Chapter 1 The Long March
中国文化概况_chapter_1
Located in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the Pacific ocean, the PRC has a land area of about 9.6 million sq km, and is the third largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada.
National Emblem
Composed of patterns of the national flag, the Tian’anmen Rostrum [‘rɔstrəm]（城楼）, a wheel gear and ears of wheat, it symbolizes the New-Democratic Revolution of the Chinese people since the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China.
National Day National Emblem ['embləm] 象征；徽章； 符号 National Anthem ['æ nθəm]赞美诗；圣歌 National Capital
National Day
Chinese celebrate October 1 as National Day in honor of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949.
The relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently, for a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures, especially those powerful ones. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features.
关于中国长征的英语作文
关于中国长征的英语作文中国长征（The Long March）是中国共产党在20世纪30年代进行的一次历史性战役，也是中国革命历史上的一个重要事件。
下面是一篇关于中国长征的高质量英语作文，希望对你有所启发。
Title: The Long March: An Epic Journey in Chinese Revolutionary History。
The Long March, a legendary odyssey undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the 1930s, stands as a testament to resilience, determination, and the relentless pursuit of revolutionary ideals. Spanning thousands of miles and enduring unimaginable hardships, the Long March reshaped China's destiny and left an indelible mark on the nation's history.The Long March commenced in October 1934, when the Red Army, led by the CCP, embarked on a strategic retreat to evade the Kuomintang's (KMT) pursuit. Encircled by superior enemy forces and facing dire circumstances, the Red Army,under the leadership of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other prominent figures, embarked on a treacherous journey across rugged terrains, mountains, and rivers. Their objective was to regroup, consolidate their forces, and continue thefight against the KMT.One of the defining moments of the Long March was the crossing of the treacherous Luding Bridge. Guarded by KMT forces, the bridge presented a formidable obstacle. However, the Red Army, displaying extraordinary courage and resourcefulness, launched a daring assault, ultimately securing the bridge and pressing forward despite heavy casualties. This event exemplified the spirit of sacrifice and determination that characterized the Long March.The Long March was not merely a physical journey butalso a test of ideological commitment and revolutionary fervor. Along the way, the Red Army faced immense challenges, including harsh weather conditions, food shortages, and constant skirmishes with enemy forces. Despite these adversities, the soldiers remained steadfast, inspired by the vision of a liberated China and the promiseof a better future for the people.Throughout the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as a central figure, guiding and inspiring the Red Army with his strategic acumen and revolutionary zeal. His leadership and vision played a pivotal role in sustaining morale and unity among the troops, ensuring that they remained focused on their objectives despite the hardships they encountered.The Long March also witnessed the emergence of heroic figures such as the "Iron Man" Wang Jinmei, whose indomitable spirit and selfless devotion to the revolutionary cause became emblematic of the sacrifices made by countless others during this historic journey. Their stories of courage, sacrifice, and resilience continue to inspire generations of Chinese people.In addition to its military significance, the Long March had profound political and strategic implications. It allowed the CCP to break free from encirclement, establish new base areas, and expand its influence among the masses. The Long March also served as a crucible, forging a senseof camaraderie and solidarity among the Red Army soldiers, laying the foundation for future victories in the struggle against the KMT and ultimately, the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.The legacy of the Long March endures as a symbol of China's revolutionary spirit and the triumph of determination over adversity. It reminds us that through unity, perseverance, and unwavering commitment to noble ideals, even the most daunting challenges can be overcome. The Long March remains etched in the annals of history as a testament to the human spirit's capacity for resilience and sacrifice in pursuit of a brighter tomorrow.Overall, the Long March remains a monumental chapter in Chinese history, embodying the courage, sacrifice, and perseverance of those who participated in this epic journey. Its lessons continue to resonate today, serving as a source of inspiration for individuals and nations striving for progress, justice, and a better future for all.。
the_chrysanthemums翻译_泛读
年轻媳妇伊利莎住在一家偏僻的农场，一手高超的种花技能令她自豪。
一天，她突然有了与外界交流的愿望。
有什么故事发生呢？请您往下看。
飘荡在半空中的冬雾呈现出灰法兰绒色，将萨利纳斯山谷严实地罩了起来；同时也把它与外界分隔开。
雾气锁着山头，四面象顶盖子，而山谷则成了一口盖得严严实实的深锅。
农民在宽阔平坦的土地上深耕，犁铧过处，黑色的土地闪着金属的光泽。
在横卧萨利纳斯河的丘陵地上，农场里的茬地泛着黄色，象是沐浴在冷冷的苍白日光下；不过，现在时至腊月，山谷里没什么阳光。
河边上密密麻麻的柳丛上的黄叶颜色鲜浓，象着了火似的。
这是一个安静，叫人等待的季节。
空气凉凉的，柔柔的。
从西南方向吹来一阵轻风，农民们隐隐地感到不久会有一场及时雨，但雨和雾是不一起来的。
河对岸亨利·埃伦家位于丘陵上的农场里已经没什么活计了：干草都收割过并存放了起来，果园业已深翻过，好等到有雨的时候浇个透底墒。
高处山坡上的牛变得毛皮杂乱粗糙。
伊利莎·埃伦正在花园里干活儿，穿过院子朝远处望时，她看见丈夫亨利正在与两个身着工作服的人交谈。
三个人都站在拖拉机棚边上，一只脚蹬在那辆小型福特牌拖拉机的一侧。
说话的时候，他们边抽着烟，边打量拖拉机。
伊利莎看了他们一会儿，又继续忙自己的活儿。
她今年三十五岁，脸庞瘦俏并透着坚毅，一双眼睛清澈如水。
由于穿着园艺工作服，她显得鼓囊囊的、有点儿笨拙。
她头上戴着一顶男式的黑帽子，拉得很低，直到她的眼睛。
脚上是一双粗笨的鞋子。
下面穿的印花裙子几乎全给那个大号的灯心绒围裙遮盖了起来。
围裙上有四个大口袋，用来放她干活时用的剪刀、泥铲、刮管器、种子和刀。
干活时她戴着厚厚的皮手套，免得弄伤手。
她这会儿正用一把锋利的小剪子把去年的菊花枝剪短，还不时朝站在拖拉机棚边上的三个男人望一望。
她的脸上充满着渴望，看起来成熟漂亮——甚至连她拿着剪刀干活的样子都显得那么有力，饱含期待，以至于那些菊花的枯杆相比之下都显得纤细柔弱，容易收拾了。
英语国家概况(谢福之) chapter 1
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云， That floats on high o‘er vales and hills, 高高地飘游在山谷之上， When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils水仙花; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
Percentage of total UK Population
Ethinc Groups
White British White Irish White (other) Mixed race Indian Pakistani Bengali Other Asian (non-Chinese) Black Caribbean Black African Black (others) Chinese Other
Major Cities—Belfast
the second largest city capital of Northern Ireland an important historic city
奇文单词速记法-Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
2. affluent ['æfluәnt] adj. 富裕的 【同】prosperous, wealthy【反】 poor
Leeson and his wife Lisa never really seemed to fit into the affluent, neo-colonial life-style of Singapore or into the city’s multiethnic society.( TIME, Mar.13,1995,p.40)
Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词(1)
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
1. accustomed [ә'kʌstәmd] adj. 习惯于 【同】used【反】unaccustomed
Even if they are willing to make the sacrifice in dollars, whether Americans will give up long accustomed personal liberties is another question.(TIME, May 1,1995,p.68)
葛罗夫呈递一份深入、周详的报告，令老板们印象深刻。
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
16. compulsory [kәm'pʌlsәrɪ] adj. 义务的，强制的 【同】mandatory In 1919 while serving a compulsory stint in the military, Nurmi entered a 20-k march carrying a rifle, a cartridge belt and a knapsack filled with 5 kg of sand. (TIME, June 24, 1996, p.66) 1919年，当他在军中服义务役的时候，努尔米带着一支步枪，腰上系着弹带， 背上背着装有5公斤沙子的背包参加20公里行军。 █ stint n. （在某处从事某事的）那段时间
当代医学英语综合教程chapter5答案
