GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【课后练习】(语言与社会变体)【圣才出品】
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【课后练习】(语言模式)【圣才出品】
第4章语言模式Study questions1. What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone?Key: (1) Substituting one phoneme for another changes both pronunciation and meaning.(2) Substituting one allophone for another only changes its pronunciation.2. What is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one: kill, pool, skill, spool, stop, top?Key: An aspirated sound is one pronounced with a stronger puff of air. Words containing aspirated consonants in initial position are kill, pool and top.3. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, tap, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel, sane, tale, vetKey: ban–bun, fat–pat, fat–far, pit–pat, bell–bet, tape–tale, heat–heel, meal–heel, chain–sane, vote–goat4. What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?Key: The phonotactis of a language are the permitted arrangements of soundsthat obey constraints on the sequence and ordering of phonemes in that language.5. What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?Key: (1) An open syllable ends with a vowel (as nucleus)(2) A closed syllable ends with a consonant (as coda)6. Which segments in the pronunciation of the following words are most likely to be affected by elision?(i) government;(ii) postman;(iii) pumpkin;(iv) sandwich;(v) victoryKey: (i) /n/;(ii) /t/;(iii) /p/;(iv) /d/TasksA. What are diacritics and which ones were used in this chapter to identify sounds? Key: A diacritic is a mark placed above, through or below a letter, in order to indicate a sound different from that indicated by the letter without the diacritic.D. Individual sounds are described as segments. What are suprasegmentals? Key: The term suprasegmental refers to properties of an utterance that apply to groups of segments, rather than to individual segments. For example, stress is generally assigned to a syllable rather than to an individual sound. The three main suprasegmental features are stress, intonation, and tone.(1) Stress: Emphasis, conveyed through differences in pitch, loudness, or duration that distinguishes a stress-bearing union (often a syllable) from neighboring units. In some languages (not English), stress is contrastive (i.e. stress alone can distinguish between two otherwise identical words). An English word with initial stress is escapade. An English word with final stress is understand.(2) Intonation—The pattern of rising and falling pitch over an utterance. In English, rising pitch is often used to indicate a question (‘Mary likes John?’), while falling pitch is usual ly characteristic of a declarative sentence (‘Mary likes John.’).(3) Tone—The use of pitch on a sequence of sounds to convey lexical information. In English, tone is not contrastive, but it many languages it is. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, the same syllable ma has four different meanings, depending on which tone is used.E. The English words lesson and little are typically pronounced with syllabic consonants.(i) What exactly is a syllabic consonant and how would it appear in a phonetic transcription?Key: (1) A syllabic consonant is a consonant that can form an entire syllable on its own, without any vowels.(2) When transcribing speech phonetically, syllabic consonants appear quiteoften. Even discounting onomatopoeia, we have three or four of them that commonly appear in English.T here is a way to indicate that an ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘l’, ‘r’, or any other consonant is acting as a syllabic consonant — simply place a small, short vertical line underneath the letter in question. In practice this usually ends up being a small dot.(ii) Which of these words would most likely be pronounced with a syllabic consonant:bottle, bottom, button, castle, copper, cotton, paddle, schism, wooden?Key: bottle, bottom, button, castle, copper, cotton, paddle, schism, wooden?F. A general distinction can be made among languages depending on their basic rhythm, whether they have syllable-timing or stress-timing. How are these two types of rhythm distinguished and which type characterizes the pronunciation of English, French and Spanish?Key: In a syllable-timing language, all syllables are of approximately equal length;In a stress-timing language, there are approximately equal intervals of time between stressed syllables.English and Spanish are stress-timed; French is syllable-timed.。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【章节题库】(动物与人类语言)【圣才出品】
第2章动物与人类语言I. Fill in the blanks.1. In Sau ssure’s view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is ______.（北二外2005研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
2. The features that define our human languages can be called _____ features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
3. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ______.（北二外2007研）【答案】displacement【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
4. Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ______ interpersonal and textual functions.（中山大学2008研）【答案】ideational【解析】韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。
5. Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ______ function of language.（中山大学2005研）【答案】metalingual【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【课后练习】(第二语言习得)【圣才出品】
