文体学 Public Speech
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PUBLIC SPEECH
Research Skills
Often, when students are asked to prepare a report, they go to the library or search the Internet to look for the reference books or articles they need. You will get into contact with a variety of research materials and select something most valuable to you.
7.Flexibilty
THANKYOU!Listening Skills
Speaking and listening go hand in hand. Whenever someone gives a speech, there is an audience to listen to it. By learning good speaking techniques, you’ll prepare speeches within audience’s understanding. You will also learn how to listen to other speakers in order to hear all the key points.
emphasize important points.
4.Speaking
video：a school speech
Enthusiasm
with
5.Repetition Parallel structure
can intensify the speaker’s expression of emotion
英语文体学 第六章 Conversations and Speeches
The types of Sentences: Mostly declarative and interrogative sentences (mostly made up of adjacency pairs – questions and answers)
The Quoted Elements
Using a mixed type of quotations, both direct and indirect
In a conversation: no fixed topic
Factors that distract the topic in a conversation: one of the participants suddenly remembers something interesting or relevant and interrupts the other’s speech; the physical environment requires to change the topic; the sudden intrusion of someone else who is interested in another topic. e.g. in [6.1], the topic shifted to Christmas.
Field : varied, but at the time of commentary
Mode: spoken and no vision contact,one-way communication
Tenor: great social distance (the speaker and the listener don't know each other)
The Quoted Elements
Using a mixed type of quotations, both direct and indirect
In a conversation: no fixed topic
Factors that distract the topic in a conversation: one of the participants suddenly remembers something interesting or relevant and interrupts the other’s speech; the physical environment requires to change the topic; the sudden intrusion of someone else who is interested in another topic. e.g. in [6.1], the topic shifted to Christmas.
Field : varied, but at the time of commentary
Mode: spoken and no vision contact,one-way communication
Tenor: great social distance (the speaker and the listener don't know each other)
英语文体学 Chapter The English of Public Speech
8.3 General Features of Public Speech
Public speaking shows the characteristics of the written mode
English Stylistics
Chapter 8 The English of Public Speech
WANG Yao @ SDUT
Contents
8.1 Scope of Public Speech 8.2 A Sample Text for Analysis 8.3 General Features of Public
So under the heading of public speech, we shall mainly discuss persuasive speeches.
8.2 A Sample Text for Analysis
Winston Churchill on May 13, 1940 in the House of Commons
So far as the personal tenor is concerned, the 1) kind of speeches can be formal or less formal or informal; the 2) kind is mostly formal, and the 3) kind varies in degree of formality.
Public speaking is also different from daily conversation
It concentrates on one topic with highly structured format and more formal language, and makes a more effective way of delivery.
public speech
To ask the audience a challenging question； To show a video or a slide.
How to organize the speech
To have a structure: such as first, second, third; geographically, north, south, east, west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive; 要有一个结构：可以分一二三点；可以从地理上分东南西； 比较与对比；我方与他方；正面与反面；
Say something positive to yourself;
Typical signals of nervousness
Hands in pockets Increased blinking of the eyes Failure to make eye contact Licking and biting of the lips Finger tapping Fast,jerky gestures Cracking voices Increased rate of speech Clearing of the throat The way to over come nervousness is breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.
How to Deliver An English Speech Successfully?
Four objectives of the speech
To offer information;
How to organize the speech
To have a structure: such as first, second, third; geographically, north, south, east, west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive; 要有一个结构：可以分一二三点；可以从地理上分东南西； 比较与对比；我方与他方；正面与反面；
Say something positive to yourself;
Typical signals of nervousness
Hands in pockets Increased blinking of the eyes Failure to make eye contact Licking and biting of the lips Finger tapping Fast,jerky gestures Cracking voices Increased rate of speech Clearing of the throat The way to over come nervousness is breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.
How to Deliver An English Speech Successfully?
Four objectives of the speech
To offer information;
Public Speech文体学
1. 演讲的定义 2. 演讲的分类 3. 演讲的形式 4. 演讲内容分析
Grammatical Features 1.1 Variation in sentence length 1.2 Various sentence types 1.3 More complex-looking group structures Lexical Features 2.1 Using accurate and clear words 2.2 Adaptation of wording to particular audience 2.3 Less use of phrasal verbs Semantic Features 4.1 Effective ways of organization 4.2 Effective ways of delivery
美国总统奥巴马在 开学第一天的演讲稿.doc
1.3. More complex-looking 言为主要形式、非 口头语言为辅助形式，就某一问题发表自己的意见，或 阐说某一事理，并互相交流信息的真实的社会活动过程。
Introduction of Speeches
Speeches are often used in modern social activities. Generally, on different occasions, they can be divided into formal and informal. Formal speeches are often used in official conferences or ceremonies. While in some informal ceremonies, informal speeches are often used.
