FCE语用1
FCE第八讲语用part2
语用PART2 BEVERLY 老师语用 Part 2prepositionsSimple prepositionsThese are words like at, in, for, to, with, on, off, out, etc.He is in the office.She sat on the bench.She is angry with him.Compound prepositionsThese are words like above, before, behind, below, across, among, around, beside and between. Compound prepositions are generally formed by adding the prefix ‘a-‘ or ‘by-‘ to a noun, an adjective or an adverb.Phrase prepositionsThese are groups of words that serve as prepositions. Examplesare: according to, along with, because of, in front of, by means of, on behalf of, in accordance with, in addition to, with reference to and in spite of.Owing to his ill health, he retired from business.She stood in front of the mirror.I can’t get along with him.Prepositionsprepositions indicating timeIn English, we use several prepositions to show time. The most common among them are: since, for, by, during and within. The sequences from-to and from-until are also used to talk about time.We have lived in this city since 2007. (We arrived in this city in 2007 and have lived here ever since.)She has been gone since Tuesday. (She went on Tuesday and has not returned yet.)I am going to Vienna for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)I work from nine to six.I will be here from three o’clock onwards.The program lasted from 3 to 6. (Beginning at 3 and ending at 6)It rained during the night. (For a certain period of time in the night)We must finish the work within a year. (= No longer than a year)Since and forThese prepositions are often confused. Since is used to reckon from a particular date. For is used for a period.Incorrect: I am ill since three months.Correct: I have been ill for three months.Correct: I have been ill since May.When since / for indicates time, the verb in the main clause should be in the present perfect or past perfect tense.Incorrect: This is my first time to play tennis since a long time. Correct: I have not played tennis for a long time. / This is my first game of tennis for a long time.talk about position/place. Instead, we use in front of.A tall guy was standing in front of me.There were hundreds of people in front of me in the queue.The professor stood in front of the desk.The opposite of in front of is behind.When the professor stands in front of the desk, the desk is behind him. Who is that fat guy standing behind Jane?As a preposition, before normally indicates time. It is the oppositeof after.I need to be there before 8 pm. (NOT I need to be there in front of 8 pm.) The teacher told us that we should be in our seats at or before 9 am.Before (conjunction or adverb)Before can also be used as a conjunction or an adverb clause of time.I should get to work before my boss arrives.I will give you a ring before I leave.Before she married Justin, she dated another guy for a couple of years. AcrossAcross is a preposition. In British English, across means ‘from one side to the other’.He walked across the road.Across can also mean on the opposite side of a road, line etc.My sister lives across the road.Despite and in spite ofDespite and in spite of mean exactly the same, ‘without taking any notice of or being influenced by’, but despite is more common than in spite of. Despite and in spite of are prepositions. Both expressions can be followed by a noun or verb+-ing.I enjoyed the movie despite having a headache.OR I enjoyed the movie in spite of having a headache.Both expressions are used for saying that something happens although something else might have prevented it.The government went ahead with its decision to build the nuclear power station despite / in spite of widespread opposition.Despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that Despite and in spite of cannot be directly followed by a that-clause. Before a that-clause, we use the expression the fact.He still loves her despite the fact that she cheated on him.OR He still loves her in spite of the fact that she cheated on him. Many people are successful despite the fact that they do not have a university degree. (NOT Many people are successful despite that they do not have a university degree.)Despite yourselfTo do something despite yourself is to do it even though you didn’t intend to.The boy found the money on the table and took it despite himself. (The boy had no intention to take the money; he took it, nonetheless.) Never use of after despite. Always use