当代医学英语综合教程chapter5答案1、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. careD. notice2、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)3、Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____. [单选题] *A. more helpfulB. extremely helpfulC. very helpfulD. the most helpful(正确答案)4、34．My mother isn't in now, but she will be back ______ ten minutes. [单选题] * A．forB．beforeC．in(正确答案)D．at5、The Internet is an important means of（）[单选题] *A. conversationB. communication(正确答案)C. speechD. language6、The soldiers were_____of running away when the enemy attacked. [单选题] *A.chargedB.accused(正确答案)C.scoldedD.estimated7、She talks too much; you’ll be glad when you’re free of her. [单选题] *A. 与她自由交谈B. 离开她(正确答案)C. 受她的控制D. 与她在一起8、The house is well decorated _____ the disarrangement of a few photos. [单选题] *A. exceptB. besidesC. except for(正确答案)D. in addition to9、A lot of students in our school were born _______ March, 1 [单选题] *A. in(正确答案)B. atC. onD. since10、Patrick bought her two handbags as gifts,but _____ of them was her style. [单选题] *A. eitherB. noneC. neither(正确答案)D. all11、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for12、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. How muchC. How(正确答案)D. When13、He does ______ in math.（）[单选题] *A. goodB. betterC. well(正确答案)D. best14、They may not be very exciting, but you can expect ______ a lot from them.（）[单选题] *A. to learn(正确答案)B. learnC. learningD. learned15、Almost every one of us could see her anxiety from the（）on her face. [单选题] *A. appearanceB. feelingC. movementD. expression(正确答案)16、Mrs. Green has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. practiceB. newsC. messagesD. suggestions(正确答案)17、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play18、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *A. choice(正确答案)B. reasonC. habitD. decision19、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)20、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *A. in a momentB. after a momentC. at the moment(正确答案)D. at any moment21、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice22、We must try hard to make up for the lost time. [单选题] *A. 弥补(正确答案)B. 利用C. 抓紧D. 浪费23、______ in the library. （）[单选题] *A. Don’t smokingB. No smokeC. No smoking(正确答案)D. Doesn’t smoke24、Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _______ her to do so. [单选题] *A. forbidB. allowC. follow(正确答案)D. ask25、--Can I _______ your dictionary?--Sorry, I’m using it. [单选题] *A. borrow(正确答案)B. lendC. keepD. return26、20．Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] * A．heavyB．hardlyC．heavily(正确答案)D．strongly27、_____ to wait for hours,she brought along a book to read. [单选题] *A. ExpectedB. Expecting(正确答案)C. ExpectsD. To expect28、A modern city has sprung up in _____was a waste land ten years ago. [单选题] *A.whichB.what(正确答案)C.thatD.where29、54．—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A．What do you wantB．May I try it onC．Can I help you(正确答案)D．What else do you want30、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in。
(完整版)Thechrysanthemums原文
The Chrysanthemumsby John SteinbeckElisa is a young married lady working on an isolated farm and proud of her skills in growing flowers. One day, she suddenly feels a desire to communicate with the outside world. What happens to her? Please read the following story.The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed 10pot. On the broad, level land floor the gang plows bit deep and left the black earth shining like metal where the shares had cut. On the foothill ranches across the Salinas River, the yellow stubble fields seemed to be bathed in pale cold sunshine, but there was no sunshine in the valley now in December. The thick willow scrub along the river flamed with sharp and positive yellow leaves.It was a time of quiet and of waiting. The air was cold and tender. A light wind blew up from the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain before long; but fog and rain do not go together.20Across the river, on Henry Allen's foothill ranch there was little work to be done, for the hay was cut and stored and the orchards were plowed up to receive the rain deeply when it should come.The cattle on the higher slopes were becoming shaggy and rough-coated.Elisa Allen, working in her flower garden, looked down across the yard and saw Henry, her husband, talking to two men in business suits. The three of them stood by the tractor shed, each man with one foot on the side of the little Fordson. They smoked cigarettes and studied the machine as they talked.Elisa watched them for a moment and then went back to her work. She was thirty-five. Her face was lean and strong and her eyes were as clear as water. Her figure looked blocked and heavy in 30her gardening costume, a man's black hat pulled low down over her eyes, clod-hopper shoes, a figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy apron with four big pockets to hold the snips, the trowel and scratcher, the seeds and the knife she worked with. She wore heavy leather gloves to protect her hands while she worked.She was cutting down the old year's chrysanthemum stalks with a pair of short and powerful scissors. She looked down toward the men by the tractor shed now and then. Her face was eager and mature and handsome; even her work with the scissors was over-eager, over-powerful. The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy.40She brushed a cloud of hair out of her eyes with the back of her glove, and left a smudge of earth on her cheek in doing it. Behind her stood the neat white farm house with red geraniums close-banked around it as high as the windows. It was a hard-swept looking little house with hard-polished windows, and a clean mud-mat on the front steps.Elisa cast another glance toward the tractor shed. The strangers were getting into their Ford coupe.She took off a glove and put her strong fingers down into the forest of new green chrysanthemum sprouts that were growing around the old roots. She spread the leaves and looked down among the close-growing stems. No aphids were there, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms. Her terrier fingers 50destroyed such pests before they could get started.Elisa started at the sound of her husband's voice. He had come near quietly, and he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens."At it again," he said. "You've got a strong new crop coming." Elisa straightened her back and pulled on the gardening glove again: "Yes. They'll be strong this coming year." In her tone and on her face there was a little smugness. "You've got a gift with things," Henry observed. "Some of those yellow chrysanthemums you had this year were ten inches across. I wish you'd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big." Her eyes sharpened. "Maybe I could do it, too. I've a 60gift with things, all right. My mother had it. She could stick anything in the ground and make it grow. She said it was having planters' hands that knew how to do it." "Well, it sure works with flowers," he said. "Henry, who were those men you were talking to?" "Why, sure, that's what I came to tell you. They were from the Western Meat Company. I sold those thirty head of three-year-old steers. Got nearly my own price, too.""Good," she said. "Good for you." "And I thought," he continued, "I thought how it's Saturday afternoon, and we might go into Salinas for dinner at a restaurant, and then to a picture show －to celebrate, you see." "Good," she repeated. "Oh, yes. That will be good." Henry put on his joking tone. "There's fights tonight. How'd you like to go to the fights?" "Oh, no," she said breathlessly.70"No, I wouldn't like fights." "Just fooling, Elisa. We'll go to a movie. Let's see. It's two now. I'm going to take Scotty and bring down those steers from the hill. It'll take us maybe two hours. We'll go in town about five and have dinner at the Cominos Hotel. Like that?" "Of course I'll like it. It's good to eat away from home." "All right, then. I'll go get up a couple of horses." She said, "I'll have plenty of time to transplant some of these sets, I guess."She heard her husband calling Scotty down by the barn. And a little later she saw the two men ride up the pale yellow hillside in search of the steers. There was a little square sandy bed kept for rooting the chrysanthemums. With her trowel she turned the soil over and over, and smoothed it and patted it firm. Then she dug ten parallel trenches to receive the sets. Back at the 80chrysanthemum bed she pulled out the little crisp shoots, trimmed off the leaves of each one with her scissors and laid it on a small orderly pile.A squeak of wheels and plod of hoofs came from the road. Elisa looked up. The country road ranalong the dense bank of willows and cottonwoods that bordered the river, and up this road came a curious vehicle, curiously drawn. It was an old spring-wagon, with a round canvas top on it like the cover of a prairie schooner. It was drawn by an old bay horse and a little grey-and-white burro.A big stubble-bearded man sat between the cover flaps and drove the crawling team. Underneaththe wagon, between the hind wheels, a lean and rangy mongrel dog walked sedately. Words werepainted on the canvas, in clumsy, crooked letters. "Pots, pans, knives, scissors, lawn mowers.90Fixed." Two rows of articles, and the triumphantly definitive "Fixed" below. The black paint had run down in little sharp points beneath each letter.Elisa, squatting on the ground, watched to see the crazy, loose-jointed wagon pass by. But it didn't pass. It turned into the