Grammatical Features 1.1 Variation in sentence length 1.2 Various sentence types 1.3 More complex-looking group structures Lexical Features 2.1 Using accurate and clear words 2.2 Adaptation of wording to particular audience 2.3 Less use of phrasal verbs Semantic Features 4.1 Effective ways of organization 4.2 Effective ways of delivery
美国总统奥巴马在 开学第一天的演讲稿.doc
1.3. More complex-looking 言为主要形式、非 口头语言为辅助形式，就某一问题发表自己的意见，或 阐说某一事理，并互相交流信息的真实的社会活动过程。
Introduction of Speeches
Speeches are often used in modern social activities. Generally, on different occasions, they can be divided into formal and informal. Formal speeches are often used in official conferences or ceremonies. While in some informal ceremonies, informal speeches are often used.
英语文体学Chapter8TheEnglishofPublicSpeech
8.4.1.3 More complex-looking group structures
Nominal groups can be complexlooking with postmodification to be accurate and easy to process
of phrase, relative clause (relative pronoun not omitted) (p.126)
8.3 General Features of Public Speech
Public speaking shows the characteristics of the written mode
Its highly logical organization of thoughts, closely-knit structure and formal language.
Verbal groups
lack of contractions, passive structures
8.4.2 Lexical Features
8.4.2.1 Using accurate and clear word In order to be accurate and clear in
So far as the personal tenor is concerned, the 1) kind of speeches can be formal or less formal or informal; the 2) kind is mostly formal, and the 3) kind varies in degree of formality.
8.4.2 Lexical Features
比尔·盖茨北京大学演讲的文体学分析
比尔·盖茨北京大学演讲的文体学分析摘要：公共演讲是一种特殊的文体，它兼具口语和书面语两种文体特征。
比尔·盖茨在北京大学的演讲词是一篇极具研究意义的公共演讲范本。
本文通过从词汇、句法以及语篇三方面对该演讲词进行文体分析，意在探讨公共演讲的一般文体特征基础上，培养公共演讲的能力。
关键词：公共演讲；比尔·盖茨；文体分析1.引言文体学是语言学的一个分支，是一门从语言学角度研究文本，运用现代语言学理论和方法研究文体的科学。
主要研究英语口语写作体裁，不仅包括戏剧、诗歌，还包括特定目的的英语体裁。
文体学研究的任务不是列出各种文学体例的名称，而是观察和描述各种文学体例的语言特征，即其发音、词汇选择、句式使用和文本结构，使学者更好地理解文学体例所表达的内容，并在适当的场合合理地加以运用。
巧妙的文体分析不仅可以帮助我们深刻理解文本的意义，而且还为我们探究文体的审美价值提供了客观依据，因此被广泛应用于各种文学文体中。
公共演讲作为一种特殊的应用形式，具有大众化的内容。
其内容经过精心挑选和构建，结构严密、逻辑严密，语言正式而庄重，带有口头幽默。
它的主要目的是唤起观众的情感，获得观众的认可和支持。
通过演讲的内容，一个人可以接受或拒绝一个想法，采取或放弃一个行动。
也就是说，演讲的有用性要求它不仅仅是为了与他人或群体分享自己的观点，更重要的是它需要激励人们努力工作，并为他们提供实现目标的可行路径。
公开演讲充满了丰富的感情，声音铿锵有力，具有强烈的感染力和感染力。
成功的公开演讲依靠语言来传达思想。
因此，公共演讲涉及政治、经济、文化等多个领域。
很多优秀的公开演讲都是在这种情况下产生的。
世界首富比尔·盖茨作为微软的创始人和总裁，他的眼光、经验和知识为我们提供了宝贵的经验和学习价值。
因此，对他的演讲进行体裁分析，对我们提高自己的体裁分析能力和公开演讲水平有很大的帮助。
本文选取比尔·盖茨2017年以北京大学名誉校董身份访华期间发表的公开演讲《展望未来:创新、慈善和全球领导力》作为文体分析的范本。
英语文体学The pulic Speech终极版
The English of Public Speaking
The definition of the public speech The components of the public speech The types of the public speech The ways of delivery The features of the public speech
The ways of delivery
•Reading from a manuscript •Reciting from memory •Impromptu speaking •Extemporaneous speaking
Adventages:
R 1.ensure precise wording,
3. Entertaining speech
Aim: interest, entertain, amuse. Types: party, after dinner
4. Stimulate speech
Aim: stimulate, impress. Types: memorial services, inauguration ceremonies.