第14章第二语言习得Study questions1. What do yo u think “the Joseph Conrad phenomenon” refers to?Key: It refers to the ability of an adult L2 learner to master aspects of the written language, but to speak with a distinct L1 accent, as exemplified by the writer Joseph Conrad.2. Why do we say that mathematics is learned, not acquired?Key: Mathematics is learned through a conscious process of accumulating knowledge, typically in an institutional setting. It is not acquired, because ability doesn’t gradually develop without consci ous effort, as in the development of an L1 by young children.3. What are four typical barriers to acquiring an L2 as an adult compared to L1 acquisition as a child?Key: Choose four of these:(1) Insufficient time is devoted to the process (a few hours each week rather than the constant interaction experienced as a child);(2) Insufficient focus on the process (adults have a lot of other things to do and think about, unlike very young children);(3) Insufficient incentive (adults already know a language and can use it for their communicative needs);(4) The ‘critical period’ for language acquisition has passed;(5) Affective factors, such as self-consciousness, create more inhibitions for an adult than a young child.4. What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?Key: (1) Positive transfer is when the learner tries to use knowledge about a feature of the L1 that is similar to the L2.(2) Negative transfer is when the learner tries to use an L1 feature that is really different from the L2.5. What happens when an interlanguage fossilizes?Key: An interlanguage fossilizes when it contains many forms that do not match the target language and no further progress is being made.6. What are the three components of communicative competence?Key: Grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competenceTasksA. What is the difference between “input” and “intake” in L2 learning?Key: Input is the language that a learner is exposed to while intake is the inputthat is internalized by the learner. Only comprehensible input (which, as defined by Krashen, is the bit of language that is slightly ahead of a learner’s current knowledge of the L2 grammar) has the potential to become intake.Not all input in a language learning session or in a naturally occurring conversation is understandable. Whatever can be understandable and slightly ahead of the learner’s language level is what Krashen refers to as comprehensible input and what Corder refers to as intake is what the learner has added in his language tools for immediate or future use. Intake is thus a better term since not all “comprehensible input” can be taken in. Depending on the difficult level of the new concept , a language learner may need to hear the concept ones or several times before internalizing it. Although comprehensible, the new concept may not be 1 to the learner’s language acquisition process. Comprehensible input and intake are therefore two different perspectives regarding input in language acquisition.B. What arguments are presented in support of “the output hypothesis” in L2 studies?Key: The Output Hypothesis proposed by Swain argued that language output may trigger the learners to pay attention to the target linguistic form in order to express their intended meaning. The noticing function of the Output Hypothesis posits that learners may notice the gap in their IL knowledge in an attempt to produce the target language to prompt them to solve their linguistic deficiencyin ways that are appropriate in a given context.Recent research implies that attention does work in SLA. For example, Schmidt stated that a connection exists between learning and attention. He further explains that noticing, which requires learner focus, is an important part of the learning process.C. What is meant by a “stylistic continuum” in the study of interlanguage? Key: The stylistic continuum is the product of differing degrees of attention reflected in a variety of performance tasks.。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【章节题库】(书写文字)【圣才出品】
第16章书写文字I. Fill in the blanks.1. Much of the evidence used in the reconstruction of ancient writing systems comes from _____ on stone or tablets found in the rubble of ruined cities.【答案】inscriptions2. A modern writing system which is based, to a certain extent, on the use of logograms can be found in _____【答案】China3. A/An _____ is essentially a set of written symbols which each represent a single type of sound.【答案】alphabet4. The modified version, called _____ is the basis of the writing system used in Russia today.【答案】the Cyrillic alphabetII. Explain the following terms.1. PictogramsKey: When some of the ‘pictures’ came to represent particular images in a consistent way, we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms.2. IdeogramsKey: The picture might take on a more fixed symbolic form and come to be used for ‘heat’ and ‘daytime’, as well as for ‘sun’. This type of symbol is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideograms.3. Rebus writingKey: One way of using existing symbols to represent the sounds of language is via a process known as Rebus writing. In this process, the symbol for one entity is taken over as the symbol for the sound of the spoken word used to refer to that entity. That symbol then comes to be used whenever that sound occurs in any words.4. Syllabic writingKey: When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing. There are no purely syllabic writing systems in use today, but modern Japanese can be written with a set of single symbols which represent spoken syllables and is consequently often described as having a (partially) syllabic writing system, or a syllabary.III. Briefly explain or answer the following questions.1. What are the disadvantages of a logographic writing system?Key: An extremely large number of separate symbols are involved, so there are problems in learning all the symbols and also in remembering them.2. What is the process known as Rebus writing?Key: Rebus writing involves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity.IV. Essay questions.1. Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples.（北外2004研）Key: The Phonetic Alphabet is a system of letters and symbols that are used to represent the individual sounds of a language. English is a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system because it is a phonographic language by nature.There are mainly three types of language concerning its writing system: ideographic language which uses symbols (ideograms) to represent whole words or concepts (ideas), with Chinese as an example; syllabic language which word or concepts are represented by syllable, with Japanese syllabic system as an example; phonographic language which uses special alphabetic or other typographical characters to express the sounds of an actual spoken utterance inwriting, with many European languages as examples. English uses alphabetic script to represent certain single type sound. For example, the sound which is written sh in English can be expressed by symbols of （ʃ）ship; and the sound that is written in c can be expressed by the symbol of（k）cup.2. How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the ages. For example, Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview. Write a short essay to explain your position on this view. (北外2004研)Key: Humans have a unique linguistic system for communication that serves as the primary vehicle for expressing thoughts. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles that develop along two different routes but overlap in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other. But language is not the only means of expressing thought. As for the relationship between language and the thought, we think that language does not determine the way we think but influence the way we perceive the world and recall things, and affects the ease with which we perform mental tasks. That is, language may be used to provide new ideas, bring about a change in beliefs and values, solve problems, and keep track of things in memory. For example, awell-developed vocabulary may well assist us in learning the concepts the lexis covers. We recall things more easily when they correspond to readily available words or phrases. It is certainly easier for us to make a conceptual distinction if it neatly corresponds to a particular lexical item available in our language. When we label our experience with linguistic symbols, our language will influence how we remember and think about those experiences; otherwise the relationship between language and perception, memory or thinking will be greatly reduced.In terms of relationship between language and culture, we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events that represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand, as people’s language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. Sharing a same community culture, people have acquired common ways of viewing the world through their speech interactions with other members of the same group. Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined, culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. Language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality.As for the relationship between language and world views, the language system does not necessarily provide specifics of one’s world view. All humans share a general conceptualizing capacity; Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences according to their respectively different linguistic coding systems for the same objective world. On the one hand, people speaking the same language may have different world views, including political, social, religious, scientific and philosophical views. On the other hand, people speaking different languages may share similar world views on above aspects. Moreover, one language can describe many different worldviews, as is evident in the case of successful translation.According to the theories shown above, we can infer that Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt’s view has both merits and limitations. First, they see clearly that there exists a relationship between language and thoughts. Second, they assume that language influences so much the way people think that people who think in different ways will have different world views. Based on the theoretical views above we think this view is not rational in this aspect.3. Identify pictograms and ideograms.Key: The distinction between pictograms and ideograms is essentially a difference in the relationship between the symbol and the entity it represents. The more ‘picture-like’ forms are pictograms, the more abstract, derived forms are ideograms. A key property of both pictograms and ideograms is that they do。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【课后练习】(书写文字)【圣才出品】
第16章书写文字Study questions1. In the study of language, how is writing defined?Key: Writing is the symbolic representation of language through the use of graphic signs.2. What is the basic difference between a logographic writing system and a phonographic writing system?Key: In a logographic system, the symbols represent words and;In a phonographic system, the symbols represent sounds.3. What happens in the process known as rebus writing?Key: In rebus writing, the symbol for one entity comes to be used as the symbol for the sound of the spoken word used to refer to that entity. That symbol is then used whenever that sound occurs in any words.4. Is the text message ‘cu@9’ an example of logographic or alphabetic writing? Key: Logographic writing5. What is the name given to the writing system used for Russian?Key: The Cyrillic alphabet6. Where will you find the writing system with the longest history of continuous use?Key: ChinaTasksA. What is boustrophedon writing and during which period was it used?Key: Boustrophedon is a writing- style that alternate lines in opposite