语用学第一章PPT课件
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语用学讲义(课堂PPT)

• 也可以这样来理解以上三者之间的关系:句法学回 答的问题是:句子是按什么规则组成的?语义学回 答的问题是:意义是按什么方法确定的?语用学回 答的问题是:语言的使用在一定的语言环境里产生 了什么样的影响和效果?
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四、语用学的定义(1) • A recall of semantics:
– Semantics deals with: What does X mean? (X stands for a linguistic expression)
• 1986 年 总 部 设 在 比 利 时 的 国 际 语 用 学 学 会 (the International Pragmatics Association, 简称IPrA)创立。
• In China, CPrA
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(二)语用学的任务
• 莫里斯和卡尔纳普认为:句法、语义、语用构成语 言的三个基本方面。句法学研究符号与符号之间的 关系,语义学研究符号与所指事物之间的关系,语 用学研究符号与使用者之间的关系,因而它研究的 是特定情景中的特定话语,特别是研究在不同的语 言交际环境下如何运用语言。
语用学的三个源头 (2)
源头之二:心理学(实践启示)
行为心理学:理性、意图
Pragmatics is the study of interpretation from the perspective of psychology.
In pragmatic discussions, the question is not what form the recovered information might take, but how it is recovered.
• 规则性表现在以下几个方面 :
• 一是语言运用都在遵循一定的交际原则:语言运用是 在特定语境中进行的,说话人怎样使自己的话语适应 特定语境,听话人怎样根据具体语境理解说话人的意 思,都是有规则可循的。
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四、语用学的定义(1) • A recall of semantics:
– Semantics deals with: What does X mean? (X stands for a linguistic expression)
• 1986 年 总 部 设 在 比 利 时 的 国 际 语 用 学 学 会 (the International Pragmatics Association, 简称IPrA)创立。
• In China, CPrA
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(二)语用学的任务
• 莫里斯和卡尔纳普认为:句法、语义、语用构成语 言的三个基本方面。句法学研究符号与符号之间的 关系,语义学研究符号与所指事物之间的关系,语 用学研究符号与使用者之间的关系,因而它研究的 是特定情景中的特定话语,特别是研究在不同的语 言交际环境下如何运用语言。
语用学的三个源头 (2)
源头之二:心理学(实践启示)
行为心理学:理性、意图
Pragmatics is the study of interpretation from the perspective of psychology.
In pragmatic discussions, the question is not what form the recovered information might take, but how it is recovered.
• 规则性表现在以下几个方面 :
• 一是语言运用都在遵循一定的交际原则:语言运用是 在特定语境中进行的,说话人怎样使自己的话语适应 特定语境,听话人怎样根据具体语境理解说话人的意 思,都是有规则可循的。
语用学第一章

• Definition 2: • Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. • 语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语意理论 的意义侧面的研究。
• Definition 3: • Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. • 语用学是对语言和语用之间对于说明语 言理解来说是十分根本的那些关系的研 究。
Component vs. perspective分相论与 综观论
• • Component view of pragmatics Davis points out in his book Pragmatics: A Reader(1991) that pragmatics, like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, is a component of linguistics. • Perspective view of pragmatics Verschueren(1999) proposes that pragmatics is not a component of linguistics, but a new way of looking at language. Pragmatics is specified as “a general cognitive, social, and cultural perspective on linguistic phenomena in relation to their usage in forms of behavior”(Verschueren,1999) 语用学是语言各个方面的功能总览, 即研究人类生活中语言的 认知、社会和文化的功能。
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt

Writing(文字) ----it is later developed and is only the “revised” record of speech.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因,才 能开始 对症下 药,然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视, 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
语用学PPT

1.5.5 interrelationship of utterance meaning and force
there are two components of speaker meaning--utterance meaning and force, the two components of speaker meaning are closely related, but not inseparable.
e.g. A:It's cold here. B:yes,it's so cold. C:“the weather is so hot outside." D:“i am cold" Do you know what does D mean?
1.5.3 understanding force but not utterance meaning
1.6.2 utterance iபைடு நூலகம்terpretation
The utterance interpretation definition of pragmatics focuses almost exclusively on the process of interpretation from the point of view of the hearer.
eg. Is that your car?
Is the speaker expressing admiration or expressing scorn? Is it a complaint that your car is blocking the drive? Is the speaker request a lift into town?
语用学的PPT

