助动词和情态动词
《助动词和情态动词》课件
情态动词的主要功能
表达语气
表达可能性
情态动词可以用来表达不同的语气， 如肯定、疑问、否定等，使句子更加 有力量和情感。
情态动词可以用来表示某件事情的可 能性，如可能、不可能、也许等，使 句子更加具体和明确。
表达态度
情态动词可以用来表达说话人的态度 ，如肯定、怀疑、否定等，使句子更 加有说服力和可信度。
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助动词和情态动词的区别 与联系
助动词与情态动词的语义差异
助动词主要表示时态、语态、语气等语法意义，如“do”、 “be”、“have”等。
情态动词则表示说话人的态度或语气，如“can”、“may” 、“must”等。
助动词与情态动词的用法差异
助动词通常出现在句子的谓语 部分，而情态动词通常出现在 主要动词之前。
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解释
根据后半句“她的钥匙还在桌子上”，可以推 断出她不可能已经离开了，所以用can't表示 否定推测。
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总结与回顾
本课重点回顾
助动词的定义和功能
助动词是用来帮助主要动词表 达时态、语态和数的词，如 “be”、“have”、“do” 等。
情态动词的定义和分类
情态动词表示可能性、必要性 、意愿等意义，如“can”、 “may”、“must”等。
助动词的主要功能
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表示时态
助动词可以帮助表达动作 发生的时间，如现在、过 去、将来等。
表示语态
助动词可以表示动作的进 行状态，如进行体、完成 体、完成进行体等。
表示语气
助动词可以表示说话人的 语气，如陈述、疑问、祈 使等。
助动词的分类
高中语法 助动词和情态动词
第7章助动词和情态动词助动词本身无意义，不能单独作谓语，它的作用是帮助行为动词构成谓语，构成句子的否定式、疑问式及构成各种时态、语态和语气。
情态动词和助动词有不同之处，情态动词表示说话人的情感和态度，有一定的词义。
但是情态动词又和助动词有相似之处，二者均不能单独作谓语，它们必须和行为动词或连系动词连用一起构成谓语。
还有一点需要特别注意，情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后必须跟动词原形。
典型例句：1.Did you read this book?（助动词帮助构成疑问式）你看过这本书吗？2.She does not speak English.（助动词帮助构成否定式）她不讲英语。
3.His mother can speak English.（情态动词后跟动词原形）他妈妈会说英语。
1.助动词1.助动词概述在英语中，助动词本身没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气或构成否定句式、疑问形式。
助动词在句子中必须同主语的人称和数保持一致。
助动词包括be，do，have，will和shall等。
Leslie is playing tennis with Linda.（时态）莱斯利正在和琳达打网球。
Tom was punished by his teacher.（时态）汤姆被他的老师处罚了。
Do be quiet,please.（语气）请务必保持安静。
She does not like eating hotpot.（否定）她不喜欢吃火锅。
A:Did you read this book?（疑问）你看过这本书吗？B:Yes,I did./No,I didn’t.是的，我看过。
/不，我没看过。
补充：am，is，are，was，were既可作助动词又可作系动词。
do，does，did，have，has，had 既可作助动词又可作行为动词。
She does not speak English.（助动词）她不讲英语。
助动词与情态动词
● -The cat caught a rat. -A rat was caught by a cat.
第四页，共11页。
此外，助动词和情态动词还有下列(xiàliè)用途： ㈠构成(gòuchéng)疑问句附加语，如：
-John did not live here before.
● -Betty has completed her work on time. -She is really good.
第三页，共11页。
● -After I had eaten my breakfast, I went to office. -How about Nancy? Did she do the same?
