The extent to which a person is careful,scrupulous, and persevering)⑤Openness to experience(broad interests, and is willing to take risks ?In organizations, ability can be managed by selecting individualswho have the abilities needed to accomplish tasks, placing workers in jobs that capitalize on their abilities, and training workers to enhance their ability levels.Two important work attitudes are job satisfaction and organizational commitment.①Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their current jobs.②Organizational commitment is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their organization as a whole.Work attitudes have three components: an affective component(how a person feels about his or her job), a cognitive component(what a person believes about his or her job), and a behavioral component(what a person thinks about how to behave in his or her job.)Two attributes separate work groups from random collections of individuals in an organization. Members of a work group(a) interact with each other and(b) perceive the potentialfor mutual goal accomplishment.All groups, regardless of their type or characteristics , need to control their members’ behaviors to be effective and attain their goals. Roles and rules can be used to control behavior in groups.Leadership is the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organizationachieve its goals. Good leaders tend to be intelligent, dominant, self-confident, energetic, able to withstand stress, honest, mature, and knowledgeable. Leader mood at work and levels of emotional intelligence have the potential to influence leader effectiveness.Conflict is the struggle that arises when the goal-directed behavior of one person or group blocks the goal-directed behavior of another person or group. Whether conflict benefits or harms an organization depends on how it is managed.Part NineWhat is money?(货币)Money: The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.What are the three functions of money?①Medium of exchange(交换媒介):An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services.②Unit of account(计价单位):The yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.③Store of value(价值储藏手段):An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.Liquidity:(流动性)The ease with which an asset can be converted into theeconomy’s medium of exchange.Money is the most liquid asset, but it is far from perfect as a store of value.People should learn to balance the liquidity of each possible asset against the asset’s usefulness as a store of value.Two kinds of money:①When money takes the form of a commodity wit h intrinsic value, it is called commodity money.(商品货币)When an economy uses gold as money(or uses paper money that is convertible into gold on demand), it is said to be operating under a gold standard.(金本位)②Money without intrinsic value is called fiat mon ey(法定货币).Fiat money is established as money by government decree.What is written on one paper dollar?‘This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.’。

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

经济类英语专业词汇

经济类英语专业词汇

常用经济类词汇:economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 预备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,预备金reserve fund 预备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户美作:checking accountcurrent-account holder 支票帐户美作:checking-account holdercheque 支票美作:checkbearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本美作:checkbookendorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币美作:billto pay in cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,治理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国民收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员国民生产总值GNP Gross National Product 人均国民生产总值per capita GNP产值output value鼓励give incentive to投入input宏观控制exercise macro-control优化经济结构optimize the economic structure输入活力bring vigor into改善经济环境improve economic environment整顿经济秩序rectify economic order有效地控制通货膨胀effectively control inflation非公有成分non-public sectors主要成分dominant sector实在的tangible全体会议plenary session解放生产力liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces 引入歧途lead one to a blind alley举措move实事求是seek truth from facts引进、输入importation和平演变peaceful evolution试一下have a go at sth.精华、精粹、实质quintessence家庭联产责任承包制family-contract responsibility system 搞活企业invigorate enterprises商品经济commodity economy基石cornerstone零售retail发电量electric energy production有色金属nonferrous metals人均收入per capita income使负担be saddled with营业发达的公司going concerns被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business善于接受的receptive增额、增值、增长increment发展过快excessive growth抽样调查data from the sample survey扣除物价上涨部分price increase are deductedexcluded 实际增长率actual growth rate国际收支international balance of payments流通制度circulation system总工资total wages分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds治理不善poor management农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约,反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济和市场的多少来划分的;Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制;to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.work/needs.经济结构改革;reform in economic structure剩余劳动力;surplus labor经营机制operative mechanism发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages经济计划和市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of TwentyParis Club 二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA加勒比共同市场加勒比自由贸易同盟Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体英语教学常用的句子:1. 上课Beginning a class1 Let’s start now. / Let’s begin our class / lesson .2 Stand up, please.3 Sit down, please.2. 问候Greeting4 Hello, boys and girls / children .5 Good morning, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls.6 Good afternoon, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls.7 How are you today3. 考勤Checking attendance8 Who’s on duty today / Who’s helping this morning / today9 Is everyone / everybody here / present10 Is anyone away / Is anybody away11 Is anyone absent / Is anybody absent12 Who’s absent / Who’s away13 Where is he / she14 Try to be on t ime. / Don’t be late next time.15 Go back to your seat, please.16 What day is it today17 What’s the date today18 What’s the weather like today19 What’s it like outside4. 宣布Announcing20 Let’s start working. / Let’s begin / start a new lesson.Le t’s begin / start our lesson.21 First, let’s review / do some review.22 What did we learn in the last lesson23 Who can tell / remember what we did in the last lesson / yesterday24 Now we’re going to do something new / different.Now let’s learn so mething new.25 We have some new words / sentences.5. 提起注意Directing attention26 Ready / Are you ready27 Did you get there / Do you understand28 Is that clear29 Any volunteers30 Do you know what to do31 Be quiet, please. / Quiet, please.32 Listen, please.33 Listen carefully, please.34 Listen to the tape recorder / the recording.35 Look carefully, please.36 Look over here.37 Watch carefully.38 Are you watching39 Please look at the blackboard / picture / map …40 Pay attention to your spelling / pronunciation.。