of after in spite.The same ideas can be expressed using though and although.We enjoyed the evening though / although the weather was bad.She always looks cheerful though / although she has many problems. Note that though and although are conjunctions. They should be followed by a clause.Compare to and compare withTo show likeness, compare is usually used with to.Life is often compared to a dream.She likes to compare herself to her mother.My mother always compared me to my brother.To show differences, compare is usually used with ‘with’.We can’t compare dogs with cats. (There are far more differences between them than there are similarities.)My mother was never satisfied with my academic performance. She always compared me with my brother who used to get better grades. As a general rule, use compare with when differences are more important than similarities. Use compare to when similarities are more important. Of course, these differences are not very important.Correspond to / correspond withTo correspond to something is to match up with something.This pin does not correspond to the receptacle it is supposed to fit into. To correspond with somebody is to write letters back and forth.I think you should correspond with the manager about this.Differ from / differ withYou can differ with a person. Things can differ from totally different things.Her mother differed with her over her decision to split with her boyfriend.I beg to differ with you.Our products differ from theirs because they are more intuitive.Tablets differ from laptops in many ways. First, they do not have a physical keyword. Second,…Exchange with / exchange forWe exchange something for something.I would like to exchange my car for a faster one.He exchanged dollars for Euros.I exchanged pleasantries with her.Across means from one side to the other.She walked across the road. (= She walked from one side of the road to the other side.)Across can be used to talk about movement from one place, space or line to the other.The airplane flying across the Atlantic when it developed engine trouble. They are building a bridge across the river. (= The bridge will extend from one side of the river to the other side.)Across can also be used to show the width of something.The river is only a few meters across in some places.Across can show position. It means on the opposite side of a road, river, line etc.There is a petrol pump just across the road. (= The petrol pump is onthe opposite side of the road.)Across can also be used to show position in many partsof an area or country.They have several offices across Europe. (= They have several offices in many parts of Europe.)Across as a prepositionAcross can also be used for saying that something affects a large part of your body.Suddenly he felt a sharp pain across his chest.Across is also used for saying that something spreads until it covers the whole of a particular area.A warm smile spread across her face.The verbs will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must and ought to, need, used to and dare are called modal auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are used with other verbs to express different degrees of certainty or obligation. Rewrite the following sentences using modal auxiliary verbs. Make sure that the meaning does not change.1. It is not necessary for you to wait any longer.1. You need not wait any longer.2. You are required to respect the national flag.3. She was able to read when she was three.4. I was able to solve the problem.5. Perhaps she would come.6. You are prohibited from entering my home.7. You are allowed to go home.8. She is able to speak English.9. It is possible to blow glass.10. It is not necessary for her to pay for that call.11. It is possible for wars to break out at any time.12. I prefer to stay at home instead of going to the club.2. You are required to respect the national flag.2. You must respect the national flag.3. She was able to read when she was three.3. She could read when she was three.4. I was able to solve the problem.4. I could solve the problem.5. Perhaps she would come.5. She might come.6. You are prohibited from entering my home.7. You are allowed to go home.8. She is able to speak English.6. You must not enter my home.7. You may go home.8. She can speak English.9. It is possible to blow glass.9. Glass can be blown.10. It is not necessary for her to pay for that call.10. She need not pay