directions, one line from left to right and the next from right to left. Some Etruscan texts are written in boustrophedon style, as are some Greek ones of about the 6th century B.C. The word is from the Greek boustrophēdon, meaning literally “to turn like oxen” (in plowing).Boustrophedon is a Greek word meaning "like an ox while plowing" and was actually used in Greece and surrounding countries between 600 and 800 B.C.B. What kind of writing systems are known as abjads and abugidas and what is the basic difference between them?Key: An abjad is an alphabetic writing system where there is one symbol per consonant. Abjads differ from other alphabets in that they have characters only for consonantal sounds. Vowels are not usually marked in abjads.An abugida is an alphabetic writing system whose basic signs denoteconsonants with an inherent vowel and where consistent modifications of the basic sign indicate other following vowels than the inherent one.The contrast with "true syllabaries" is that the latter have one distinct symbol per possible syllable, and the signs for each syllable have no systematic graphic similarity. The graphic similarity of most abugidas comes from the fact that they are derived from abjads, and the consonants make up the symbols with the inherent vowel and the new vowel symbols are markings added on to the base symbol.C. What kind of writing system is Hangul, where is it used and how are forms written on the page?Key: The Korean alphabet, or Hangul is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443, and is now the official script of both North Korea and South Korea, and co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of the Jilin Province in the People's Republic of China. In South Korea, Hangul is augmented by Chinese characters, called hanja.Hangul is a true alphabet of 24 consonant and vowel letters. However, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한han may look like a single character, it is composed of three letters: ㅎh, ㅏa, and ㄴn. Each syllabic block consists of two to five letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocksare then arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. The number of mathematically possible blocks is 11,172, though there are far fewer possible syllables allowed by Korean phonotactics, and not all phonotactically-possible syllables occur in actual Korean words. For a phonological description, see Korean phonology.。
George Yule《语言研究》(第4版)课后习题详解(第4章 语言模式)【圣才出品】
第4章语言模式Study questions1.What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone?Key:(1)Substituting one phoneme for another changes both pronunciation and meaning.(2)Substituting one allophone for another only changes its pronunciation.2.What is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one:kill,pool,skill,spool,stop,top?Key:An aspirated sound is one pronounced with a stronger puff of air.Words containing aspirated consonants in initial position are kill,pool and top.3.Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?ban,fat,pit,bell,tape,heat,meal,more,pat,tap,pen,chain,vote,bet,far,bun, goat,heel,sane,tale,vetKey:ban–bun,fat–pat,fat–far,pit–pat,bell–bet,tape–tale,heat–heel,meal–heel, chain–sane,vote–goat4.What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?Key:The phonotactics of a language are the permitted arrangements of sounds that obey constraints on the sequence and ordering of phonemes in thatlanguage.5.What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?Key:(1)An open syllable ends with a vowel(as nucleus)(2)A closed syllable ends with a consonant(as coda)6.Which segments in the pronunciation of the following words are most likely to be affected by elision?(i)government(ii)postman(iii)pumpkin(iv)sandwich(v)victoryKey:(i)/n/;(ii)/t/;(iii)/p/;(iv)/d/TasksA.What are diacritics and which ones were used in this chapter to identify sounds? Key:A diacritic is a mark placed above,through or below a letter,in order to indicate a sound different from that indicated by the letter without the diacritic.D.Individual sounds are described as segments.What are suprasegmentals?Key:The term suprasegmental refers to properties of an utterance that apply to groups of segments,rather than to individual segments.For example,stress is generally assigned to a syllable rather than to an individual sound.The three main suprasegmental features are stress,intonation,and tone.(1)Stress:Emphasis,conveyed through differences in pitch,loudness,or duration that distinguishes a stress-bearing union(often a syllable)from neighboring units.In some languages(not English),stress is contrastive(i.e. stress alone can distinguish between two otherwise identical words).An English word with initial stress is escapade.An English word with final stress is understood.(2)Intonation—The pattern of rising and falling pitch over an utterance.In English,rising pitch is often used to indicate a question(‘Mary likes John?’), while falling pitch is usually characteristic of a declarative sentence(‘Mary likes John.’).(3)Tone—The use of pitch on a sequence of sounds to convey lexical information.In English,tone is not contrastive,but it many languages it is.For example,in Mandarin Chinese,the same syllable ma has four different meanings, depending on which tone is used.E.The English words lesson and little are typically pronounced with syllabic consonants.(i)What exactly is a syllabic consonant and how would it appear in a phonetictranscription?Key:(1)A syllabic consonant is a consonant that can form an entire syllable on its own,without any vowels.(2)When transcribing speech phonetically,syllabic consonants appear quite often.Even discounting onomatopoeia,we have three or four of them that commonly appear in English.There is a way to indicate that an‘m’,‘n’,‘l’,‘r’,or any other consonant is acting as a syllabic consonant—simply place a small,short vertical line underneath the letter in question.In practice this usually ends up being a small dot.