farm road in front of her house, crooked old wheels skirling and squeaking.The rangy dog darted from between the wheels and ran ahead. Instantly the two ranch shepherds flew out at him. Then all three stopped, and with stiff and quivering tails, with taut straight legs, with ambassadorial dignity, they slowly circled, sniffing daintily. The caravan pulled up to Elisa's wire fence and stopped. Now the newcomer dog, feeling out-numbered, lowered his tail and retired under the wagon with raised hackles and bared teeth.100The man on the wagon seat called out, "That's a bad dog in a fight when he gets started." Elisa laughed. "I see he is. How soon does he generally get started?" The man caught up her laughter and echoed it heartily. "Sometimes not for weeks and weeks,” he said. He climbed stiffly down, over the wheel. The horse and the donkey drooped like unwatered flowers. Elisa saw that he was a very big man. Although his hair and beard were greying, he did not look old. His worn black suit was wrinkled and spotted with grease. The laughter had disappeared from his face and eyes the moment his laughing voice ceased. His eyes were dark, and they were full of the brooding that gets in the eyes of teamsters and of sailors. The calloused hands he rested on the wire fence were cracked, and every crack was a black line. He took off his battered hat.110"I'm off my general road, ma'am," he said. "Does this dirt road cut over across the river to the Los Angeles highway?" Elisa stood up and shoved the thick scissors in her apron pocket. "Well, yes, it does, but it winds around and then fords the river. I don't think your team could pull through the sand." He replied with some asperity, "It might surprise you what them beasts can pull through.""When they get started?" she asked. He smiled for a second. "Yes. When they get started." "Well,"said Elisa, "I think you'll save time if you go back to the Salinas road and pick up the highway there." He drew a big finger down the chicken wire and made it sing. "I ain't in any hurry, ma'am. I go from Seattle to San Diego and back every year. Takes all my time. About six months each way.I aim to follow nice weather."120Elisa took off her gloves and stuffed them in the apron pocket with the scissors. She touched the under edge of her man's hat, searching for fugitive hairs. "That sounds like a nice kind of a way to live," she said. He leaned confidentially over the fence. "Maybe you noticed the writing on my wagon. I mend pots and sharpen knives and scissors. You got any of them things to do?" "Oh, no,"she said quickly. "Nothing like that." Her eyes hardened with resistance. "Scissors is the worst thing," he explained. "Most people j ust ruin scissors trying to sharpen ‘em, but I know how. I got a special tool. It's a little bobbit kind of thing, and patented. But it sure does the trick." "No. My scissors are all sharp." "All right, then. Take a pot," he continued earnestly, "a bent pot, or a pot with a hole. I can make it like new so you don't have to buy no new ones. That's a saving for you." 130"No," she said shortly. "I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do."His face fell to an exaggerated sadness. His voice took on a whining undertone. "I ain't had a thingto do today. Maybe I won't have no supper tonight. You see I'm off my regular road. I know folks on the highway clear from Seattle to San Diego. They save their things for me to sharpen up because they know I do it so good and save them money." "I'm sorry," Elisa said irritably. "I haven't anything for you to do." His eyes left her face and fell to searching the ground. They roamed about until they came to the chrysanthemum bed where she had been working. "What's them plants, ma'am?" The irritation and resistance melted from Elisa's face. "Oh, those are chrysanthemums, giant whites and yellows. I raise them every year, bigger than anybody around 140here." "Kind of a long-stemmed flower? Looks like a quick puff of colored smoke?" he asked."That's it. What a nice way to describe them." "They smell kind of nasty till you get used to them,"he said. "It's a good bitter smell," she retorted, "not nasty at all." He changed his tone quickly. "I like the smell myself." "I had ten-inch blooms this year," she said.The man leaned farther over the fence. "Look. I know a lady down the road a piece, has got the nicest garden you ever seen. Got nearly every kind of flower but no chrysanthemums. Last time I was mending a copper-bottom washtub for her (that's a hard job but I do it good), she said to me, 'If you ever run across some nice chrysanthemums I wish you'd try to get me a few seeds.' That's what she told me.”Elisa's eyes grew alert and eager. "She couldn't have known much about 150chrysanthemums. You can raise them from seed, but it's much easier to root the little sprouts you see there." "Oh," he said. "I s'pose I can't take none to her, then." "Why yes you can," Elisa cried."I can put some in damp sand, and you can carry them right along with you. They'll take root in the pot if you keep them damp. And then she can transplant them." "She'd sure like to have some, ma'am. You say they're nice ones?" "Beautiful," she said. "Oh, beautiful." Her eyes shone. She tore off the battered hat and shook out her dark pretty hair. "I'll put them in a flower pot, and you can take them right with you. Come into the yard."While the man came through the picket gate Elisa ran excitedly along the geranium-bordered path to the back of the house. And she returned carrying a big red flower pot. The gloves were forgotten 160now. she kneeled on the ground by the starting bed and dug up the sandy soil with her fingers and scooped it into the bright new flower pot. Then she picked up the little pile of shoots she had prepared. With her strong fingers she pressed them into the sand and tamped around them with her knuckles. The man stood over her. "I'll tell you what to do," she said. "You remember so you can tell the lady." "Yes, I'll try to remember." "Well, look. These will take root in about a month. Then she must set them out, about a foot apart in good rich earth like this, see?" She lifted a handful of dark soil for him to look at. "They'll grow fast and tall. Now remember this: In July tell her to cut them down, about eight inches from the ground." "Before they bloom?" he asked. "Yes, before they bloom." Her face was tight with eagerness. "They'll grow right up again. About the last of September the buds will start."170She stopped and seemed perplexed. "It's the budding that takes the most care," she said hesitantly."I don't know how to tell you." She looked deep into his eyes, searchingly. Her mouth opened a little, and she seemed to be listening. "I'll try to tell you,” she said. “Did you ever hear of planting hands?" "Can't say I have, ma'am." "Well, I can only tell you what it feels like. It's when you're picking off the buds you don't want. Everything goes right down into your fingertips. You watch your fingers work. They do it themselves. You can feel how it is. They pick and pick the buds.They never make a mistake. They're with the plant. Do you see? Your fingers and the plant. You can feel that, right up your arm. They know. They never make a mistake. You can feel it. When you're like that you can't do anything wrong. Do you see that? Can you understand that?" She was 180kneeling on the ground looking up at him. Her breast swelled passionately. The man's eyes narrowed. He looked away self-consciously. "Maybe I know," he said. "Sometimes in the night in the wagon there －"Elisa's voice grew husky. She broke in on him, "I've never lived as you do, but I know what you mean. When the night is dark －why, the stars are sharp-pointed, and there's quiet. Why, you rise up and up! Every pointed star gets driven into your body. It's like that. Hot and sharp and －lovely." Kneeling there, her hand went out toward his legs in the greasy black trousers. Her hesitant fingers almost touched the cloth. Then her hand dropped to the ground. She crouched low like a fawning dog. He said, "it's nice, just like you say. Only when you don't have no dinner, it 190ain't." She stood up then, very straight, and her face was ashamed. She held the flower pot out to him and placed it gently in his arms. "Here. Put it in your wagon, on the seat, where you can watch it. Maybe I can find something for you to do." At the back of the house she dug in the can pile and