助动词和情态动词都是特殊动词，非常有用。没有了它们 定句也难形成。没有了“have, has, had”完成时态（perfect ten
第一页，共11页。
is, are, am, been, was, were, being”，何来被动语态（the passive voice）？请看下列(xiàliè)例子， 就知道(zhī dào)梗概了：
第十页，共11页。
内容(nèiróng)总结
助动词与情态动词。动词表示动作形态，但英语里 有些动词并不表示动作形态，而是协助主动词表示。时 态（tenses）或语态（voices）。助动词和情态动词都是 特殊动词，非常有用。没有(méi yǒu)了它们，疑问句不 能成立，否。总而言之，助动词和情态动词，随处可见 ，出现率高，不难使用，也不会有什么。错误
第十一页，共11页。
第004章助动词和情态动词
第四章助动词和情态动词助动词和情态动词都是动词的不同形式，不能单独使用，通常和谓语中心词一起构成谓语动词的各种时态，语态及其他用法。
第一节助动词一、助动词的种类英语中的助动词有四种：（1）be(is, am, are, was, were, being, been )（2）have(has, had, having)（3）do(does, did)（4）shall, will(should, would)二、助动词的用法助动词本身没有独立的词义，不能单独构成谓语，通常和谓语动词连用表示时态、语态、语气或构成否定句和疑问句。
1、构成除一般现在时和一般过去时之外的各种时态。
例如：she is having a meeting.她在开会。
I shall help you any minute.我将随时帮助你。
I have been working in the company for years.我已在这个公司工作多年了。
They’ll discuss the problem tomorrow.他们明天将讨论这个问题。
Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp.不久规定的时间就要到了，他们就得回到营地。
He has written the paper.他的论文已经写完了。
They had finished the work before I arrived there.在我到那之前，他们已经把工作做完了。
2、构成被动语态。
助动词和过去分词连用可构成被动结构。
例如：The documents have not been signed by the manager.这些文件经理还没签字。
The machine was made in Japan.那部机器是日本造的。
Smith has been sent to California for a year.史密斯被派到加利福尼亚去一年。
助动词和情态动词
助动词和情态动词1.助动词和情态动词的定义：在英语中，助动词一般没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态，语态，构成疑问及否定形式或加强语气。
情态动词与助动词不同，情态动词有意义，但它也和助动词一样，不能单独的作谓语，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。
另外重要的一点是情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后必须跟动词原形。
His brother does not like playing basketball .2.助动词和情态动词的种类1)助动词的种类①be(am ,is,are,was,were,been,being )助动词be与现在分词结合，可以构成进行时态；若它与过去分词结合，可以构成被动语态。
You are a reading . She was beaten by the boy .②have（has,had,having )助动词have 与过去分词结合，可以可以构成完成时态。
I have finished my college life. I had finished the middle school .③shall (should) ,will (would)助动词shall 和will 与动词结合，可以构成将来时。
we will be very happy to see you .④do (does,did)助动词do 与其他动词结合，可以构成否定句和疑问句。
I do not like this book . Does you buy this pen?3.情态动词的种类英语的的情态动词主要有can,could,may,might,must,have to ,will , would ,shall, should, ought to , had better ,need ,dare 等，用来表示请求，义务，劝告，推测，建议，征求对方意见或许可等。
Can ,may ,must 是三个重要的情态动词，它们的基本句型如下：肯定句：主语+can,may, must+动词原形+.....否定句：主语+can,may, must+not+动词原形+.....疑问句：Can , May , must+主语+动词原形+.....?Can 表示可能性，能力，许可等。
助动词与情态动词的区别与联系深度解读
助动词与情态动词的区别与联系深度解读助动词和情态动词是英语语法中的两个重要概念，它们常常被混淆或者误用。
然而，了解它们的区别与联系对于正确理解和使用英语语法具有重要意义。
本文将从词性、语法功能以及用法等角度深入探讨助动词和情态动词。
一、词性与定义：助动词（Auxiliary Verbs）是一类用来构成各种时态、语态、否定和疑问等语法形式的动词。
它们通常是以其原形存在，如be、have、do等。
助动词与主要动词搭配使用，起到辅助的作用，不单独表示具体意义。
情态动词（Modal Verbs）是一类具有情态意义的动词。
它们表达说话人对行为或状态的态度、能力、许可、可能性、推测等，例如can、may、must等。
情态动词本身在时态和数量上没有变化，也不能用于被动语态。
二、区别：1. 语法功能的区别：助动词在句子中起到构成时态、语态、否定和疑问等语法形式的作用。
例如，在现在进行时中，be是助动词，如“He is reading a book.” （他正在读书）。
情态动词则用于改变或表达说话人的意向、可能性、能力等情态。
它们放在主要动词之前，用来表示说话者对行为或状态的一种看法或态度。
例如，may表示允许或可能性，“You may leave now.”（你现在可以走了）。
2. 在否定和疑问句中的区别：助动词用于否定句和疑问句中，而情态动词不直接用于否定句和疑问句中，需要借助助动词do来完成。
例如，助动词do在疑问句中用来提问，“Do you like coffee?” （你喜欢咖啡吗？）。
情态动词在否定句中直接与not连用，表示否定的意思。
例如，“I cannot go with you.”（我不能和你一起去）。
三、联系：1. 共同点之一是它们都属于动词的一种形式，必须与主要动词搭配使用。
例如，在完成时态中需要助动词have和过去分词来构成，如“He has finished his work.”（他完成了他的工作）。
助动词和情态动词
(2) 助动词be和过去分词构成被动语态。 Is he taken good care of? 他被照顾得好吗？ They are punished. 他们受惩罚了。
(3) 助动词be用作系动词。 Matthew is a teacher. 马修是个老师。 We were late today. 我们今天迟到了。
You should put the rubbish in the bin. It's to cold. You ought to put on your coat.
