Chapter 3 chromosome
细胞生物学与细胞工程名词解释

Chapter 1 绪论1、细胞(cell):细胞是由膜包围着含有细胞核(或拟核)的原生质所组成,是生物体结构和功能的基本单位,也是生命活动的基本单体。
2、细胞生物学(cell biology):是研究和揭示细胞基本生命活动规律的学科,它从显微、亚显微及分子水平上研究细胞结构与功能,细胞增殖、分化、代谢、运动、衰老、死亡,以及细胞信号转导,细胞基因表达与调控,细胞起源与进化等重大生命过程。
3、细胞工程(Cell Engineering ):以细胞为研究对象,运用细胞生物学、分子生物学等学科的原理和方法,按照人们的意志设计改造细胞的某些性状,从而培育出新的生物改良品种或通过细胞培养获得自然界中难以获得的珍贵产品的新兴生物技术。
Chapter 2 细胞的统一性与多样性1、原核细胞(prokaryotic cell):没有明显可见的细胞核,同时也没有核膜和核仁,一般只有拟核。
2、真核细胞(eucaryotic cell):是组成真核生物的细胞,具有典型的细胞结构,有明显可见的细胞核、核膜和核仁和核基质。
3、中膜体(mesosome):中膜体又称间体或质膜体,是细菌细胞质膜向细胞质内陷折皱形成的,每个细胞有一个或数个;其中含有细胞色素和琥珀酸脱氢酶等呼吸酶;具有类似线粒体的作用,故称为拟线粒体。
4、细胞器(organelle):存在于细胞中,用光镜、电镜或其他工具能够分辨出的,具有一定特点并执行特定机能的结构。
Chapter 3 细胞生物学研究方法1、分辨率(resolution):是指能清楚的区分开两个质点间的最小距离。
2、显微结构(microscopic structure):光镜下所见到的物体结构。
3、超微结构(ultrastructure)又称为亚显微结构(microscopic structure):是在光学显微镜下观察不到而只能在电子显微镜下观察的结构。
Chapter 4 细胞质膜1、血影(Ghost):将红细胞放入低渗溶液中,质膜破裂,同时释放出血红蛋白和其他可溶性蛋白,这时红细胞膜的仍然可以重新封闭起来,此时的红细胞被称为血影。
生物高一必修第三章知识点

生物高一必修第三章知识点第一节生物的起源与发展1. 生物的起源生物起源于地球上的无机物质,并通过一系列的化学反应逐渐形成有机分子,进而产生了原始生命。
2. 生物的分子组成生物分子主要由碳水化合物、脂质、蛋白质、核酸等有机物质组成,其中核酸是生物遗传信息的储存和传递介质。
3. 生物的细胞理论所有生物都是由一个或多个细胞组成,细胞是生命的基本单位。
细胞可以分为原核细胞和真核细胞。
4. 生物的进化生物进化是指物种在长时间的适应环境的过程中产生遗传变异,并通过自然选择和遗传机制使得物种逐渐适应环境的过程。
第二节生命的特征与结构1. 生命的特征生命的特征包括有机体的组织结构复杂、具有新陈代谢、能够对外界刺激做出反应、能够进行生殖繁衍、能够通过进化适应环境等。
2. 细胞的结构细胞包括细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核等结构,细胞内有多种细胞器,如线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等。
3. 细胞的功能细胞具有各种功能,包括物质摄取、消化、吸收、排泄、合成重要分子、能量转化等。
第三节基因的本质与结构1. 基因的本质基因是控制生物遗传性状的基本单位,主要由DNA分子组成。
2. DNA的结构DNA是由脱氧核糖核酸分子组成的双螺旋结构,由磷酸、糖和碱基组成。
3. DNA的复制DNA的复制是指在细胞分裂过程中,DNA分子能够进行复制,并将遗传信息传递给新的细胞。
4. RNA的功能RNA是一种核酸,主要分为信使RNA(mRNA)、转运RNA (tRNA)和核糖体RNA(rRNA),在蛋白质合成过程中起着重要的作用。
第四节遗传的基本规律1. 孟德尔的遗传规律孟德尔通过豌豆杂交实验发现了遗传的基本规律,包括显性与隐性、分离与再组合以及自由组合等。
2. 遗传的分离与连锁基因按照一定的概率进行独立分离或连锁传递,这种现象被称为分离与连锁遗传。
3. 遗传的变异遗传变异是指基因在传递过程中发生的随机突变或重组,导致个体间出现差异,为物种进化提供了基础。
第五节 DNA的信息传递与表达1. 转录与翻译转录是指DNA分子作为模板合成mRNA分子的过程,而翻译是指mRNA分子在核糖体上被翻译成蛋白质的过程。
【学习】医学英语词汇学习