found two old and battered aluminum saucepans. She carried them back and gave them to him."Here, maybe you can fix these."His manner changed. He became professional. "Good as new I can fix them." At the back of his wagon he set a little anvil, and out of an oily tool box dug a small machine hammer. Elisa came through the gate to watch him while he pounded out the dents in the kettles. His mouth grew sure and knowing. At a difficult part of the work he sucked his under-lip. "You sleep right in the 200wagon?" Elisa asked. "Right in the wagon, ma'am. Rain or shine I'm dry as a cow in there." "It must be nice," she said. "It must be very nice. I wish women could do such things." "It ain't the right kind of a life for a woman." Her upper lip raised a little, showing her teeth. "How do you know? How can you tell?" she said. "I don't know, ma'am," he protested. "Of course I don't know.Now here's your kettles, done. You don't have to buy no new ones." "How much?" "Oh, fifty cents'll do. I keep my prices down and my work good. That's why I have all them satisfied customers up and down the highway."Elisa brought him a fifty-cent piece from the house and dropped it in his hand. "You might be surprised to have a rival some time. I can sharpen scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of 210little pots. I could show you what a woman might do." He put his hammer back in the oily box and shoved the little anvil out of sight. "It would be a lonely life for a woman, ma'am, and a scarey life, too, with animals creeping under the wagon all night." He climbed over the singletree, steadying himself with a hand on the burro's white rump. He settled himself in the seat, picked up the lines."Thank you kindly, ma'am," he said. "I'll do like you told me; I'll go back and catch the Salinas road." "Mind," she called, "if you're long in getting there, keep the sand damp." "Sand, ma'am?...sand? Oh, sure. You mean around the chrysanthemums. Sure I will." He clucked his tongue. The beasts leaned luxuriously into their collars. The mongrel dog took his place between the back wheels. The wagon turned and crawled out the entrance road and back the way it had come, along the river.220Elisa stood in front of her wire fence watching the slow progress of the caravan. Her shoulders were straight, her head thrown back, her eyes half-closed, so that the scene came vaguely into them. Her lips moved silently, forming the words "Good-bye －good-bye." Then she whispered, "That's a bright direction. There's a glowing there." The sound of her whisper startled her. She shook herself free and looked about to see whether anyone had been listening. Only the dogs had heard. They lifted their heads toward her from their sleeping in the dust, and then stretched out their chins and settled asleep again. Elisa turned and ran hurriedly into the house.In the kitchen she reached behind the stove and felt the water tank. It was full of hot water from 230the noonday cooking. In the bathroom she tore off her soiled clothes and flung them into the corner. And then she scrubbed herself with a little block of pumice, legs and thighs, loins and chest and arms, until her skin was scratched and red. When she had dried herself she stood in front of a mirror in her bedroom and looked at her body. She tightened her stomach and threw out her chest.She turned and looked over her shoulder at her back.After a while she began to dress, slowly. She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips. Before she was finished she heard the little thunder of hoofs and the shouts of Henry and his helper as they drove the red steers into the corral. She heard 240the gate bang shut and set herself for Henry's arrival. His step sounded on the porch. He entered the house calling, "Elisa, where are you?" "In my room, dressing. I'm not ready. There's hot water for your bath. Hurry up. It's getting late."When she heard him splashing in the tub, Elisa laid his dark suit on the bed, and shirt and socks and tie beside it. She stood his polished shoes on the floor beside the bed. Then she went to the porch and sat primly and stiffly down. She looked toward the river road where the willow-line was still yellow with frosted leaves so that under the high grey fog they seemed a thin band of sunshine.This was the only color in the grey afternoon. She sat unmoving for a long time. Her eyes blinked rarely. Henry came banging out of the door, shoving his tie inside his vest as he came. Elisa 250stiffened and her face grew tight. Henry stopped short and looked at her. "Why －why, Elisa.You look so nice!" "Nice? You think I look nice? What do you mean by 'nice'?"Henry blundered on. "I don't know. I mean you look different, strong and happy.""I am strong? Yes, strong. What do you mean 'strong'?" He looked bewildered. "You're playing some kind of a game," he said helplessly."It's a kind of a play. You look strong enough to break a calf over your knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon." For a second she lost her rigidity."Henry! Don't talk like that. You didn't know what you said." She grew complete again. "I'm strong," she boasted. "I never knew before how strong." Henry looked down toward the tractor shed, and when he brought his eyes back to her, they were his own again. "I'll get out the car. You 260can put on your coat while I'm starting." Elisa went into the house. She heard him drive to the gate and idle down his motor, and then she took a long time to put on her hat. She pulled it here and pressed it there. When Henry turned the motor off she slipped into her coat and went out.The little roadster bounced along on the dirt road by the river, raising the birds and driving therabbits into the brush. Two cranes flapped heavily over the willow-line and dropped into the river-bed. Far ahead on the road Elisa saw a dark speck. She knew. She tried not to look as they passed it, but her eyes would not obey. She whispered to herself sadly, "He might have thrown them off the road. That wouldn't have been much trouble, not very much. But he kept the pot," she explained. "He had to keep the pot. That's why he couldn't get them off the road." The roadster 270turned a bend and she saw the caravan ahead. She swung full around toward her husband so she could not see the little covered wagon and the mismatched team as the car passed them. In a moment it was over. The thing was done. She did not look back. She said loudly, to be heard above the motor, "It will be good, tonight, a good dinner.""Now you're changed again," Henry complained. He took one hand from the wheel and patted her knee. "I ought to take you in to dinner oftener. It would be good for both of us. We get so heavy out on the ranch." "Henry," she asked, "could we have wine at dinner?" "Sure we could. Say! That will be fine." She was silent for a while; then she said, "Henry, at those prize fights, do the men hurt each other very much?" "Sometimes a little, not often. Why?" "Well, I've read how they break 280noses, and blood runs down their chests. I've read how the fighting gloves get heavy and soggy with blood." He looked around at her. "What's the matter, Elisa? I didn't know you read things like that." He brought the car to a stop, then turned to the right over the Salinas River bridge. "Do any women ever go to the fights?" she asked. "Oh, sure, some. What's the matter, Elisa? Do you want to go? I don't think you'd like it, but I'll take you if you really want to go." She relaxed limply in the seat. "Oh, no. No. I don't want to go. I'm sure I don't." Her face was turned away from him. "It will be enough if we can have wine. It will be plenty." She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly －like an old woman.。
英国文学 1. The Anglo-Saxon Period
Stylistic Features
Kennings in Beowulf: “swan’s way”, “whale-path”, “pathway of sails” —? “shield-holder”, “sword-hero”, “spear-fighter” —? “world-candle” —?
*The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded; *Formed the Anglo-Saxon language (O.E.); * Were originally pagan (heathen) but later were converted.
II. Characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon Literature:
* Stylistic Features ?
Stylistic Features
1. Kenning
Beowulf uses a kind of figurative language called
“kenning”in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. A kenning is usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.
How does alliteration organize each verse line?