Definitions and background
III Semantics and pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a smenatic theory. Or, as Gazdar(1979:2) has put it, assuming that semantics limited to the statement of truth conditions. Pragmatics has as its topic those aspects of the meaning of utterances which cannot be accounted for by straightforward reference to the truth conditions of the sentences uttered. Put crudely: PRAGMATICS=MEANING— TRUTH CONDITIONS.
Definitions and background
IVAspect of speech situations 1.Addressers or addressees 2.The context of an utterance One way of embarking upon the analysis of context is to ask what kinds of knowledge a fluent speaker of a language must possess in order to produce and understand contextually appropriate and comprehensible utterances in that language. Let us list some of these:
语用学教程课件

(一)弗斯(Firth)在1950《社会中的个性和 语言》一书中发展了马林诺夫斯基的观点,认 为情景语境和言语功能类型的概念可以抽象为 纲要式的结构成分,从而适用于各种事件。他 把语境加以引申,认为语境既有由语言因素构 成的“上下文”,又有由情景因素(非语言因 素)构成的“上下文”。情景因素包括:1、参 与者的有关特征:人物、个性—1)参与者的言 语行为 2)参与者的非言语行为 2、有关 事 物 3、 言语行为效果(二)韩礼德 (Hallday) 于1964年提出“语域”这个术语,分为三个方 面:1、话语的范围(政治、文艺等) 2、话语 的方式(口头、书面) 3、话语的风格(交际 者的地位、身份、关系等)
什么是语用
三、语用含义是语用学的重要内容之一,它给语言事实提 供一些重要的、功能方面的解释,这就是说它不是从 语言系统内部(语音、语法、语义等)去研究语言本 身表达的意义,而是根据语境研究话语的真正含义, 解释话语的言外之意、弦外之音。语用含义是告诉人 们说这句话可能意味着什么。例如: A :烤牛肉究竟怎样了? B : 那条狗看上去很得意。 (含义:也许那条狗把烤牛肉吃了。) 要在具体交际过程中运用和理解话语,只懂得话语字 面意义是远远不够的。除了懂得话语的字面意义之外, 还应掌握话语各种规则,具有把话语同特定语境联系 起来的能力,即话语交际能力。
(二)语用学和修辞学
传统的修辞学也是研究语言运用的,但是,它主要是从表达的角 度研究语音的调配、词语和句式的选择、辞格的运用以及语体、风 格等。这些内容无疑也是语用学所要研究的,但是,就研究的深度 和广度来看,语用学都要大大超过修辞学。 语用学与修辞学有相通之处,可以说语用学的材料就是修辞学的 材料,它们处理这些材料的宗旨是相通的。语用学要求提高语言交 际效果,修辞学要求题旨与情境的相互适切。 语用学与修辞学的方法论原则也是相通的,修辞学要求修辞立其 诚,要求调整和修饰文辞,语用学也是这样。但语用学与修辞学的 语言材料的研究角度不同,换言之,对于语言交际的诸多因素而 言,语用学更重视人际环境(说话的人以及听话的人),而修辞学 更多的重视文辞(说的话)与情景的关系,因此修辞学强调修饰文 辞。(狭义的修辞学是语言运用的艺术学)
语用学课件1-What's-pragmatics

teaching
Sociolinguistics---- social factors (e.g. class,
education) affect language use
Psycholinguistics----linguistic behavior and
psychological process
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Presentation
--- each student is supposed to collect materials about pragmatics and report in PPT form
--- each presentation should include: a. concrete examples and their analysis; b. Necessary background knowledge; c. evaluation; d. possible implications or applications.
Stylistics----linguistic and literature
4
• Some other applications
Anthropological linguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (e.g. machine
6
Purposes of a course in pragmatics:
pragmatic knowledge does serve to:
• --enhance pragmatic awareness; • --promote pragmatic competence; • --enable pragmatic analysis.
Sociolinguistics---- social factors (e.g. class,
education) affect language use
Psycholinguistics----linguistic behavior and
psychological process
10
Presentation
--- each student is supposed to collect materials about pragmatics and report in PPT form
--- each presentation should include: a. concrete examples and their analysis; b. Necessary background knowledge; c. evaluation; d. possible implications or applications.
Stylistics----linguistic and literature
4
• Some other applications
Anthropological linguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (e.g. machine
6
Purposes of a course in pragmatics:
pragmatic knowledge does serve to:
• --enhance pragmatic awareness; • --promote pragmatic competence; • --enable pragmatic analysis.
新编语用学概论(何自然)第1章 PPT