for that call.11. It is possible for wars to break out at any time.12. I prefer to stay at home instead of going to the club.11. Wars can break out at any time.12. I would rather stay at home than go to the club.PronounsPronounsof pronounsIncorrect: Each of these boys play cricket well.Correct: Each of these boys plays cricket well.Incorrect: Each of these three roads lead to the railway station. Correct: Each of these three roads leads to the railway station. After each of we use a plural noun or pronoun and a singular verb.of pronounsIncorrect: Both didn’t go.Correct: Neither went.In negative sentences we do not normally use both. Instead, we use neither.Incorrect: We all did not go.Correct: None of us went.In negative sentences we do not normally use all. Instead, we use none.of pronounsIncorrect: Each boy and each girl were given a book. Correct: Each boy and each girl was given a book. Incorrect: Have you got a pen? I haven’t got.Correct: Have you got a pen? I haven’t got one.The verb get needs to be followed by an object. Incorrect: Let I go.Correct: Let me go.Incorrect: Let we move.Correct: Let us move.Let is a verb. It should be followed by a pronoun in object form.of pronounsIncorrect: Your problem is bigger than me.Correct: Your problem is bigger than mine.Correct: Your problem is bigger than my problem.Incorrect: Whoever does best he will get a prize.Correct: Whoever does best will get a prize.Incorrect: I and he are brothers.Correct: He and I are brothers.Incorrect: I and Mark are friends.Correct: Mark and I are friends.Pronouns should go in the proper order – the person spoken to, first; the person spoken of, second and the speaker, third.Demonstrative pronouns This is a gift from my brother.Both watches are good; but this is better than that.My views are in accordance with those of the Chairman. These are mere excuses.That is the Red Fort.Mumbai mangoes are better than those of Bangalore. This, that, these and those are demonstrative adjectives when they are used with nouns.That book is mine.What is that noise?These flowers are very beautiful.Those days were the best.This horse is faster than that horse.Special usesThat and those are often used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun.The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.) Here the demonstrative those is used to avoid the repetition of ‘the streets’.One hardly knows what to do.One cannot choose one’s parents.One must not boast of one’s success.One should love one’s country.None of them have come yet.None but fools have ever believed it.None of his books are best sellers.Some are born great; some achieve greatness. Nobody came to his rescue.Somebody has let the cat in.Few escaped unhurt.What is everybody’s business is nobody’s business.Most indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives. Any fool can do that.One day my prince will come.He is man of few words.Some milk was spilt.Most indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives. Any fool can do that.One day my prince will come.He is man of few words.Some milk was spilt.Consider the following sentences:Each boy was given a prize.Either road leads to the railway station.Neither accusation is true.Each, either and neither are called distributivepronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time. Note that a distributive pronoun is always singular and as such it should be followed by a singular noun and verb.Each of, neither of and either of are followed by plural nouns and singular verbs.Each of the answers is correct. (NOT Each of the answer is correct.)Neither of the girls can do that. (NOT Either of the girl can do that.)Either and neither should be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two persons or things are spoken of, any, no one or none should be used.None of the three answers is correct. (NOT Neither of the three answers is correct.)We invited several friends, but none came. (NOT … but neither came.)You can take any of the three shirts. (NOT You can take either of the three shirts.)None of the three answers is correct. (NOT Neither of the three answers is correct.)We invited several friends, but none came. (NOT … but neither came.)You can take any of the three shirts. (NOT You can take either of the three shirts.)Each can go in different positions. Each of the boys was given a present. The boys were each given a present. They have each been told.Each of them