language
I mI
Adventages:
1.Indicate speaker's confidence and knowlege.
p m 2.Catche the audience's attention
rp
or mo pm
Disadventage:
The speaker should keep to one or two points. Sometimes, they may
The definition of the public speech The components of the public speech The types of the public speech The ways of delivery The features of the public speech
The ways of delivery
•Reading from a manuscript •Reciting from memory •Impromptu speaking •Extemporaneous speaking
Adventages:
R 1.ensure precise wording,
3. Entertaining speech
Aim: interest, entertain, amuse. Types: party, after dinner
4. Stimulate speech
Aim: stimulate, impress. Types: memorial services, inauguration ceremonies.
language
I mI
Adventages:
1.Indicate speaker's confidence and knowlege.
p m 2.Catche the audience's attention
rp
or mo pm
Disadventage:
The speaker should keep to one or two points. Sometimes, they may
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② Need. Then make them feel a need for a change by strong supporting materials that relate to their values or vital interests.
③ Satisfaction. Satisfy the sense of need by providing a solution to the problem.
② The frequent use of “we” instead of “you”.
Purpose:
C. Grammatical Features
1. Sentence structure
1) Most sentences are statements or declarative sentences, with occasional questions or commands.
C. General feature Combination of spoken and written language linguistic paralinguistic
II. Stylistic Features of Public Speech
A. Phonological features
④ Visualization. Make them see how they will benefit from the policy.
⑤ Action. Having convinced them, call them to action.
4) The characteristics of connectives in speeches:
2) Total avoidance of colloquial abbreviations. e.g.
gonna, wanna, outta, gotta, ain’t, ’cause, cos etc.
3) Almost no contractions e.g. I’m, we’ll, there’re, there’s, I don’t, let’s, it doesn’t, can’t etc.
① The use of pairs of transitional phrases stating both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one he is coming up to.
E.g. a. In addition to / Apart from helping people in need, working as a hospital volunteer also provides you with valuable job experience.
<2> Formalization: e.g. I expect→ I hope → I believe →
<3> An appropriate combination of both long and short sentences makes a good speech.
Monroe’s motivated sequence include five steps: ① Attention. First gain the attention of the audience by making a startling statement, arousing curiosity or suspense, posing a question, etc.
7) Inverted order is sometimes used for stress.
② Nor will we forget the citizens of 80 other nations who died with our own. [Bush, Sep. 20, 2001]
<4> The strength of short sentences.
② Liberty is order. Liberty is strength. We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!
(Charles James Fox, “Liberty is Order”, 1794)
<1> case study
King (first 5 paragraphs): ___ words, ___sentences, ______words per sentence on average, shortest ___ words, longest ____ words. King (first 5 paragraphs): 368words, 18 sentences, 20 words per sentence on average, shortest 11 words, longest 32 words.
1) Nominal groups: More with post-modification than with premodification.
King: the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination They were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
Chapter Three
Stylistic Analysis of Public SPublic Speech A. Origin
B. Categories 1. 1st category 1) prepared speech 2) impromptu speech
2) The function of questions: To give the audience food for thought and to impress them
3) The increase of the number of long sentences (in comparison with conversation) → More complicated sentence structure
③ We must act and act quickly. (Roosevelt)
4) The frequent use of infinitives and gerunds.
5) Sentences are mostly of the SP(O)(C)(A) structure, with the increase of ASP(O)(C) structure.
1. Effective ways of organization
1) Clear organization is vital to speeches.
2) Two ways of organization: ① ②
3) The Motivated Sequence The motivated sequence is an organizational pattern developed by John Monroe in the 1930’s and was based on the research of John Dewey. Based on logic and an understanding of human thinking, the structure is intended to motivate the listener to respond to the speaker’s message.
2. Use of big words, abstract words, lowfrequency words pompous
Caution:
3. Use of pronouns: ① “I”, “me”, “we” “us” appear more than “he”, “she”, “they’.
1. Appropriate volume variation
2. Varying tempo
3. Rightly timed pause
4. Distinct articulation
1) The speaker has to avoid casual articulation and enunciate each word clearly and accurately.
6) Many commands or imperative sentences.
King:
Let us not wallow in the valley of despair… Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.
5. Phonetic figures of speech alliteration assonance consonance onomatopoeia apostrophe (vocative)
B. Lexical Features
1. Use of accurate and clear words *There are generally no words vague or ambiguous in meaning.