经济学的名词解释

经济学的名词解释

经济学的名词解释经济学的意思是什么呢?怎么用经济学来造句?下面是小编为你整理经济学的意思,欣赏和精选造句,供大家阅览!经济学的意思经济学[1](economics),是研究人类社会在各个发展阶段上的各种经济活动和各种相应的经济关系及其运行、发展的规律的科学。

其中经济活动是人们在一定的经济关系的前提下,进行生产、交换、分配、消费以及与之有密切关联的活动,在经济活动中,存在以较少耗费取得较大效益的问题。

经济关系是人们在经济活动中结成的相互关系,在各种经济关系中,占主导地位的是生产关系。

经济学研究的是一个社会如何利用稀缺的资源生产有价值的商品,并将他们在不同的个体之间进行分配。

——保罗·萨缪尔森《经济学》经济学是一门研究财富的学问,同时也是一门研究人的学问。

——马歇尔《经济学原理》经济学造句欣赏(1)这本书是现代经济学的权威著作。

(2)这就是经济学理论和现实分道扬镳之时。

(3)对现代经济学的一知半解是导致他经营失败的原因之一。

(4)20世纪80年代以来,行为经济学的发展如火如荼。

(5)他们一谈起经济学,我就一窍不通了。

(6)因此它发现自己寻求更关心国内大街小巷的经济学家。

(7)在经济学观念问题上,我们仍是盲人摸象。

(8)经济学教科书视个人为自私的,对他人的福利漠不关心。

经济学造句精选1. 许多新一代的著名中国经济学家,都误将陈岱荪先生的谆谆告诫当做是思想僵化。

2. 这类经济学人常有机会出入于中南海受最高决策人召见,一起座谈。

每当起草党代会文件、政府时,他们中的一些人就聚集在北京西郊的玉泉山,热烈讨论,字斟句酌。

3. 这就是经济学理论和现实分道扬镳之时。

4. 经济学一直是一个充满争议的领域,经济学家之间也总是莫衷一是。

5. 从亚当斯密开始,经济学家们就不遗余力地宣扬贸易自由化,不管是大国还是小国,不管是单边的贸易自由化,还是双边和多边的贸易自由化,只要奉行贸易自由化,都能从中获益。

7. 对于严肃的社会科学而言,人类的温情和善良是很少被考虑的,比如:如果不把所有人都设定为唯利是图,那整个经济学就失去了基础。

经济学术语重点

经济学术语重点

经济学术语National Income (国民收入)Aggregate Supply & Demand (总供应与总需求)Distribution & Re-distribution (分配与再分配)Unemployment & Inflation (失业与通货膨胀)Financial System (金融系统)Development & Growth (发展与增长)Sustainability (可持续性)Scarcity (稀缺性)Efficiency (效率)Supply and Demand (供应与需求)Elasticity (弹性)Equilibrium (均衡)Cost and Profit (成本与利润)Competition (竞争)Market (市场)(由于时间关系,术语数量很少,我会在以后的时间里不断的添加内容的。