(ii)Which of these words would most likely be pronounced with a syllabic consonant:bottle,bottom,button,castle,copper,cotton,paddle,schism,wooden?Key:bott l e,botto m,butto n,cast l e,coppe r,cotto n,padd l e,schis m,woode n?F.A general distinction can be made among languages depending on their basic rhythm,whether they have syllable-timing or stress-timing.How are these two types of rhythm distinguished and which type characterizes the pronunciation of English,French and Spanish?Key:In a syllable-timing language,all syllables are of approximately equal length;In a stress-timing language,there are approximately equal intervals of time between stressed syllables.English and Spanish are stress-timed;French is syllable-timed.。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【课后练习】(语用学)【圣才出品】
第10章语用学Study questions1. What kinds of deictic expressions are used in this utterance (e.g. I= person deixis)?I’m busy now so you can’t stay here. Come back later.Key: Person deixis (I, you);spatial deixis (here, come back);temporal deixis (now, later)2. What are the anaphoric expressions in this sentence?Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away. Key: he, her, his, she, him, the pills, the pain3. What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of these utterances?(a) Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare.(b) Waiter: The ham sandwich left without paying.(c) Nurse: The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.(d) Dentist: My eleven-thirty canceled so I had an early lunch.Key: (a) If X is the name of a writer of a book, then X can be used to identify acopy of a book by that writer (in an educational setting)(b) If X is the name of a meal, then X can be used to refer to the person who orders the meal (in a restaurant setting)(c) If X is the name of a medical condition, then X can be used to refer to the person with that medical condition (in a medical setting)(d) If X is the time of an appointment, X can be used to refer to the person with that appointment (in a business office setting)4. What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says:(a) Your clock isn’t working.(b) Where did he find the money?(c) We regret buying that car.(d) The king of France is bald.Key: (a) You have a clock.(b) He found the money.(c) We bought the car.(d) France has a king.5. Someone stands between you and the TV set you’re watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts.(a) Move!(b) You’re in the way.(c) Could you please sit down?(d) Please get out of the way.Key: (a) direct(b) indirect(c) indirect(d) direct6. In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face?(a) If you’re free, there’s going to be a party at Yuri’s place on Saturday.(b) Let’s go to the party at Yuri’s place on Saturday. Everyone’s invited. Key: (a) negative (‘If you’re free’)(b) positive (‘Let’s go’)TasksA. What do you think is meant by the statement: “A context is a psychological construct” (Sperber and Wilson, 1995)?Key: "A context is a psychological construct, a subset of the hearer’s assumptions about the world. It is these assumptions, of course, rather than the actual state of the world, that affect the interpretation of an utterance. A context in this sense is not limited to information about the immediate physical environment or the immediately preceding utterances: expectations about the future, scientific hypotheses or religious beliefs, anecdotal memories, generalcultural assumptions, beliefs about the mental state of the speaker, may all play a role." (Sperber and Wilson, 1995: 15-16)From this perspective, context is something that is created (“a construct”) in the mind (“psychological”) of hearers as they try to interpret what is said or written. The “immediate physical environment” is only part of what hearers may treat as contextually relevant for interpretation. Many other factors, particularly beliefs and assumptions in the mind of each hearer, are part of context in this analysis. As Henry Widdowson succinctly put it: “Context is not an external set of 41 circumstances, but a selection of them internally represented in the mind” (Widdowson, 2007: 20).C. Which of these utterances contain “performative verbs” and how did you decide?(1) I apologize.(2) He said he was sorry.(3) I bet you $20.(4) She won the bet.(5) I drive a Mercedes.(6) You must have a lot of money.Key: Sentences 1 and 3 contain performative verbs.F. The following phrases were all on signs advertising sales. What is being sold ineach case and (if you know) what other words would you add to the description to make it clearer? What is the underlying structure of each phrase? For example, Furniture Sale might have the structure: “someone is selling furniture.” Would the same structure be appropriate for Garage Sale and the others?Back-to-School Sale Dollar Sale One Cent SaleBake Sale Foundation Sale Plant SaleBig Screen Sale Furniture Sale Sidewalk SaleClearance Sale Garage Sale Spring SaleClose-out Sale Labor Day Sale Tent SaleColorful White Sale Liquidation Sale Yard SaleKey: Some possible categories and (additional) descriptions.‘X’ Sale = Someone is selling ‘X’Bake (d) items SaleBig Screen (TV) SaleColorful White (= sheets, pillowcases, etc) SaleFoundation (undergarments) SaleFurniture SalePlant Sale‘Y’ Sale = Someone is selling items on or near time of year’Y’Back-to-School (= items to use or wear in school) SaleLabor Day SaleSpring Sale‘Z’ Sale = Someone is selling items in or on location ‘Z’Garage (next to house) SaleSidewalk (outside store) SaleTent (outside store) SaleYard (outside house) Sale‘W’Sale = Someone is selling items in a way (‘W’) that gets rid of them quicklyClearance SaleClose-out SaleLiquidation Sale‘V’ Sale = Someone is selling items at a special (‘V’) priceDollar SaleOne Cent Sale。