have been told.We each think the same.Each of us think the same.Reflexives used instead of personal pronounsReflexive pronouns are used instead of personal pronouns after words like as, like, but (for) and except (for). Everybody turned up except yourself. OR Everybody turned up except you.By oneself / yourself etcThe expressions by oneself / yourself etc can mean ‘alone’or ‘without company’.She said that she would like to spend some time by herself. (= She would like to spend some time alone.)No possessive formsThe reflexive pronouns do not have possessive forms. Instead, we use my own, your own, our own etc.I always cook my own food. (NOT I always cook myself’s food.)Reflexives not usedCertain verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. Examples are: open, sell, feel, hurry etc.Hurry! (NOT Hurry yourself!)I felt strange. (NOT I felt myself strange.)Auxiliary Verbs HaveHasHadAmAreIs。
FCE语用Part2考点总结
FCE语用题Part2讲义Part2:开放式完型填空词数：200词题数：8个空，至少对6个及格！考察内容：词汇，语法范畴更大！考点一：代词人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，不定代词，指示代词例句：1. As soon as the doctor saw Mary, he realized that _____leg was broken.2. For most people who have tried_____, rock climbing is probably the most dangerous sport they would ever wish to take up.3. A growing number of climbers regard the sport as the best way of testing _________physical and mental abilities.4. ______________ knows exactly where or when it happened. It is still a mystery.5. You can talk to her about ____________.She is quite open-minded.考点二：定语从句关系代词that, which, who,whom,whose,why, when,where1.The lives of the people _________tools and pottery have been found have longremained a mystery.2.The traditional craft of dressmaking, ________________usually involved sewing by hand,was both costly and slow.3.It is a huge city,________-we can find people from different parts of the world.考点三：介词1 .A solution ________this problem has already been found.考点四：固定短语1.However, scientists taking __________in an exploration project have found thetemple under the water.2.Today, large-scale manufacturing has made it easier for people to keep ______withchanges in fashion.考点五：动词短语1.For most people who have tried it , bungee jumping is probably the most dangeroussport they would ever wish to take_____.2.Some scientists put ______the idea that the temple was built 500 years ago.考点六：助动词Be, have ,s hall, will ,should, would1.The lives of the people whose tools and pottery have _______found have longremained a mystery.2.However, scientists taking part in an exploration project have found what believeto_____-a 1000-year-old temple under the water.3.It is thought that the remains _______those of a temple built by the old people.4.Wealthy people took fashion very seriously and close attention had to ________paidto detail.考点七：连接词Because，because of, since, for ,as, due to ,on account of ,in case, however, in addition to, so as to, in order to1.____________-some of these have been popular for relatively short periods, othershave lasted longer.2.The remains date from this period ______to the fact that there are very similar ones elsewhere.考点八：比较级1.The weather was much colder on Tuesday _______it has been on Monday.2.The Emperor penguin is_____ largest of all penguin species.3.If you spend a long time a day behind the wheel, you are three ______more likely tosuffer from back trouble.考点九：冠词1.The scenery still amazes visitors to______city of Beijing today.2.I was born in one of _________most interesting cities in China.3.We have taken ________long time to develop our ideas.考点十：时态和语态1.He could not explain what he__________seen.2.Wealthy people took fashion very seriously and close attention had to ________paidto detail.考点十一：否定词1.The Tower of London is __________a single building but a lot of buildings.2.There is simply ______other places on earth quite like Beijing.3.The city ______-longer the business centre that it once was考点十二：其它不定代词Both , some, any either ,few ,little1. There are only a _________-witnesses to this car accident.2. He is so upset as he made very _____money from all his hard work.考点十三：疑问词What, why, when, how1.This may explain _________many people are enthusiastic about this type of sport. 考点十五：情态动词Can,could,may,must,should。
fce口语
fce口语FCE口语考试有几部分？口语备考攻略及口语答题注意事项什么？FCE口语考试有几部分？口语备考攻略及口语答题注意事项什么？第一部分：关于考生的基本信息，比如家庭，爱好，习惯等。
第二部分：看图进行讨论，第三部分：看图讨论话题。
第四部分：参考三部分的内容进行提问。
fce口语 1 Part1（约2分钟） 1.本部分主要考察考生的个人信息、日常生活、过去的经历、以及将来的计划等话题。