)Factor要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms’ demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品,免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车,免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数golden rule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competition不完全竞争implicit cost隐性成本income收入Income compensated demand curveincome constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集indirect approach间接法individual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入input—output投入—产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internalization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线,isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoquant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkindled—demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabor劳动labor demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour theory of value劳动价值论labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数,land土地law法则law of demand and supply供需法law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader—follower model领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数licenses许可证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum tax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal period市场期marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product边际产量marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal productivity边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost社会边际成本marginal utility边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market clearance市场结清,市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节market share市场份额markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misallocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monopsony买方垄断NNash equilibrium纳什均衡Natural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary condition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求no convex preference非凸性偏好no convexity非凸性no exclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价no rivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non--zero—sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量、产出output elasticity产出弹性output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfect complement完全互补品perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity完全无弹性perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preference relation偏好关系present value现值price价格price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price floor最低限价price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者price tax从价税private benefit私人收益principal—agent issues委托--代理问题private cost私人成本private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品product transformation curve产品转换曲线product differentiation产品差异product group产品集团production生产production contract curve生产契约曲线production efficiency生产效率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public benefits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure exchange纯交换pure monopoly纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi—rent准租金Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节,调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬rent seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和,满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition二阶条件service劳务set集shadow prices影子价格short—run短期short—run cost curve短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium短期均衡short—run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率social benefit社会收益social cost社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis静态分析stock存量stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy津贴substitutes替代品substitution effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表Sweezy model斯威齐模型symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步technology技术third—degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total effect总效应total expenditure总支出total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量total revenue总收益total utility总效用total variable cost总可变成本traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入variables变量vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgur economics庸俗经济学Wwage工资wage rate工资率Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law瓦尔拉斯法则Wants需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润Incidence(or tax incidence)归宿,或税赋归宿一项税收最终的经济负担者(相应于法定纳税人)。

经济学基本概念介绍简介

经济学基本概念介绍简介

個體經濟學和總體經濟學難以截然二分。 有些經濟學家甚至認為經濟理論只有一
種,根本不須加以區分。 一般教科書的作法,為了研究教學方便,加
以區分。 現在總體經濟學強調要有個體化的基礎。 個體經濟學與總體經濟學是相輔相成的。
總體經濟學所討論的變數都是屬於總量 (aggregates)或平均量(averages)的概念,並且 以總所得為核心。
Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth
比較利益v.s.絕對利益
絕對利益 (absolute advantage):兩人相 比較時有絕對優勢。
比較利益(comparative advantage) :兩 人相比較時沒有絕對優勢。
假設的經濟學用語為其他條件不變(other things being equal 或ceteris paribus)。
過份強調直覺與常識判斷,或完全以現象 發生之先後來判斷因果,常會犯三種邏輯 謬誤:
合成謬誤
分割謬誤
因果謬誤
第四節 經濟學的結構
前部份為個體經濟學(microeconomics)之 課題。
生產是為了消費而引伸出來的行為,產品就是供 給消費用。
產品指的是用來滿足慾望的物品與勞務。 生產的東西如何分配?分配給那些人? 更廣義言之,有限的資源如何分配在各種
用途上,這就是經濟學的分配問題。 分配的方法端視經濟制度而異。 例如有中央集權經濟制度、自由經濟社
會的市場價格經濟制度。
第三節 術語及理論模型
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
1,000
C
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经济学的一些术语绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

逆向选择(Adverse choice)在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

选择成本(Alternative cost)如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。

需求的弧弹性(Arc elasticity of demand)如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)非对称的信息(Asymmetric information)在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

平均成本(Average cost)平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

平均产品(Average product)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

平均可变成本(Average variable cost)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

投资的β(Beta)β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

债券收益(Bond yield)债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

收支平衡图(Break-even chart)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

预算线(Budget line)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。

捆绑销售(Bundling)捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产品。

资本(Capital)资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。

资本收益(Capital gain)资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。

资本主义(Capitalism)资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增长率应为多少?基数效用(Cardinal utility)基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)。

序数效用与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。

卡特尔(Cartel)卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态。

科布一道格拉斯生产函数(Cobb-Douglas production function)科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数Q=AL“IK”2 Mi3。

式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数。

勾结(Collision)勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。

比较优势(Comparative advantage)如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。

互补品(Complements)如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化。

成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry)成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。

规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的。

消费者剩余(Consumer surplus)消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。

可竞争市场(Contestable market)可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本的市场。

可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤害。

契约曲线(Contract curve)契约曲线是(在消费者之间进行交换时)两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨迹,或者(在生产者之间进行交换时)两个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨迹。

角点解(Corner solution)角点解是指这样一种情形,预算线在位于坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的无差异曲线。