【关键字】学习HEMAT/O /L0GY 血液学The root is the foundation of the word. All medical terms have one or more roots. For example, the root hemat means blood.词根是单词的基础组成部分,所有的医学词汇都有一个或好几个词根组成,例如词根hemat 就是血液的意思。
The suffix is the word ending. All medical terms have a suffix. The suffix-logy meansprocess of study后缀是单词的结束部分,所有的医学词汇都有一个后缀,后缀-logy的意思就是“…学”“…论”,“…问题研究”等The combining vowel-usually o, as in this term-links the root to the suffix or the root to another root .连接元音o起到连接词根和后缀或者连接词根和词根的作用。
A combining vowel has no meaning of its own ; it joins one word part to another.连接元音本身没有任何意思,只是起到一个连接作用It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and then goingback to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means process of study of blood.在理解医学词汇的意思时从后向前理解是非常有用的方法,例如hematology 就可以理解为“研究血液以及研究血液相关疾病的学科”也就是血液学。
遗传学复习大纲1

护理131-134
• 考试时间:6月10日6-7节
• 考试地点:待定
考试题型:
• • • • 一、名词解释6(30%) 二、单选10(20%) 三、是非10(20%) 四、简答计算3(30%)
第一章 绪论
基因 等位基因
复等位基因
遗传病
Chapter02 基因与染色体
• (全球共有,国际合作,即时公布,免费 共享)的百慕大原则
Chapter04 单基因遗传病
系谱
先证者 常染色体显性遗传(AD)
常染色体显性遗传-完全显性 病例举例: 短指(趾)、 并指Ⅰ型、 家族性多发性结肠息肉症 多囊肾病、 进行性舞蹈病、 多发性神经纤维瘤等。
常染色体显性遗传的遗传系谱特征
1.男女发病机率均等。由于致病基因在常染色体上,因而致病 基因的传递与性别无关。 2.连续传递。即系谱中每代都可能出现患者。 3.患者双亲之一常常是患者,而且大多数为杂合子。致病基因 是由双亲向后代传递,因此,双亲无病时,子女一般不患病。 如果双亲无病而子女患病,则可能是由于新基因突变引起的。 4.患者的子女(或患者的同胞中)约有1/2的机率患病。1/2的 患病机率在一个小家庭中很难体现,把许多患病类似的家庭 累计起来分析,我们发现正常个体约占1/2,患病个体约占 1/2。
四、不规则显性遗传 (irregular dominant inheritance)
在AD遗传中,杂合子(Aa)在不同的条件下,有的 表现显性性状,也有的表现隐性性状,或虽均表现显性 性状,但表现程度不同,使显性性状的传递不规则。 例:多指(趾), Marfan综合征
外显率(penetrance): 是指一个群体中 有致病基因的个体表现出相应病理表型 的百分率。
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2