GeorgeYule《语言研究》配套题库【章节题库】(语音模式)【圣才出品】
第4章语音模式I. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.（北二外2004研）【答案】Narrow【解析】当我们用复杂的符号精确地标记语音所有可能的细小变化时，我们称之为“严式转写”。
2. _____ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.（中山大学2005研）【答案】Assimilation【解析】同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。
3. Stress refers to the degree of _____ used in producing a syllable.（中山大学2006研）【答案】force【解析】重音指在音节发音时所用的力度。
4. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically differentbut do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _____.（北二外2009研）【答案】allophones【解析】同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。
因为变体是互补分布的，而且发音相似。
5. In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different _____ and the two words are a _____ pair. （北二外2010研）【答案】phonemes; minimal【解析】/k/、/g/在cut 和gut是两个不同的音位，这两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，因此这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体。
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第19章语言与社会变体Study questions1. How would you define a “speech community”?Key: A speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language.2. What is the difference between an idiolect and a sociolect?Key: An idiolect is a language spoken by one person with their own private meanings, hence the term idiosyncrasy. It may seem odd to others.A sociolect on the other hand is a dialect spoken within a group of people that others may not fully understand. Think of the different dialects of say, German. Most understand the core words but only a small group understands the dialect.3. Why did Labov try to elicit answers with the expression fourth floor?Key: The expression fourth floor contains two opportunities for the pronunciation (or not) of postvocalic /r/, which Labov was investigating as a linguistic variable.4. In what way can the pronunciation of -ing be a social marker?Key: The pronunciation of -ing with [n] rather than [ŋ] at the end of a word such as sitting is a social marker associated with working-class speech.5. What is meant by a “register”?Key: A register is a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific situation, occupation or in discussing a particular topic. An example is the legal register, with its special jargon, used among lawyers.6. In AAVE, what is communicated by the use of be in He don’t be smokin now? Key: T he use of be communicates ‘habitual action’, so He don’t be smokin now means that smoking is not a habitual action for him now, or that he has stopped smoking.TasksA. How does “micro-sociolinguistics” differ from “macro-sociolinguistics”? Key: (1) Micro-sociolinguistics explores the ways in which society influences a speaker's idiolect —meaning the specific language of a person —and how people communicate with one another in line with different social variables/factors.(2) On the other hand, macro-sociolinguistics focuses more on society as a whole, in relation to language.(3)So with micro-sociolinguistics the emphasis is on language; withmacro-sociolinguistics the emphasis is on society.B. In the study of social dialects, what is “the observer’s paradox” and how can it be overcome?Key: The expression "the observer's paradox" was used by Labov(1972:209) to describe an inherent problem in using face-to-face interviews to collect representative speech samples from informants. This is how he expressed the paradox:The aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain these data by systematic observation.The sociolinguist usually wants to record normal casual spoken language as used by individuals in everyday situations, but the presence of the interviewer and the recorder has an effect on most speakers, making them pay more attention to how they are speaking and more concerned not to use what they might think are "incorrect" forms, for example. So, the observer, or interviewer, has an effect on the data elicited, making it potentially very difficult to get genuinely representative speech samples.One way that Labov suggested as a partial solution was to ask informants questions that distracted them from thinking about how they were speaking because they became more involved emotionally in what they were talking about. One example was the question: "Have you ever been in a situation whereyou thought you were going to be killed?" Another solution is to have another individual "chat" with the informant (while being recorded) before or after the actual interview in order to allow the informant to use a more relaxed or casual speech style.C. What is the difference between style-shifting and code-switching?Key: The term "style-shifting" describes a change from a formal (and careful) way of speaking to one that is informal (and casual), or vice versa, as discussed in this chapter. The term "code-switching" describes the use of two or more languages in the same utterance or interaction.Code-switching way may occur "inside" a sentence, as in the following example from Poplack (1980:596), quoted in Winford (2003), where a Spanish prepositional phrase (="with the/my fists") is used as a constituent in an English sentence.D. What is the origin of the term “Ebonics” and how has its meaning changed? Key: Ebonics (a blend of the words ebony and phonics) is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from enslaved Black Africans, particularly in West Africa, the Caribbean, and North America. Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term Ebonics has primarily been used to refer to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), a dialect distinctively different from Standard American English.。