曰你进入考场的时候，两名考官中的一名会告诉你他们的名字，并且询问你和搭档的姓名。
你应该将你的口语答题卡交给这名考官。
2.本部分你不需要和搭档交谈。
3.首先考官会问你一些个人信息，如What's your surname? Where do you e from? 4.然后考官会问一些关于你的爱好、学习、生活等方面的问题。
Part2（约4分钟） 1.本部分主要考察考生组织语言进行对照、对比、描述、并且表达观点的能力。
2.你有1分钟时间来完成任务，期间你不会被打断。
3.考官会给你两幅彩色照片，要求你先对比它们，再回答一个问题。
4.在两张照片上方，你可以看到你需要回答的问题。
5.当你结束的时候，你的搭档会被要求回答一个关于你的照片的问题。
□之后是你的搭档进行1分钟的描述，然后你要30秒时间回答一个关于你的搭档的照片 的问题。
Part3（约4分钟）1.你需要与搭档一起讨论，讨论中你需要展示出做出建议、给出观点和理由、表达同意或 不同意、以及试图与你的搭档做出一个决定。
2. 本部分中考官会给出1一个问题以及环绕其四周的供讨论的5选项，讨论时间约2分 钟，然后再给1分钟时间来让两名考生做出一个最终决定。
3.本部分中没有所谓的正确或错误的决定，如果并未达成一致的决定，也不会影响考试成绩Part4（约4分钟） 1.你需要回答来自考官的问题，并与你的搭档讨论这些问题。
2.本部分测试内容主要是你深度谈论问题的能力，所以问题和回答的深度都要大于其他各 部分。
fce口语题型
FCE口语题型一、介绍首先，让我们来了解一下FCE口语题型。
FCE，全称为First Certificate in English，是剑桥大学英语考试委员会所颁发的英语语言水平证书。
口语部分是FCE考试中的一大重要组成部分，它要求考生能够流利、准确地表达自己的意思，使用合适的语法和词汇。
二、FCE口语题型概述FCE口语考试通常包含以下几种题型：1. Part 1 - Introduction and Interview这一部分是考生与考官进行简单自我介绍和问答的环节。
考生需要回答一些关于个人生活、工作、家庭等方面的问题。
2. Part 2 - Long Turn在Part 2中，考生会得到一张提示卡，上面有一个主题，要求他们准备1-2分钟的演讲。
考生需要在规定时间内，尽量详细地、有条理地陈述自己对这个主题的看法。
3. Part 3 - Collaborative TaskPart 3的题型是合作任务，要求考生与另外一位考生进行交流和讨论。
他们会得到一个问题或一个主题，需要一起探讨和回答问题。
考生需要展示自己有能力与他人合作、辩论和达成共识的能力。
4. Part 4 - Discussion最后一部分是讨论题，考官会就某个话题提问，考生需要展示自己可以流利地回答问题，也要有耐心地回应考官的追问。
三、FCE口语题型解析1. Part 1 - Introduction and Interview在Part 1中，考生需要与考官进行简单的交流。
这部分主要考察考生的基本口语能力，如发音、语法、词汇知识等。
考生需要自我介绍，并回答与个人生活、兴趣爱好等相关的问题。
下面是一些可能出现的问题及示例回答：•Q: Can you tell me a little bit about yourself?•A: Sure. My name is Mary and I am 25 years old. I graduated from university last year and I am currently working as an Englishteacher.•Q: What are your hobbies or interests?•A: In my free time, I enjoy reading books, playing tennis, and traveling. Reading helps me relax and broaden my horizon, whileplaying tennis keeps me active and healthy.2. Part 2 - Long Turn在Part 2中，考生需要进行长时间的发言。
fce阅读和语用算分
fce阅读和语用算分
（原创版）
目录
1.FCE 阅读和语用算分的背景和意义
2.FCE 阅读和语用算分的具体内容
3.FCE 阅读和语用算分的评分标准
4.FCE 阅读和语用算分的重要性
5.FCE 阅读和语用算分的未来发展
正文
FCE 阅读和语用算分是英语学习中非常重要的一部分，它是剑桥高级英语考试（FCE）的一个重要组成部分。
FCE 考试是许多国际企业和教育机构用来评估非英语母语人士英语水平的标准之一，因此 FCE 阅读和语用算分的重要性不言而喻。
FCE 阅读和语用算分的具体内容包括阅读理解和语用两个部分。
阅读理解部分要求考生在有限时间内阅读和理解给定的文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。
语用部分则要求考生根据给定的情境和语境，运用适当的语言表达方式进行交流。
FCE 阅读和语用算分的评分标准主要依据考生的回答正确率和语言表达的准确性、流畅性、得体性等方面进行评估。
评分标准既注重考生的语言知识，也注重考生的语言运用能力。
FCE 阅读和语用算分的重要性在于，它是评估考生英语水平的重要手段，也是考生提高英语水平的重要途径。
通过 FCE 阅读和语用算分，考生可以了解自己的英语水平，找出自己的不足之处，并通过学习和实践来提高自己的英语水平。
对于 FCE 阅读和语用算分的未来发展，我们可以期待更多的创新和
改革。
例如，可能会有更多的题型和考试形式，更多的考察内容和方式，以及更多的学习和备考资源。
FCE短语动词列表(1)
患传染病，感染上
come on
开始发生，工作，患病
go for
袭击，攻击
come out
出去，发行，出现，暴露，公布，揭晓，结果是，被清除掉，表示，说出，开花
go off
熄灭，停止，停电
come round
拜访，想通，发生，苏醒
go on
进行，持续
come to
苏醒，恢复知觉
get down
令…不快/沮丧
call off
取消，停止，中止
get down to
开始努力做
call on
拜访，使用，施展
get in
进入，到家，到达
care for
照看，照料，护理
get into
支配
carry on
胡闹，大吵大闹
get on with
与…相处
catch on
变得流行，受欢迎，理解
keep up with
跟上，并驾齐驱
put down
贬低
knock down
打倒
put off
推迟
knock over
打昏
put on
穿上
leave out
除去，撇开，忽略
put out
扑灭
let down
失望
put through
接通
let off
宽恕，轻饶
put up
安排住宿
let out
结束，散场，放学，放假
get out
出去，解脱
catch up with
追上，给…带来麻烦
get out of
逃避，摆脱
check on
fce语法与词汇精讲精练
fce语法与词汇精讲精练一、语法部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态，也可用于表示客观事实、真理等。
例如：The sun rises in the east.（rise，动词原形，发音：[raɪz]，词性：动词）- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数作主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：He plays football every Sunday.（play，[pleɪ]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，或现阶段正在进行的动作。
例如：I am reading a book now.（read，[ri:d]，动词，在这里是现在分词形式reading，[ˈri:dɪŋ]）- 结构：be动词（am/is/are）+ 动词的现在分词形式。
- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如：She went to the park yesterday.（go的过去式went，[went]，动词）- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
例如：They were watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（watch，[wɒtʃ]，动词，这里是现在分词形式watching，[ˈwɒtʃɪŋ]）- 结构：be动词（was/were）+ 动词的现在分词形式。
- 现在完成时。
- 用法：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
例如：I have lived here for five years.（live，[l ɪv]，动词，这里是过去分词形式lived，[lɪvd]）- 结构：have/has+动词的过去分词形式。
- 过去完成时。
- 用法：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。
fce口语技巧
fce口语技巧咱今儿个就唠唠FCE 口语这事儿呀，可有意思啦！FCE 口语考试就好比一场特别的聊天聚会，你得在那场合里把自己的本事都亮出来，还得聊得顺溜又出彩呢。
咱先说说这开口的胆量吧。
好多人一想到要在考官面前吧啦吧啦说英语，心里就直打鼓，那腿都有点发软啦。
这就跟你上台表演节目似的，台下那么多双眼睛盯着，紧张得要命。
可你得想啊，考官又不是老虎，不会吃了你呀，他们就是想听听你咋用英语唠嗑儿的。
你就把那考场当成自个儿家客厅，放松着来，大着胆子开口说就行啦。
你要是老憋着不敢说，那咋能让人家知道你英语说得咋样呢，对吧？再讲讲这内容咋丰富起来呀。
你不能就说个三言两语就没词儿了呀，那就跟炒菜只放了一点点盐，淡而无味呢。
比如说让你描述一个有趣的经历，你可不能光说个大概，什么“我去了个地方，挺好玩的” 就完事儿啦。