2021/4/17
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
6
2.四步法解决细胞分裂中染色体标记问题
解答此类问题的关键是构建细胞分裂过程模型图(如上面两图),
并完成染色体与DNA的转换。具体步骤如下:
第一步 第二步 第三步 第四步
画出含一条染色体的细胞图,下方画出该条染色体上的 1 个 DNA 分子,用竖实线表示含同位素标记。 画出复制一次,分裂一次的子细胞染色体图,下方画出 染色体上的 DNA 链,未被标记的新链用竖虚线表示。 再画出第二次复制(分裂)后的细胞的染色体组成和 DNA 链的情况。 若继续推测后期情况,可想象着丝点分裂,染色单体分 开的局面,并进而推测子细胞染色体的情况。
2021/4/17
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
5
由图可以看出,第一次有丝分裂形成的两个子细胞中所有DNA分 子均呈杂合状态,即“3H//1H”。第二次有丝分裂复制后的染色体上 两条单体中只有一条单体含有3H,即DNA分子为“3H//1H”,而另一条 单体只有1H,即DNA分子为“1H//1H”,在后期时两条单体的分离是随 机的,所以最终形成的子细胞中可能都含有3H,也可能不含3H,含有 3H的染色体条数是0~2n条(体细胞染色体条数是2n)。
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
2021/4/17
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
1
本章整合
2021/4/17
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
2
2021/4/17
高中生物第3章本章整合课件新人教版必修2
3
DNA复制与细胞分裂中染色体标记问题 1.减数分裂与有丝分裂中染色体标记情况分析 (1)减数分裂中染色体标记情况分析 如果用3H标记细胞中的DNA分子,然后将细胞放在正常环境中培 养,让其进行减数分裂,结果染色体中的DNA标记情况如图所示:
遗传学重点名词解释

Chapter 1 性状(character): 生物体所表现的明显的能够遗传的特征。
单位性状(unit character):一个基因或一组基因所决定的一个性状,作为一个遗传单位进行传导。
相对性状(contrasting character):遗传学中同一单位性状的相对差异。
真实遗传(true-breeding)自带性状永远与亲代性状相同的遗传方式。
纯系(pure line):能够进行真是遗传的品种。
三个假说:(1)遗传因子成对存在(颗粒遗传因子)(2)显隐性(3)分离表型(phenotype):个体形状的外在表现。
基因型(genotype):决定个体表型的基因形式。
等位基因(allele):一个基因的不同形式,是由突变形成的。
纯合体(homozygote):基因座上有两个相同的等位基因,就这个基因座而言,这种个体或细胞成为纯合体。
杂合体(heterozygote):基因座上有两个不同的等位基因。
侧交:杂交产生的后代与隐性纯合亲本交配以检测自带个体基因型。
自由组合定律:配子形成后,同一基因的等位基因分离,非等位基因自由组合。
染色体(chromosome)常由脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质和少量核糖核酸组成的线状或棒状物,是生物主要遗传物质的载体。
染色质(euchromatin):用碱性染料染色时着色浅的部位,是构成染色体DNA 的主体,在间期呈高度分散状态。
异染色质(heterochromatin):用碱性染色质染色时着色深的部位,又分为组成型染色质.组成型染色质(constitutive heterochromatin): 在染色体上的大小和位置恒定,在间期时,仍保持螺旋化。
如着丝粒。
兼性异染色体(facultative heterochromatin.): 起源于常染色质,在个体发育的特定阶段可转变成异染色质。
如x染色体失活。
着丝粒(centromeres):每个染色体上都有一个高度浓缩的区域。
核型分析(karyotype):是指某一物种染色体的组成,通常用中期染色体的照片,铵长臂的大小或总的长度排列,用来表明物种的特点以及和亲缘种之间的进化关系。
(完整版)医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案

Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.(embryo)embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭(See! Power Point)identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组(构)成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
03 染色体