had better 最好
后接动词原形。 只有一种形式。 没有has better/have better. 否定式在词后加not. 表命令时，语气比should 强。
情态动词的特征：
（1）在形式上，情态动词没有实意动词的各种变化，只有 could, would, had to， was(或were) to, might等几个 过去式。其它如must, ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同 形。 （2）在意义上，大多数情态动词有多个意义。如can可表示 “能够”“可能”“允许”等，may可表示“可能”“允 许”“目的”“让步”等。 （3）在用法上，情态动词与助动词一样，须后接动词原形， 构成谓语动词。 此外，情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情， 只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
表示能力的时候可用be able to （各种时态）代替。
否定式：can+not, 写成cannot,缩写成can't （不能；不会）
may , might 或许，可能，可以
（might可以看作是may的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多 方面是相近的。当然may 和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。）
助动词与情态动词
助动词与情态动词（一）助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。
它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态；（2）“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态；（3）“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语：①表示按计划安排要发生的事。
The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 总理将于明年访问日本。
②用于命令。
You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
2、have (has, had)(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。
如：Have you seen the film ?(2)“have been + -ing”构成完成进行时态。
如：What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?3、do (does, did)(1)“do n ot + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。
如：His brother doesn’t like playing basket.；(2)“Do + 主语+ 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。
Does he go to school by bike every day?(3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。
如：I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。
Do do some work. 请一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。
My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4.will, shall (would, should)“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用will代替shll，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.（二）情态动词情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
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助动词和情态动词1. ---Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.---Ah, good morning. You______ be Mrs. Peters. （10北京）A. mightB. mustC. wouldD. can2. I have told you the truth. ______ I keep repeating it? （10江西）A. Must B Can C May D Will3. Jack described his father, who _______a brave boy many years ago, as a strong–willed man （10安徽）A. would beB. would have beenC. must beD. must have been4. I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams. （10山东）A. shouldn’tB. needn’tC. couldn’tD. mustn’t5. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise.（10辽宁）A．can B．will C．must D．may6．Wine ____ do good to people’s health if drunk properly.A. canB. shouldC. mustD. might7. But for the help of my English teacher, I ____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would winD. would have won8. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _____ your lecture.A. couldn’t have attendedB. needn’t attendC. mustn’t have attendedD. can’t attend9. ---Has Mr. Tom White arrived?---Yes, already. ____ he wait outside or just come in?A. ShallB. MayC. CouldD. Must10. Walking in space ____ sound easy, yet great care and skills are needed.A. shouldB. shallC. mayD. must11. ---Amazing! You ____ wear slippers at work!----Don’t you know it’s a fashion?A. mustB. shouldC. canD. may12. ---The two astronauts had been trained for long before they flew to space.---Oh, they ____ quite a lot of difficulties.A. might go throughB. may go throughC. should have gone throughD. must have gone through13. ---Can I pay the bill by check?---Sorry, sir. But it is the management rule of our hotel that payment ____ be paid in cash.A. willB. canC. shouldD. shall14. ---Catherine looks sad. Did you tell her about the accident?---Yes, but I ____ her just before her final exams.A. shouldn’t tellB. mustn’t have toldC. needn’t tellD. shouldn’t have told15. You _____ all those clothes. We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing.A. needn’t have washedB. shouldn’t have washedC. must not have washedD. can not have washed16. John _____ his father about his failure in the exam.A. dares not tellB. dares not tellingC. dare not tellD. dares not to tell17. Tom’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he _____ last night.A. should studyB. should have studiedC. must have studiedD. must have to study18. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They _____ from South America on rafts.A. must have sailedB. can sailC. might have sailedD. should have sailed19. Walking alone in the deserted village, John was scared. He thought he _____ Tom to gowith him.A. might have askedB. should askedC. must have askedD. should have asked20. As a soldier, you _____ do as the head tells you to.A. willB. shallC. mayD. ought21. ---Who has made a mess in my room?---Who else ____ it but your naughty son?A. could doB. could have doneC. did D has done22. Since it is already midnight, we _____.A. had better leavingB. ought to have leftC. must have leftD. might as well leave23. Mary _____ my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.A. should have receivedB. has receivedC. couldn’t have receivedD. ought to have received24. I really ___ thank you enough. It’s been a wonderful day.A. needn’tB. shouldC. mustD. cannot25. Alex said he had a wonderful book Emma ____ like, and that he’d be happy to lend it to her.A have to B. should C. can D. might26. You must be a writer, _____?A. mustn’t youB. are youC. must youD. aren’t you27. Two eyes _____ see more than one.A. canB. mayC. willD. should28. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter whatwe ____ during the day.A. should have doneB. would have doneC. may have doneD. must have done29. _____ you continue in your efforts and achieve new and greater successes!A. WouldB. WillC. MayD. Should30. Has it been warned that all the children in this area _____ stay at their homes until the BirdFlu has been controlled?A. canB. willC. mayD. shall31. —May I sit beside you, sir?—No, you _____. My girlfriend is coming soon.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. shouldn’t32. ---The old people each ____ get a very nice present from our manager on their birthdays.---Great! It must be a big surprise to them.A. mustB. shallC. wouldD. should33. When we got to the cinema, the film hasn’t started yet, so we _____.A. needn’t hurryB. didn’t need hurryC. needn’t to hurryD. needn’t have hurried34. The driver has drunk too much wine and dangerous things _____ happen at any time.A. shouldB. canC. mustD. need35. As he had heart attack, he was told that he _____ continue the work.A. needn’tB. may notC. mustn’tD. can’t36. There is someone outside---who ___ it be?A. willB. mayC. shallD. can37. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. You ____ the trouble to carry your raincoat with you.A. should have takenB. mustn’t have takenC. could have takenD. needn’t have taken38. I know things are hard with you, but you _____ try to get over the difficulties.A. canB. mayC. mustD. ought39. I promised to get there before 5 o’clock, but now the rain is pouring down. They _____ fo rme impatiently.A. must be waitingB. ought to waitC. could be waitingD. may wait40. He _____ the 9:20 train because he didn’t leave home till 9:25.A. can reachB. could catchC. may not catchD. couldn’t have caught41. To be on safe side, we _____ fill up the tank now, because we _____ run out of gas on the way.A. could; couldB. should; mightC. should; wouldD. could; might42. Alice ____ a good salary in a job but she stayed at home for the sake of her family.A. must takeB. should have madeC. would makeD. could have made43. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.A. mustn’t leaveB. shouldn’t have leftC. couldn’t have leftD. needn’t leave44.----I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. ____ I have a look?---- Yes, certainly.A. DoB. MayC. ShallD. Should45. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have taken it?A. shouldB. mustC. couldD. would46. ----I don’t mind telling you what I know.---- You ____. I’m not asking you for it.A. mustn’tB. may notC. can’tD. needn’t47. I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I’m not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.A. shouldB. mightC. wouldD. could48. ----Mum, I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock. ___ I go out and play with Tom for a while?----No, I’m afraid not. Besides, it’s raining outside now.A. Can’tB. Wouldn’tC. May notD. Won’t49. He paid for a seat, when he ____ have entered free.A. couldB. wouldC. mustD. need50. According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s license ___ take an eye test.A. canB. mustC. wouldD. may答案及解析1-5 BADAC 6-10 ABAAC 11-15BDDDA 16-20 CCCDB 21-25BDCDD 26-30DACCD 31-35ABDBC 36-40 DDCAD 41-45BDBBC 46-50DAAAB。