得把那细节都抖搂出来呀，啥时候去的呀，跟谁去的呀，在那儿都干了啥特别的事儿呀，就跟你给好朋友讲趣事一样，绘声绘色的，让考官听着就好像也跟着你经历了一遍似的。
这时候你要是能再加点小幽默进去，那就更棒啦，就好比菜里加了点小辣椒，一下子就有味道啦。
比如说你讲爬山累得要死，说“我那腿呀，感觉都不是自己的啦，就跟两根木头似的，硬邦邦的，拖着往上爬”，这样考官听着也能乐一乐，印象不就深刻啦。
还有哦，这语音语调也重要着呢。
你要是一直平平板板地说，就跟机器人似的，那多没意思呀。
得有起有伏的，就像唱歌似的，有时候高有时候低。
你高兴的时候，声音就亮堂点儿，激动点儿；说点严肃事儿的时候，就沉稳点儿。
这语音语调一变，那感觉立马就不一样啦，就好像同样的一幅画，你给它上了不同的颜色，一下子就鲜活起来啦。
你要是老不注意这语音语调，那说出来的英语就跟白开水似的，寡淡得很呢。
跟搭档配合的时候呀，也得讲究个默契呢。
这就好比两个人跳舞，得你一步我一步，配合得好好的。
不能光顾着自己说，把搭档晾在一边儿呀，那可不行。
得学会倾听搭档说啥，然后接着人家的话茬儿往下说，这样一来一往的，对话才能顺溜地进行下去呀。
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语用简介及语法串讲BEVERLY老师语用部分介绍阅读Part1 也放入语用1.句子结构及成分串讲 sentence structure2.时态串讲 tense3.假设串讲 wish/if only/hope4.主被动串讲 active/passive voice5.引语串讲 direct/reporting speech6.定从串讲 relative clause7.条件句串讲 contitional clause句子结构及成分串讲单句，从句主语，谓语，连词单句类型•主谓 He cried.•主谓宾 He ate an apple.•主系表 He is my brother.•主谓双宾 He gives me the book. •主谓宾宾补 He makes me happy. •主谓三大从句•定语从句：修饰名词，跟在名词后• that which who whom whose•He is my brother who opens a supermarket.•名词性从句：本身是名词，主宾表从句•that whether who why when where how ….•Who came here yesterday is a question .•状语从句：补充说明，位置灵活• because so when where if although.•If it rains today , we can stay at home .•哪些是谓语？•1.do 2.did 3.does 4.done 5. have done •6.doing 7.can do 8 . Had been doing •9. should be done 10 . to do 11. to be done •12. are doing主语：n /pron /doing /to do /clause (it ) 介词+名词不做主语宾语谓语：do does didhave/has/had..am/is/are/was/were…can/should/would/…非谓语：doing /done /to do•哪些是谓语？•1.do 2.did 3.does 4.done 5. have done •6.doing 7.can do 8 . Had been doing •9. should be done 10 . to do 11. to be done •12. are doing连词 conj一个连词可以连接两个谓语,或两套主谓主+谓+连+谓+连+谓主谓+连+主谓+连+主谓And ,but , orBecause, so , since, as, when , where, who, that, which , if, although , ….划出所有主语，谓语，和连词划出所有主句主语，谓语，和连词T ense 时态串讲Present Simple Past Continuous Perfect100000 ___________________________ Past now futureI do We use the Present Simple for ...1. Present States - something true for a long time (usually a feeling , not an action).2. Present Habits - a repeated action (with often, sometimes, every day...) Other uses of Present SimpleFacts - we believe it always happens and will always be true. The sun rises in the east.'Scheduled' future events - something which we can see in a timetable (here a film guide).The film starts at 6pm.Present Simple 一般现在时S+do/does100000 Advanced uses of the present continuous:Annoying habits: We usually use present simple for habits or repeated actions. However, you can use the present continuous with 'always' if you want to show that you are annoyed or amused by a habit .You're always losing your wallet! We use the present continuous for:1. Actions in progress now - they started before now, and are not finished.2. Temporary situations - it is true now, but maybe not happening at the moment of speaking. You know it will change in the future.I am eating a lot of bananas these days. ___________________________ Past now future I am doingPresent continuous 现在进行时 S+am/is/are+doing100000 They met on the first day of kindergarten.They have been friendssince kindergarten.Present Perfect = before; until now; We use the present perfect when we want to talk about experiences - things which happened before now , but it isn't important exactly when. I 've never visited Egypt.I 've loved rats since I was a child. Present perfect 现在完成时S+have/has +doneComplete the sentences with the verbs in the box.has been exhibiting has met liveshas appeared is studying is working1 Joshua...lives.......... in Birmingham with his family.2 He ............................ for his GCSEs.3 He .............................. the Queen and a group o f New York firefighters.4 He ............................. on a documentary for a Korean TV network.5 He .................................at the well-known ‘9，Gallery in Birmingham since 2001.6 He ............................. .on a new book at the moment.Complete the sentences with the verbs in thebox. has been exhibiting has met liveshas appeared is studying is working1 Joshua.............. in Birmingham with his family.2 He ............................ for his GCSEs.3 He .............................. the Queen and a group o f New York firefighters.4 He ............................. on a documentary for a Korean TV network.5 He .................................at the well-known ‘9，Gallery in Birmingham since 2001.6 He ............................. .on a new book at the moment.lives is studying has met has appeared has been exhibiting is workingThe past simple has three main uses:Past states - a feeling (not an action) in the past.I loved him.Single past events - often when you are telling the main events of a story.I walked home, then I watched TV.Past habits - actions repeated often, sometimes, every week/day ...I walked home from work every day.S+did Past Simple 一般过去时Actions in progress at a moment in the past - often a background to a story.I was sleeping when the phone rang.I was sleeping at 3.30am this morning.We also use past continuous when two longer events are happening at the same timeI was thinking about my holiday while I was teaching my class this morning. The Past Continuous has two main uses:Positive Negative QuestionI, he, she,itI was working. I wasn't working. Was I working?Y ou, we, they Y ou wereworking.Y ou weren'tworking.Were youworking?Past Continuous 过去进行时S+was/were+doingComplete the rule. Write past simple, past continuous, when, and while.Rule:•We use the ___________________ for an action that happened at one moment in the past. We often use ____________ with this tense.•We use the ___________________ for a background action or description in the past. We often use with ___________this tense.•We use the ___________________ for an action that happened at one moment in the past . We often use ____________ with this tense.• We use the ___________________ for a background action ordescription in the past . We often use with ___________this tense. Rule:past continuous past simple when whilePast Perfect - MeaningWe use the past perfect to show that something happened before a time in the past.I'd seen the film 10 times before I was 12.We also use it with states continuing until a past time . I'd livedin France for three years before I got married.Past Perfect Simple - StructurePast Perfect 过去完成时S+had+done●We use the ________________ to talk about an event that tookplace at a particular time in the past.●We use the ____________________ when we need to make itclear that an event took place before another past event. Complete the rule. Write past simple past perfectnowpasthave donenowpasthad done●We use the ________________ to talk about an event that tookplace at a particular time in the past.●We use the ____________________ when we need to make itclear that an event took place before another past event.Rule:past simplepast perfectnowpasthave donenowpasthad donePresent perfect Past perfectI have never been to London.I had seen the film 10 times before I was 12.假设条件串讲wish/if only /hopeWe use wish/if only +past simple to saywe would like a present situation to be differentADD YOUR TEXT HERE I wish I had a warmer jacket.(this one doesn’t keep me warm.). If only it was the summer holidays!(But it isn’t -I’m still at school.)Note: this use of wish/if only is similar to second conditional, i.e. It uses a past tense to refer to something which is contrary to the facts in the present.I wish/ If onlyWe use wish/if only + would to say:We want something to happen;We want someone to start doing something they don’t do;Or we want someone to stop doing something which annoys us: I wish my car would start. (I can’t make it start and I want it to start.)If only you’d listen to me!If only my mum wouldn’t phone me every five minutes!I hope1. We use hope +present/future when we want something to happen or to be true, and usually have a good reason to think that it might:I hope you have a good holiday.She hopes her students will get a high grade in their exams.2.We often use hope + infinitive when there is only one subject to the sentence:He hopes to go into politics in the future.(he hopes he’ll go into politics in the future.)3. We can use hope+ past simple when we want something to be true about the past, but we don’t know if it is true.I hope you had a good flight.(but I don’t know if you had a good flight.)Write the verb in brackets in the correct form. ADD YOUR TEXT HEREADD YOUR TEXT HEREADD YOUR TEXT HERE A designer can use default text tosimulate what text would look like.1 I wish I __________ relax. (can)2 If only I _______ what to say to people. (know)3 I wish they ______________ _____ so noisy all the time.