Swa begnornodon
Geata leode
hlafordes hryre,
heorðgeneatas,
cwædon þæt he wære
wyruldcyninga
Burmese Days 缅甸岁月 chapter1
Burmese Days缅甸岁月……By Sunny Who201807019 Chapter1U Po Kyin,Sub-divisional再分的Magistrate1地方行政官of Kyauktada凯奥克他达, in Upper Burma上缅甸,was sitting in his veranda走廊；阳台.It was only half past eight,but the month was April,and there was a closeness亲密感in the air,a threat 凶兆of the long,stifling令人窒息的midday hours.Occasional faint breaths of wind偶尔微弱的风,seeming cool by contrast,stirred the newly drenched湿透的orchids兰花that hung from the eaves屋檐.Beyond the orchids one could see the dusty,curved trunk of a palm tree棕榈树,and then the blazing燃烧的ultramarine深蓝色sky.Up in the zenith在天顶,so high that it dazzled v.感到眼花缭乱的one to look at them,a few vultures秃鹰circled without the quiver颤抖of a wing.Unblinking不眨眼的,rather like a great porcelain瓷的idol宠儿,U Po Kyin gazed out凝视into the fierce sunlight.He was a man of fifty,so fat that for years he had not risen from his chair without help,and yet shapely形状美观的and even beautiful in his grossness粗野;for the Burmese缅甸人do not sag下垂and bulge膨胀like white men,but grow fat symmetrically匀称地,like fruits swelling肿胀.His face was vast巨大的,yellow and quite unwrinkled,and his eyes were tawny黄褐色的；.His feet--squat蹲伏,high-arched高足弓feet with the toes all the same length--were bare, and so was his cropped裁切不正的head,and he wore one of those vivid Arakanese longyis with green and magenta紫红色（的染料）checks格which the Burmese wear on informal occasions.He was chewing betel萎叶from a lacquered box漆盒on the table,and thinking about his past life.It had been a brilliantly灿烂地；辉煌地successful life.U Po Kyin's earliest memory, back in the eighties,was of standing持续，地位,a naked pot-bellied圆肚的child, watching the British troops march victorious胜利的into Mandalay.He rememberedthe terror恐怖he had felt of those columns列of great beef-fed men,red-faced面红耳赤的and red-coated;and the long rifles over their shoulders,and the heavy, rhythmic有节奏的tramp沉重的脚步声of their boots.He had taken to喜欢his heels after watching them for a few minutes.In his childish幼稚的way he had grasped that his own people were no match for无法对抗this race of giants强大的种族.To fight on the side of the British与英国人并肩作战,to become a parasite寄生虫upon them,had been his ruling主要的ambition,even as a child.At seventeen he had tried for谋求；争取a Government appointment政府任命,but he had failed to get it,being poor and friendless,and for three years he had worked in the stinking臭的labyrinth迷宫of the Mandalay bazaars（东方国家的）市场, clerking for担任the rice merchants米业有限公司and sometimes stealing.Then when he was twenty a lucky stroke of blackmail讹诈，敲诈put him in possession of 让他拥有four hundred rupees卢比,and he went at once to Rangoon and bought his way into a Government clerkship在政府职员的帮助下.The job was a lucrative可获利的one though the salary was small.At that time a ring of clerks were making a steady income by misappropriating挪用Government stores,and Po Kyin(he was plain朴素的，平凡的Po Kyin then:the honorific尊敬的U came years later)took naturally to this kind of thing.However,he had too much talent to spend his life in a clerkship,stealing miserably糟糕地in an nasi米饭（马来语）and pice印度铜币.One day he discovered that the Government,being short of minor officials小官员,were going to make some appointments from among the clerks.The news would have become public in another week,but it was one of Po Kyin's qualities that his information was always a week ahead of everyone else's.He saw his chance and denounced谴责all his confederates共谋者before they could take alarm因……惊恐.Most of them were sent to prison坐牢，入狱,and Po Kyin was made an Assistant Township Officer 乡管助理as the reward of his honesty.Since then he had risen steadily稳定地.Now, at fifty-six,he was a Sub-divisional Magistrate,and he would probably be promoted still further and made an acting代理的，临时的Deputy Commissioner副局长,withEnglishmen as his equals（地位、实力等）相同或相等的人and even his subordinates 下级.As a magistrate地方官his methods were simple.Even for the vastest bribe贿赂he would never sell the decision of a case,because he knew that a magistrate who gives wrong judgments is caught sooner or later.His practice,a much safer one,was to take bribes from both sides接受双方的贿赂and then decide the case on strictly legal grounds在严格的法律依据.This won him a useful reputation for impartiality公平.Besides his revenue收入from litigants诉讼当事人ceaseless不断的toll通行费,a sort of private taxation scheme私人税收计划,fromall thetribute--gangs帮派of dacoits（印度、缅甸的）土匪，盗贼attacked the village,leading villagers were arrested on false charges错误的指控,and so forth--and it was never long before the amount was paid up全部付清.He also shared the proceeds收益of all the larger-sized大型的robberies抢掠that took place in the district.Most of this,of course,was known to everyone except U Po Kyin's official superiors上级长官(no British officer will ever believe anything against his own men)but the attempts to expose him invariably总是failed;his supporters,kept loyal by their share of the loot 战利品,were too numerous.When any accusation控告，指责was brought against 指控him,U Po Kyin simply discredited败坏（或破坏）…的名声it with strings of suborned被收买的witnesses,following this up by counter-accusations反控which left him in a stronger position让他处于更有利的位置than ever.He was practically invulnerable无懈可击的,because he was too fine a judge of men ever to choose a wrong instrument,and also because he was too absorbed in intrigue阴谋ever to fail through carelessness or ignorance由于疏忽大意或无知.One could say with practical certainty that he would never be found out,that he would go from success to success, and would finally die full of honour,worth several lakhs of rupees.And even beyond the grave his success would continue.According to Buddhist佛教的belief,those who have done evil in their lives will spend the next incarnation化身；道成肉身in the shape of a rat,a frog or some other low animal.U Po Kyin was a good Buddhist and intended to provide against预防this danger.He would devote his closing years晚年to good works,which would pile up enough merit to outweigh比...更重the rest of his life.Probably his good works would take the form of building pagodas.Four pagodas,five,six,seven--the priests神甫would tell him how many--with carved stonework,gilt镀金的umbrellas and little bells that tinkled（使）发出丁当声in the wind,every tinkle n.叮当声a prayer.And he would return to the earth in male human shape--for a woman ranks at about the same level as a rat or a frog--or at best最多as some dignified高贵的beast such as an elephant.All these thoughts flowed through U Po Kyin's mind swiftly and for the most part in pictures.His brain,though cunning狡猾的,was quite barbaric野蛮的,and it never worked except for some definite end;mere仅仅meditation（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思was beyond him.He had now reached the point to which his thoughts had been tending照顾.Putting his smallish短小的,triangular三角（形）的hands on the arms of his chair,he turned himself a little way round让自己转了一圈and called,rather wheezily气喘地:'Ba Taik!Hey,Ba Taik!'Ba Taik,appeared through the beaded珠状的curtain of the veranda.He was an under-sized矮小,pock-marked有痘疤的man with a timid胆小的and rather hungry饥肠辘辘expression.U Po Kyin paid him no wages,for he was a convicted已被判刑的thief whom a word would send to prison.As Ba Taik advanced he shikoed颤抖,so low as to give the impression that he was stepping backwards.'Most holy god?'he said.'Is anyone waiting to see me,Ba Taik?'Ba Taik enumerated数the visitors upon his fingers:'There is the headman of Thitpingyi village,your honour,who has brought presents,and two villagers who have an assault case that is to be tried by your honour,and they too have brought presents.Ko Ba Sein,the head clerk of the Deputy Commissioner’s office,wishes to see you,and there is Ali Shah,the police constable警员,and a dacoit（印度、缅甸的）土匪，盗贼whose name I do not know.I think they have quarreled about some gold bangles手镯they have stolen.And there is also a young village girl with a baby.''What does she want?'said U Po Kyin.'She says that the baby is yours,most holy one.''Ah.And how much has the headman brought?'Ba Taik thought it was only ten rupees and a basket of mangoes.'Tell the headman,'said U Po Kyin,'that it should be twenty rupees,and there will be trouble for him and his village if the money is not here