( 一)概述
DNA molecules are Байду номын сангаасhe largest
macromolecules in the cell and are
commonly packaged into structures called “chromosomes”, most bacteria & viruses have a single chromosome where as Eukaryotic cells usually contain many.
• For example: • Actively transcribed chromatin: via acetylation (乙酰化) of lysine residues in the N-terminal regions of the core histones. • Condensation(浓缩) of chromosomes at mitosis: by the phosphorylation (磷酸化) of histone H1.
Domain/ Loop
Member binding proteins?
Basic protein
Supercoiled DNA
DNA domains/loops
1.电子显微镜下可以看到; 2.每个E. coli 的染色体含有 50-100个 域或环 , 每个环含 50-100 kb; 3.环的末端与染色体中心的高密度区 (scaffold)——骨架区相连。
complex was named Nucleosome(核小 体).
3.1 核小体(nucleosome)
定义:用于包装染色质的结构单位,是由DNA链和 组蛋白构成的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Feature of the telomeres Consists of up to hundreds copies of a short repeated sequence (5’-TTAGGG-3’in human) Synthesized by the enzyme telomerase (a ribonucleoprotein) independent of normal DNA replication. The telomeric DNA forms a special secondary structure to protect the chromosomal ends from degradation
Chromatosome 166 bp, 2 turn
H1 + 20bp DNA (stabilize) Linker DNA (0~100bp, 55bp)
Linker DNA
Nucleosome
Linker DNA The additional DNA required to make up the 200 bp nucleosomal repeat, ~55 bp
(3) The importance of packing of DNA into chromosomes
Chromosome is a compact form of the DNA that
readily fits inside the cell To protect DNA from damage DNA in a chromosome can be transmitted efficiently to both daughter cells during cell division Chromosome confers an overall organization to each molecule of DNA, which facilitates gene expression as well as recombination
Step 2: “Beads on a string” structure
Nucleosome repeat: Core + linker DNA 200 bp
Histone H1
Nucleosome
Linker DNA <10 to > 100 bp average 55 bp
Step 3: Solenoid(the 30nm fiber)
(2) The centromere A centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined in the metaphase chromosome, including the site of attachment (the kinetochore) to the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
2. Prokaryotic chromosome structure DNA domains/loops 50-100 domains or loops per E. coli chromosome, with 50-100 kb/loop
Domain / Loop
Basic protein
3. Supercoil of the genome (1) E. coli chromosome as a whole is negatively supercoiled (2) Individual domains may be supercoiled independently (topological independent) because the protein-membrane scaffold may prevent DNA rotation.
Step1: assembly of the Nucleosome
DNA(146bp) + Histone octamer
Nucleosome core + H1 + 20bp DNA Chromatosome (166bp) + linker DNA
Nucleosome (~200 bp of DNA)
The histone N-terminal tails stabilize DNA wrapping around the octamer
3. Folding of the chromatin
Step 1: assembly of the Nucleosome The nucleosome is the basic structural subunit of chromatin, consisting of ~200 bp of DNA and histone proteins.
Human chromosomes
The structure of Mitotic chromosome
Critical chromosome elements
(1) Origins of replication
(2) Centromeres
(2) Telomeres
(1) Origins of replication
Nucleosome (basic unit) ---Nucleosome core octameric core histon (H2A /H2B / H3 / H4×2)
146bp DNA (1.8 turn, left-handed)
Top view
Side view
Nucleosome core 146 bp, 1.8 turn
The core histones each have an N-terminal
“tail”, the sites of extensive modifications
The core histones share a common structural fold, called histone-fold domain
1. The E. coli chromosome (1) A single closed-circular DNA, 4.6 x106bp (2) The DNA packaged into a region known as Nucleoid that contains high concentration of DNA (up to 30-50mg/ml) as well as all proteins associated with it.
Mammalian cells: centromeres consist of much longer sequences, flanked by satellite DNA
(3) Telomeres:
a structure at the end of a eukaryotic chromosomes, containing tandem repeats of a short DNA sequence. Functions: primarily in the protection and stabilization of the chromosome ends.
Feature of the histones Small, 10-20 kDa for core histones and around 23
kDa for H1. Highly conserved The core histones share a common structural fold, called histone-fold domain Histones are positively charged proteins (rich in lysine and arginine) and tightly binds to DNA.
Diameter: 30nm left-handed 6 nucleosomes per turn Solenoid
Step 4: looped domain structure Highest level of chromatin organization
3.3 Eukaryotic chromosome
3.2 Chromatin Struromosome
(1) The chromatin describes the state of nuclear DNA and its associated proteins during the interphase (between mitoses) of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
(2) A chromosome is a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each chromosome consists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.
3.4 Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
1. Definition: (1) Euchromatin describes the form of chromatin that is less tightly condensed, and contains the active genes. (2) Heterochromatin describes regions of the chromatin that are highly condensed and are not transcribed