(not be)4 If only the weather _________ so awful. (not be)5 I'd rather you ___________ away now, please. (go)6. If only I ___________ better-looking. (be) Grammar I wish/ If only ExerciseWrite the verb in brackets in the correct form. ADD YOUR TEXT HEREADD YOUR TEXT HEREADD YOUR TEXT HERE A designer can use default text to simulate what text would look like. 1 I wish I __________ relax. (can)2 If only I _______ what to say to people. (know)3 I wish they ______________ _____ so noisy all the time.(not be)4 If only the weather _________ so awful. (not be)5 I'd rather you ___________ away now, please. (go)6. If only I ___________ better-looking. (be) could knew weren't /wouldn't be wasn't wentwere Grammar I wish/ If only Exercise被动串讲主动语态 active voice 被动语态 passive voiceI ate the cake.The cake was eaten (by me).The professor criticized the article in the newspaper. The article in the newspaper was criticized (by the professor).The CEO has given a sample of the new product to him.A sample of the new product has been given to him (by the CEO).The passive voice is used:1 When the action is more important than the person doing it.The film is loaded into the camera automatically.2 When we don’t know who did something.The camera was put together in a factory.3 Frequently, in news reporting, scientific writing where we are more interested in events and processes than in the person doing the action..A factory was set alight during the weekend and two million pounds’worth of damage was caused.be+done(pp)Exercise 1 Which of the verbs in bold in these sentences from the text are in the passive.1.….has saved the tea industry …2. It was viewed with suspicion …3.….they were soggy …4.… potato crisps are packaged in plastic …5.A – time-consuming ritual has been transformed …6.… and could be removed with ease.7.… had accidently been left…8.… the substance helped stick bookmarks…9.… is still being used…10.… was able to be produced …Exercise 1 Which of the verbs in bold in these sentences from the text are in the passive.1.….has saved the tea industry …2. It was viewed with suspicion …3.….they were soggy …4.… potato crisps are packaged in plastic …5.A – time-consuming ritual has been transformed …6.… and could be removed with ease.7.…had accidently been left…8.… the substance helped stick bookmarks…9.…is still being used…10.… was able to be produced …引语串讲直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect/reporting speech‘I want to go home straight away’, said Jennifer.Jennifer said that she wanted to go home straight away.‘Can I show you my stamp collection? ’ asked Billy.Billy asked if he could show me his stamp collection.‘Girls ’ exam results are generally better than boys”, the head teacher admitted.T he head teacher admitted that girls’ exam results are generally better than boys.a. ‘I visited my old school recently and it was much smaller than I remembered’.b. ‘Perhaps we should educate parents about how they can help their children ’.c. ‘We belong to an anti-learning culture .’d. ‘I will make more of an effort.’ 1. She complained that society doesn’t encourage education . 2. He promised to work harder . 3. She explained that she had been back and had found it very different. 4. She suggested showing parents what to do.Match the quotes a-d with the reported statements 1-4.Reporting verbsCommon reporting verbs-Mary accused Nick of deliberately forgetting to tell her . -The company admitted to selling banned products. - I admit that I was to blame. - James apologized for being late.1. accuse + of + - ing2. admit + (to) + - ing; admit + (that)3. apologize + for + -ing-The department argued convincingly for having extra staff -Sally argued that it was unnecessary to delay the expedition. -Newspapers are claiming that Mr Blair was told in advance.4. argue + for + -ing argue + （that ）5. claim + （that ） -He denied his part in the crime. -Kirsty denied hiding the flies.6. deny + (that ) deny + -ing-Geoff explained that there was no more money available. -The children insisted on staying up late. -Keith insisted that the project was too difficult. -Mum promised she would pick me up at 4pm. -Jackie has promised to look after the cats while we are away.7. explain + (that )8. insist + on + -ing insist + (that )9. promise + (that ) promise + to + do-The MP has refused to comment on these rumours. 10. refuse + to +do-People said that the flames were visible ten miles away. -The CD is said to include many songs. - Vera suggested that they should seek sponsorship for the exhibition. - Hugh suggested contacting everyone by phone. 11. say + (that ) in passive, ‘is said ’ + to +do12. suggest + (that ) suggest + -ing。