tomorrow.I will see the others presently.Ask Ko Ba Sein to come to me here.'Ba Sein appeared in a moment.He was an erect笔直的,narrow-shouldered窄肩man,very tall for a Burman,with a curiously smooth face that recalled想起a coffee blancmange咖啡牛奶冻.U Po Kyin found him a useful tool.Unimaginative无趣的and hardworking,he was an excellent clerk,and Mr Macgregor,the DeputyCommissioner,put in a good temper by his thoughts,greeted Ba Sein with a laugh and waved to the betel box.'Well,Ko Ba Sein,how does our affair progress?I hope that,as dear Mr Macgregor would say'--U Po Kyin broke into English--'"eet ees making perceptible progress"?'Ba Sein did not smile at the small joke.Sitting down stiff僵硬and long-backed伸直要背in the vacant chair空椅子,he answered:'Excellently,sir.Our copy of the paper arrived this morning.Kindly温和地observe.'He produced a copy of a bilingual paper called the Burmese Patriot爱国者.It was a miserable悲惨的，痛苦的eight-page rag破布,villainously卑鄙地printed on paper as bad as blotting paper吸墨纸,and composed partly of一部分是由……组成news stolen from the Rangoon Gazette仰光公报,partly of weak Nationalist heroics弱势民族英雄.On the last page the type had slipped犯错and left the entire sheet片，纸张jet black乌黑,as though in mourning for为……戴孝the smallness of the paper's circulation.The article to which U Po Kyin turned was of a rather different stamp from the rest.It ran:In these happy times,when we poor blacks are being uplifted提高（地位）by the mighty强有力的western civilization,with its manifold各式各样的blessings（上帝的）祝福such as the cinematograph电影放映机,machine-guns机关枪,syphilis梅毒,etc.,what subject could be more inspiring than the private lives of our European benefactors捐助者?We think therefore that it may interest our readers to hear something of events in the up-country内地的district of Kyauktada凯奥克他达.And especially of Mr Macgregor,honoured Deputy Commissioner of said上述的district.Mr Macgregor is of the type……的类型of the Fine Old English Gentleman,such as, in these happy days,we have so many examples before our eyes.He is'a family man' as our dear English cousins say.Very much a family man is Mr Macgregor.So much so that he has already three children in the district of Kyauktada,where he has been ayear,and in his last district of Shwemyo什韦米约he left six young progenies n.子孙；后裔behind him.Perhaps it is an oversight疏忽on Mr Macgregor's part that he has left these young infants婴儿quite unprovided for无生活来源的,and that some of their mothers are in danger of starvation,etc.,etc.,etc.There was a column of similar stuff,and wretched as it was,it was well above the level of远高于the rest of the paper.U Po Kyin read the article carefully through, holding it at arm's length在手臂伸得到的地方--he was long-sighted眼光远大的--and drawing his lips meditatively冥想地back拉开,exposing great numbers of small,perfect teeth,blood-red血红的from betel juice槟榔汁.'The editor will get six months'imprisonment关押，监禁for this,'he said finally.'He does not mind.He says that the only time when his creditors债主leave him alone is when he is in prison.''And you say that your little apprentice学徒clerk Hla Pe wrote this article all by himself?That is a very clever boy--a most promising有前途的boy!Never tell me again that these Government High Schools are a waste of time.Hla Pe shall certainly have his clerkship书记的职位.''You think then,sir,that this article will be enough?'U Po Kyin did not answer immediately.A puffing吹捧,labouring费劲的noise began to proceed from由……发出him;he was trying to rise from his chair.Ba Taik was familiar with this sound.He appeared from behind the beaded curtain,and he and Ba Sein put a hand under each of U Po Kyin's armpits腋窝and hoisted把…吊起him to his feet拎起来.U Po Kyin stood for a moment balancing the weight of his belly肚子upon his legs,with the movement of a fish porter鱼贩子adjusting hisload负荷.Then he'Not enough,'he said,answering Ba Sein's question,'not enough by any means无论如何，总之.There is a lot to be done yet.But this is the right beginning.Listen.'He went to the rail扶手to spit out a scarlet深红色mouthful of一口betel,and then began to quarter把……分成四份the veranda with short steps,his hands behind his back.The friction摩擦力of his vast thighs大腿made him waddle摇摆地走slightly.As he walked he talked,in the base jargon行话of the Government offices--a patchwork混杂物of Burmese verbs and English abstract phrases抽象词语:'Now,let us go into this affair from the beginning.We are going to make a concerted 协定的attack on共同攻击Dr Veraswami,who is the Civil Surgeon公民的外科医生and Superintendent监督人；负责人of the jail.We are going to slander诽谤him, destroy his reputation and finally ruin him for ever.It will be rather a delicate operation高难度的操作.''Yes,sir.''There will be no risk无风险,but we have got to go slowly.We are not proceeding against控诉a miserable clerk or police constable.We are proceeding against a high official,and with a high official,even when he is an Indian,it is not the same as with a clerk.How does one ruin a clerk?Easy;an accusation,two dozen witnesses, dismissal免职and imprisonment监禁.But that will not do here.Softly,softly,softly is my way.No scandal丑闻；流言蜚语,and above all no official inquiry官方调查. There must be no accusations that can be answered,and yet within three months I must fix it in the head of在……领导下every European in Kyauktada that the doctor is a villain坏人，恶棍.What shall I accuse him of?Bribes赃物will not do,a doctor does not get bribes to any extent在任何程度上.What then?''We could perhaps arrange a mutiny兵变；叛乱in the jail,'said Ba Sein.'As superintendent,the doctor would be blamed.''No,it is too dangerous.I do not want the jail warders监狱看守firing their rifles in all directions.Besides,it would be expensive.Clearly,then,it must be disloyalty--Nationalism不忠——民族主义,seditious propaganda煽动性的宣传.We must persuade the Europeans that the doctor holds disloyal,anti-British opinions. That is far worse than bribery[法]贿赂；受贿;they expect a native official to take bribes.But let them suspect his loyalty even for a moment,and he is ruined.''It would be a hard thing to prove,'objected反对Ba Sein.'The doctor is very loyal to the Europeans.He grows angry when anything is said against them.They will know that,do you not think?''Nonsense,nonsense,'said U Po Kyin comfortably.'No European cares anything about proofs.When a man has a black face,suspicion怀疑IS proof.A few anonymous匿名的letters will work wonders产生奇妙作用.It is only a question of persisting坚持;accuse,accuse,go on accusing--that is the way with Europeans.One anonymous letter after another,to every European in turn.And then,when their suspicions are thoroughly完全地，彻底地aroused--'U Po Kyin brought one short arm from behind his back and clicked his thumb and finger.He added:'We begin with this article in the Burmese Patriot.The Europeans will shout with rage愤怒地when they see it.Well,the next move is to persuade them that it was the doctor who wrote it.''It will be difficult while he has friends among the Europeans.All of them go to himwhen they are ill.He his flatulence肠胃气胀this cold weather.They consider him a very clever doctor,I believe.''How little you understand the European mind,Ko Ba Sein!If the Europeans go toVeraswami it is only because there is no other doctor in Kyauktada.No European has any faith in a man with a black face.No,with anonymous letters it is only a question of sending enough.I shall soon see to it that he has no friends.'There is Mr Flory,the timber merchant木材商人said Ba Sein.(He pronounced it 'Mr Porley'.)'He is a close friend of the doctor.I see him go to his house every morning when he is in Kyauktada.Twice he has even invited the doctor to dinner.''Ah,now there you are right.If Flory were a friend of the doctor it could do us harm. You cannot hurt an Indian when he has a European friend.It gives him--what is that word they are so fond of?