(在生产者理论中也会发生类似的情况。

)需求的交叉弹性(Cross elasticity of demand)需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生1%的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变化的百分比。

垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopoly)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少就是无谓损失。

买方垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopsony)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少即为无谓损失。

成本递减行业(Decreasing-cost industry)成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起平均成本下降。

规模收益递减(Decreasing return to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百分数,就是规模收益递减的。

需求曲线(Demand curve)需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量。

可贷资金的需求曲线(Demand curve of loanable funds)可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求量与利率二者之间的关系。

贴现率(Discount rate)当利率用于计算投资的净现值时,它被称为贴现率。

可分散风险(Diversifiable risk)可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险。

主导厂商(Dominant firm)在寡头垄断的行业中,主导厂商是一个制定价格的大型厂商,它允许该行业中的小厂商在此价格下销售它们想出售的全部数量的商品。

优势策略(Dominant strategy)不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略。

双头垄断(Duopoly)双头垄断是指有两个卖主这样一种市场结构。

古诺模型,以及其他模型中都涉及双头垄断。

经济效率(Economic efficiency)经济效率是指这样一种状况,所进行的任何改变都不会给任何人带来损失而能增加一些人的福利。

这样一种状态就是经济的有效率状况(或者帕累托效率或帕累托最优)。

经济利润(Economic profit)经济利润是指厂商的收益与它的成本之差,后者包括从最有利的另外一种厂商资源的使用中可以获得的收益。

生产的经济区域(Economic region of production)生产的经济区域是指等产量线斜率为负的投入品组合。

没有一个厂商会在等产量线斜率为正的点上运行,因为在这种点上总会有一种投入品的边际产品为负。

经济资源(Economic resource)经济资源是指一种稀缺的、要求一个非零价格的资源。

范围经济(Economies of scope)范围经济是指由厂商的范围而非规模带来的经济。

只要把两种或更多的产品合并在一起生产比分开来生产的成本要低,就会存在范围经济。

有效市场假说(Efficient markets hypothesis)根据这一假设,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论,股票的技术分析是无效的。

(这个假设有三种形式。

)财富状况(Endowment position)财富状况是指消费者每年的收人。

恩格尔曲线(Engel curve)恩格尔曲线反映的是所购买的一种商品的均衡数量与消费者收入水平之间的关系。

它是以19世纪德国的统计学家恩斯特?恩格尔的名字命名的。

均衡(Equilibrium)均衡是指没有任何变化趋势的状态。

例如,均衡价格就是一种能够维持的价格。

过剩生产能力(Excess capacity)过剩生产能力是指成本最低产量与长期均衡中的实际产量之差。

垄断竞争理论有一个著名的且颇有争论的结论,它认为这种市场结构之下的厂商往往会在还有过剩生产能力的情况下进行生产。

扩张路径( Expansion path)扩张路径是指与各种产量相对应的等产量线与等成本线相切的点的轨迹。

(所有投入品都是可变的。

)期望货币价值(Expected monetary vale)为了确定一项投机的期望货币价值,计算每一种可能出现的结果的货币收益(或损失)与其出现的概率相乘以后的和。

预期利润(Expected profit)预期利润就是长期的平均利润值,也就是用所出现的概率加权以后的各种可能的利润水平之和。

完全信息的预期价值(Expected value of perfect information)完全信息的预期价值是指决策者获得完全信息所导致的预期的货币价值的增加。

它是决策者为获得完全的信息而能支付的最大数量。

显成本(Explicit costs)显成本是指账目上所包括的厂商的正常费用,诸如工资成本和原材料支付。

外部不经济(External diseconomy)外部不经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法补偿的成本。

外部经济(External economy)外部经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法索取的收益。

先动优势(First-mover advantages)先动优势是由于在博弈中第一个采取行动的局中人所拥有的优势。

固定成本(Fixed cost)固定成本为每个时期不变投入品的总成本。

不变投人品(FIXed input)不变投入品是指生产过程中所使用的(如厂房和设备)、在考察的期间数量不变的资源。

自由资源(Free resource)自由资源是指特别富裕以致在零价格就可以获得的资源。

一般均衡分析(General equilibrium analysis)一般均衡分析是指(与局部均衡分析相反)把各种市场和价格的相互作用都考虑进去的分析。

吉芬反论(Giffen`s paradox)吉芬反论是指商品的需求量与价格成正向关系这样一种状况。

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