•
甲:晚上看电影去吗?
•
乙:我明天有考试。
•
•
小王:这么晚还没回去呀?
•
小张:我明天有考试。
• “今天是星期天。”
•
丈夫:看一下有没足球比赛。
•
妻子:喂,今天是星期天。
•
丈夫:今天哪儿也不想去。
•
妻子:老爸,今天是星期天。
• 结论:语义学关注语言,语用学关注话语
• (二)抽象意义与语境意义
• 抽象意义:字面意义 • 语境意义:说话人意义
第一单元 什么是语用学
一、语用学现象
• (1老公,今天是星期天。
• (2)丈夫:看一下有没足球比赛。
•
妻子:喂,今天是星期天。
• (3)丈夫:今天哪儿也不想去。
•
妻子:老爸,今天是星期天。
• (4)甲:下午踢球去吗?
•
乙:我好久都没踢了。
• (5)甲:下午踢球去吗?
事——“一家人家生了一个男孩,合家高兴透顶了。满月的时候,抱 出来给客人看,——大概自然是想得一点好兆头。 • “一个说:‘这孩子将来要发财的。’他于是得到一番感谢。 • “一个说:‘这孩子将来要做官的。’他于是收回几句恭维。 • “一个说:‘这孩子将来是要死的。’他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛 打。 • “说要死的必然,说富贵的许谎。但说谎的得好报,说必然的遭打。 你……” • “我愿意既不谎人,也不遭打。那么,老师,我得怎么说呢?” • “那么,你得说:‘啊呀!这孩子呵!您瞧!多么……。阿唷!哈哈 !Hehe!he,hehehehe!’”——(鲁迅《立论》)
城》)
• (15) • 肖某:这件事情很复杂,涉及几个“大老
虎”,就看上面怎么处理了。 • 王某:Including the general manager 。 • 肖某:是呀,肯定不会不了了之的。
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Another American philosopher H.P. Grice, advanced the theory of co-operative principle. It contributes a lot to the explanation of communicative activities by means of language.
carefully wipes his clean feet on the doormat.
1.Background of pragmatics
• In the reseay, C. Morris and R. Carnap was the first to use the term Pragmatics. Morris/Davis: the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms
Definitions of Pragmatics
• Levinson (1983:6---27) listed about ten definitions about pragmatics:
• Definition 1: • Pragmatics is the study of those relations between
Philosophers also contributed to the occurrence of pragmatics. In the late 50s, the British philosopher J. Austin created speech act theory. This theory is of significance in the study of pragmatics. It has become the core theory of the study of pragmatics. It also greatly influenced such linguistic fields as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.
Warm up
• What does the boy still need to learn about using language?
• A little boy comes in the front door. • Mother: Wipe your feet, please. • He removes his muddy shoes and socks and
语用学
Pragmatics: An Introduction
Purposes of a course in pragmatics:
• Just as we don't learn how to translate in order to do translation, so we don't have to learn pragmatics in order to use language. Yet, pragmatic knowledge does serve to
[Morris, 1938, Foundations of the Theory of Signs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.]
They use the term in their study of semiotics. They divide the research of semiotics into three branches: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics.
作为一个独立的学科门类有三个标志p2:
A、1977年在荷兰创刊的《语用学杂 志》”Journal of Pragmatics”,Pragmatics(1991),Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics(1998)
B、1985年在意大利召开的第一次国际语用学大 会
C、1986年正式建立的国际语用学会(The International Pragmatics Association[IPrA])。
language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. • 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被 编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究
• Syntactics studies the formal relationship between the signs.
• Semantics studies the relationship between signs and the things they represent.
• Pragmatics, which studies the relationship between the signs and the interpreters of the signs.
• --enhance pragmatic awareness; • --promote pragmatic competence; • --enable pragmatic analysis.
Chapter 1 Background and definitions
1. the background of pragmatics 2. the definitions of pragmatics ponent vs. perspective分相论与综观论 es of pragmatics 5.the aims of pragmatics 6. the branches of pragmatics 7.the relation between pragmatics and semantics