--prestige威望.But Flory will desert遗弃his friend quickly enough when the trouble begins.These people have no feeling of loyalty towards a native.Besides,I happen to know that Flory is a coward懦夫.I can deal with him.Your part,Ko Ba Sein,is to watch Mr Macgregor's movements.Has he written to the Commissioner lately--written confidentially秘密地,I mean?''He wrote two days ago,but when we steamed蒸the letter open we found it was nothing of importance.''Ah well,we will give him something to write about.And as soon as he suspects the doctor,then is the time for that other affair I spoke to you of.Thus we shall--what does Mr Macgregor say?Ah yes,"kill two birds with one stone".A whole flock of birds一群鸟--ha,ha!'U Po Kyin's laugh was a disgusting bubbling冒泡的sound deep down in his belly在他的肚子里,like the preparation for a cough;yet it was merry,even childlike.He did not say any more about the'other affair',which was too private to be discussed even upon the veranda.Ba Sein,seeing the interview at an end,stood up and bowed, angular有棱角的as a jointed有活动接头的ruler.'Is there anything else your honour wishes done?'he said.'Make sure that Mr Macgregor has his copy of the Burmese Patriot.You had better tell Hla Pe to have an attack of dysentery痢疾病情发作and stay away from离…远点the office.I shall want him for the writing of the anonymous匿名的letters.That is all for the present.''Then I may go,sir?''God go with you,'said U Po Kyin rather abstractedly心不在焉地,and at once shouted again for Ba Taik.He never wasted a moment of his day.It did not take him long to deal with the other visitors and to send the village girl away unrewarded, having examined her face and said that he did not recognize her.It was now his breakfast time.Violent pangs突然的剧痛of hunger饥饿,which attacked him punctually准时地at this hour every morning,began to torment折磨his belly.He shouted urgently:'Ba Taik!Hey,Ba Taik!Kin Kin!My breakfast!Be quick,I am starving挨饿的.'In the living-room behind the curtain a table was already set out with a huge bowl of rice and a dozen plates containing curries咖喱,dried prawns大虾，对虾and sliced （食物）已切成薄片的green mangoes.U Po Kyin waddled（像鸭子一样）摇摇摆摆地走to the table,sat down with a grunt咕噜声and at once threw himself on the food全身心投入到食物当中.Ma Kin,his wife,stood behind him and served him. She was a thin woman of five and forty,with a kindly,pale brown浅褐色,simian猴子一般的face.U Po Kyin took no notice of没有理睬her while he was eating.With the bowl close to his nose he stuffed塞满了the food into himself with swift很快, greasy油脂的fingers,breathing fast.All his meals were swift,passionate热情的and enormous;they were not meals so much as orgies纵欲,debauches放荡of curry咖哩饭菜and rice.When he had finished he sat back,belched打嗝several times and told Ma Kin to fetch him a green Burmese cigar.He never smoked English tobacco烟草,which he declared had no taste in it对它毫无兴趣.Presently,with Ba Taik's help,U Po Kyin dressed in his office clothes,and stood for a while admiring himself in the long mirror in the living-room.It was a wooden-walled room with two pillars柱子,still recognizable可辨认的as teak-trunks柚木树干, supporting the roof-tree屋顶,and it was dark and sluttish邋遢的as all Burmese rooms are,though U Po Kyin had furnished it'Ingaleik fashion'with a veneered sideboard贴面餐具柜and chairs,some lithographs平版印刷品of the Royal Family and a fire extinguisher灭火器.The floor was covered with bamboo mats竹席,much splashed溅落by lime酸橙and betel juice.Ma Kin was sitting on a mat in the corner,stitching缝合an ingyi.U Po Kyin turned slowly before the mirror,trying to get a glimpse of瞥见his back view后视图.He was dressed in a gaungbaung of pale pink浅桃红silk,an ingyi of starched硬挺的muslin平纹细布,and a paso of Mandalay silk,a gorgeous salmon-pink brocaded with yellow.With an effort he turned his head round and looked,pleased,at the paso tight紧and shining on his enormous buttocks臀部.He was proud of his fatness, because he saw the accumulated flesh积累了的肉as the symbol of his greatness.He who had once been obscure晦涩的and hungry was now fat,rich and feared.He was swollen肿大的with the bodies of his enemies;a thought from which he extracted提取something very near poetry.'My new paso was cheap at twenty-two rupees,hey,Kin Kin?'he said.Ma Kin bent her head低下头over her sewing.She was a simple,old-fashioned守旧的woman,who had learned even less of European habits than U Po Kyin.She could not sit on a chair without discomfort不适.Every morning she went to thebazaar集市with a basket on her head,like a village woman,and in the evenings she could be seen kneeling in the garden,praying to the white spire教堂)尖顶，尖塔of the pagoda向宝塔的白塔尖角that crowned是……的顶端the town.She had been the confidante红颜知己of U Po Kyin's intrigues阴谋，密谋策划for twenty years and more.'Ko Po Kyin,'she said,'you have done very much evil in your life.'U Po Kyin waved his hand.'What does it matter?My pagodas will atone赎罪，补偿for everything.There is plenty of time.'Ma Kin bent her head over her sewing again,in an obstinate顽固的，倔强的way she had when she disapproved of不赞成something that U Po Kyin was doing.'But,Ko Po Kyin,where is the need for all this scheming诡计多端的and intriguing 有趣的；迷人的?I heard you talking with Ko Ba Sein on the veranda.You are planning some evil against Dr Veraswami.Why do you wish to harm that Indian doctor?He is a good man.''What do you know of these official matters,woman?The doctor stands in my way阻碍.In the first place he refuses to take bribes,which makes it difficult for the rest of us.And besides--well,there is something else which you would never have the brains to understand让大脑去理解.''Ko Po Kyin,you have grown rich and powerful,and what good has it ever done you? We were happier when we were poor.Ah,I remember so well when you were only a Township Officer,the first time we had a house of our own.How proud we were of our new wicker柳条furniture,and your fountain pen钢笔with the gold clip（塑料或金属的）夹子!And when the young English police-officer came to our house and sat in the best chair and drank a bottle of beer,how honoured we thought ourselves!Happiness is not in money.What can you want with more money now?''Nonsense,woman,nonsense!Attend to注意your cooking and sewing and leave official matters to those who understand them.''Well,I do not know.I am your wife and have always obeyed服从，听从you.But at least it is never too soon to acquire merit获得利益.Strive to力图acquire more merit, Ko Po Kyin!Will you not,for instance,buy some live fish and set them free in the river?One can acquire much merit in that way.Also,this morning when the priests祭司came for their rice they told me that there are two new priests at the monastery僧院，寺院,and they are hungry.Will you not give them something,Ko Po Kyin?I did not give them anything myself,so that you might acquire the merit of doing it.'U Po Kyin turned away from the mirror.The appeal touched him a little.He never, when it could be done without inconvenience,missed a chance of acquiring merit.In his eyes his pile of merit was a kind of bank deposit,everlastingly永久地，持久地growing.Every fish set free in the river,every gift to a priest,was a step nearer Nirvana涅槃；天堂.It was a reassuring安心的thought.He directed指导that the basket of mangoes brought by the village headman should be sent down to the monastery.Presently he left the house and started down the road,with Ba Taik behind him carrying a file of papers.He walked slowly,very upright直立的to balance his vast belly,and holding a yellow silk umbrella over his head.His pink paso glittered闪烁in the sun like a satin praline一个缎果仁糖.He was going to the court,to try his day's cases.。
01-Chapter One PPT
meaning of a message
'bottom-up' processes
To use linguistic knowledge to understand the meaning of a message.
To build meaning from lower level sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings in order to arrive at the final message.
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Listening Competence
讲师 课程
1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Competence
Listening processes listening skills and methods listening competence
meaning of message lexical meanings
grammatical relationships
words
sounds
1.1 Listening process
top-down process
Listening hension
bottom-up process
While Sara seems to represent the majority of the students' opinions on the matter, there are some who have their doubts. "Security cameras take away our privacy," states a male student at the school. A few like him agree that the constant surveillance may make the most innocent students feel nervous. School is designed to be a safe learning environment, and no child should feel insecure. But because the district has assured that the video will not be viewed on a regular basis and only at a time when a situation arises, it can be argued that invasion of privacy will be minimal.
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商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了，它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上，以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上，世界各地到处可见。
现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。
目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌；其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。
但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司，很有可能把事情做大。
一些人认为，在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下，或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下，中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上，若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上，那末 10 年之内，中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。
总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）说：“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力，那么这个国家就是中国。
”短期之内，中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品，当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品，例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。
中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞（Taylor Nelson Sofres）市场调研公司的中国区总经理 Kevin Tan 说：“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。
化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品，假如你要做化妆品，你会一下子就发现，中国化妆品来头不小。
”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌，也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品，它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。
这些中国品牌中的一部分，最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。
而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说，这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体，同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。
整个 20 世纪 90 年代，“中国品牌”这个概念一直在发育着，而目前在国内受到的重视更大了。
虽然国内市场依然需求旺盛，但是一批国有企业，包括一些上市公司，现在都认为自己的产品和管理已经有所提高，因而都在力图树立自己的国际品牌。
在中国的合资企业认为，他们的产品被国外的消费者看作具有东方异域情调，因而具有一定的优势，同时在质量上，又可以在任何地方与国外品牌展开竞争。
品牌国际化可以带来更多的收益，同时可以提升公司在国内的形象，从而吸引那些注重品牌与地位的国内消费者购买。
例如，中国软饮料制造商健力宝公司的总裁韩为先（音译）说，健力宝在海外开发自己的市场，有一部分原因是为了在中国公众中“树立良好的形象”，这种国际化的形象反过来可以增加健力宝在中国国内的销售。
但是，建立品牌需要时间、资金和对市场的洞察力。
一些中国品牌依靠具有竞争力的定价打入了国际市场，但同时也运用了其他策略。
健力宝强调它的饮料适合亚洲人口味，定位为能够补充水分的运动饮料，是中国运动员的首选。
而空调制造商美的正努力获得更大的品牌认同。
海尔是中国领先的家用电器生产商之一，海尔等公司的战略很明确，不在价格上做文章，而是靠产品质量、高效的分销和售后服务赢得市场。
再举个例子，亚洲战略投资有限公司（即Asimco）是由美国直接投资的公司，他们最近收购了五星啤酒，并且把五星啤酒定位成高档品牌。
当然，正如总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）指出的，国际化营销并不等于国际化品牌。
而且，对中国企业而言国际化品牌还处于一个初级阶段。
设在青岛的中国青岛啤酒的海外部经理楚梁津（音）说，首当其冲的是推广国际化品牌的投资资金很难到位。
他解释说：“用于再投入促进品牌在海外形象的资金不得超过我们的出口销售总额的 5％”。
他又说青岛啤酒正努力游说外汇管理局更改对国有企业的这项规定。
但由于政府强调防止外汇流失，取消这项规定的机会渺茫。
上述 5%的海外投资限制只针对国有企业，肯定阻碍了中国品牌的发展。
相对而言，私有企业有较大的投资自由。
例如健力宝公司为了在美国市场上推广健力宝品牌，已经投资了大约1000 万美元。
但是该公司总经理李经纬（音译）明白这点钱是微不足道的。
坐在三水健，李总经理估计，健力宝要想力宝生产基地的办公室里（三水市距离广州有 40 分钟的车程）在美国确立其品牌知名度，公司需要开支的费用至少在 5000 万到 1 亿美元之间。
他相信消费者会喜欢健力宝的系列运动饮料和软饮料（味道极似可口可乐公司的可口可乐、雪碧和橙汁芬达），但他又说：“我们需要资金来宣传自己”。
可口可乐香港公司副总裁兼可口可乐中国公司海外事业部 B. C. Lo 经理说：“我不敢肯定健力宝是否真正能够进入美国市场，或者能够发展成为一个国际品牌，但可以肯定的是在中”国市场，健力宝是可口可乐一个强有力的竞争对手。
实际上，健力宝产品已经出口了 20 多个国家。
但是要想成为一个真正的有实力的海外市场竞争者，健力宝还需要投入大量的金钱和时间。
去年，健力宝在美国市场上只销售了20 万箱饮料（一箱24 瓶或听）。
虽然健力宝已经在美国投资举办了一系列的促销活动：1997 年捐款 10 万美元救助美国洪灾；在美国小姐选美大赛上大做广告；1997 年赞助两万美元举办“健力宝杯”高尔夫球锦标赛，但是比起可口可乐公司的促销活动来，健力宝公司的这些市场促销就是小巫见大巫了。
中国品牌在国际市场上大有希望的一个领域是中低技术水平的白色家电业。
据估计，中国品牌的电冰箱和洗衣机大约占了国内市场的90%，空调70%—80%，彩电60%。
香港 A.T.科尔尼咨询公司副总裁菲利普·戴说：“很多行业的产品质量已经得到了很大的提高，具”有很强的适销性。
我们注意到，中国各家公司强化了营销工作。
海尔是中国最为著名的家电品牌之一。
在精力充沛的总裁张瑞敏的领导下，该公司从原来的一个亏损企业转变为有能力向海外出口产品的大公司。
该公司声称，日本进口洗衣机的 60% 是它的产品，美国市场上 36 升到 180 升电冰箱市场份额的 20%由它控制。
去年前 11 个月，海尔向美出口电冰箱 1560 万美元，而 1997 年全年为 1260 万美元。
上海的荷兰银行所属的证券部的一位分析师马利欧·朱说，海尔的营销团队为该公司在欧洲建立起了知名度，目前又在美国开展工作。
马利欧·朱补充说，“海尔在当地设立了一些研究中心，这些研究中心给公司提供最新的市场需求信息。
海尔的广告攻势很凌厉，研发工作也很出色。
”张瑞敏说，海尔的优势在于产品质量高，销售和服务网络好。
与大多数跨国公司相比，海尔在营销方面的开销的确不算很多。
在美国，海尔的促销预算仅仅占其在美国销售额的 1%，可以说微不足道。
海尔在纽约的第五大道已经开了一家专卖店，并于 3 月聘请了洛杉矶的一家设计公司，让其根据美国消费者的喜好来设计冰箱。
张瑞敏坦言：在美国普通消费者心目中，海尔还没有“发展成为一个真正的品牌”，但同时他也指出，海尔品牌正开始得到冰箱制造商、分销商和专卖店的一些认可。
美国市场上的另一个中国品牌是美的公司，这是一家集体企业，在广州大量生产空调。
1997 年，美的公司的销售收入达到了 3.865 亿美元，其中 7,000 万美元来自出口。
公司海外部主管彭强说，美的于 1998 年开始致力于开发海外市场，预计今年销售总额将达到 6.04 亿美元，其中出口额将达到 8,000 万美元。
彭强相信，美的开发海外市场的“时机已经成熟”，美的公司将双管齐下，同时在价格上和品牌认知度上展开竞争。
彭强还说，“为了进一步提升美的品牌的认知度，我们将参加更多的海外展览会，同时我们已经扩大了广告宣传力度，特别是在香港”。
中国品牌借助于外国公司的力量，往往具有营销预算大幅度增加和更易获得管理知识两方面的优势。
然而这些外国公司的收购行为有着更大的目标，尽管它们购买这些中国品牌的目的，一般都是为了获得其在中国的消费市场和分销渠道。
香港 A.T. 科尔尼咨询公司副总裁菲利普·戴说：“买断中国品牌的跨国公司并不打算把这些中国品牌的业务局限于中国国内市场。
它们并不一定要立即被拿去与海外的优质品牌进行竞争，但是有可能拿到其它的细分市场上去参与竞争。
我认为，从长远来看，中国品牌将成为跨国公司在国际市场上强有力的竞争对手。
”以英荷合资的联合利华为例，它是世界上最大的消费品公司之一，每年的销售额大约500 亿美元。
这个巨型公司于 7 月购买了主营泡菜和酱油的中国品牌“老蔡”，目标是五年内打入国际市场。
为了让消费者熟悉这个品牌，联合利华专门投入了一笔费用，但不愿透露具体的数字。
亚洲战略投资管理（Asimco）公司于 1995 年取得了对五星啤酒的控股权，当时这是一家已有 80 年生产历史的国有啤酒酿造厂，厂址在北京。
Asimco 公司北京办事处负责人Jack Perkowski 表示，这个品牌经过全面革新、重新包装并且以溢价转卖后，将在海外市场上与青岛啤酒展开激烈的竞争。
青岛啤酒自 1978 年以来就出口北美市场，最近三年在北美市场的年销售额大约是 700 万美元。
英国某经纪公司驻港的一位啤酒行业的分析师认为，相比之下，五星啤酒将会“成为美国进口的啤酒品牌中进口数量少于青岛啤酒的品牌之一”。
五星啤酒之所以进军美国市场这么快，原因之一是 Asimco 公司选择了佛罗里达州的北方饮料公司作为批发商，而这个公司的工作效率非常高。
首批四个集装箱的五星啤酒于9 月运抵美国。
Asimco 公司北京办事处负责人Jack Perkowski 估计，如果一切进展顺利的话，大约两到三年之后，Asimco 公司每年将在美国卖出 300 万箱的五星啤酒，五星啤酒也将挤入在美国最为畅销的25 个外国品牌的行列。
目前排在这个畅销名单首位的是墨西哥的“克罗娜”品牌啤酒。
（Corona）纽约的化妆品企业高帝公司也极具扩张野心。
1996 年，高帝公司和靳羽西化妆品公司合资在中国成立了一家合资企业。
靳羽西化妆品（Yue-Sai Kan Cosmetics）公司成立于此前四年，老板是充满魅力的美籍华人靳羽西。
靳羽西出生在中国，如今在她的祖国可谓家喻户晓。
羽西公司在法律上是一个全资的美国公司，却是中国彩妆市场上的主导品牌。
通过这次联合，高帝公司几乎一夜之间成了中国市场上的首选品牌。
该合资企业于 10 月又在上海投资 2000 万美元开办了一座工厂，还设立了研发中心。
高帝公司的执行副总裁 Jean-Andre Rougeot 说：“我们想把羽西品牌做成中国的第一个化妆品国际品牌。
中国作为一个经济强国将会在未来的五到十年继续繁荣发展下去。
作为这种发展的一部分，人们将看到越来越多的中国品牌。