英语文体学Chapter 4 Linguistic Description
英语文体学知识重点
Chapter 1 Introduction· What is the English StylisticsIt is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.· What are language functionsa To deliver some infor to other peopleb To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper waySeveral factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerningEnglish stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. WhyFour examples:a “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b “ Assist me Assist me ” and “ Aid Aid ”c “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s ..”d See next paged “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ” ·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to somenon-linguistic factors.b Age ------ “ Cheers ” and “ Bye for now. ”c Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d Received education ------ “ goto . ”e Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylisticsa It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d It will help us to go at literary criticism.e It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1 stress2 Intonation3 pause4 voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.1 The first function is for emphasis.2 The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.3 The third function is to differ some English words4 The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:1 The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.2 The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.3 The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.4 The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.5 The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past.·Pause can be divided into two.a voiced pauseb silent pause ·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures body language in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication· The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style ·What can be used with oral style1 slangs2 vogue words3 abbreviations4 phrasal verbs5 idioms·What can be used with written style 1 Scientific English 2 Legal English 3 Religious English 4 Formal speech 5 Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1 Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2 Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3 Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities.4 Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5 Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes. Chapter6 Societal Deviation in English· What is societal deviation in EnglishSocietal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: 土语urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular1It will help us to know thestatus que of AE.2 It will helpto read some novels in Americanliterature.Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English· Three stages of the development of English language1 The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.2 The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 Middle English.At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”.3 The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time Modern English.There are two remarkable features in Modern English.1There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/fromFrench/from Latin/ from Chinese.2 There are some neologisms新词 in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words过时的词in modern times1 In legal English2 In religious English3 In English poetry4 In newspapers·Why use archaic words in modern times formal/rhyme/show-off Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles ·Three functions of English advertisements1 to attract readers’ attention2 to arose customer interest3 to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements1 More simple sentences2 Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.3 Frequent use of present tense4 More and more imperative sentences5 Far more elliptical sentences 7 Some special adjectives8 Some newly-created words ·Journalistic English: Newsreport/news story·two categories of newspapers1 quality paper大报2 tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1 Some journalistic jargons2 Some acronyms3 Some apocopation4 Some aphoeresis5 Some words with front and back clipping6 Some syncopations7 Some neologisms8 Some blends9 Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid. Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English1 Scientific works and literature2 Academic theses3 Laboratory reports4 Product instructions·Some important features of scientific English1 Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2 Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3 Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4 There are some words which are from Latin.5 There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6 There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English. Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc. ·How is the rhythm formed in English poemsStressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems. ·What is meter Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律,即“格律”; ·How many meters are there in English poetic compositionThere are seven 1 iambus 抑扬格 2 trochee 扬抑格3 dactyl 扬抑抑格 4 anapaest 抑抑扬格 5 amphibrach 双行诗 6 spondee 7 purrhic ·What is stanzaIt consists of lines or verses. Simply speaking it is a poetic paragraph.·Some common forms of stanzas: 1 couplet 双行诗2 triplet 三行诗3 quatrain 4 cinquain 5sestet 6 septet 7 octet 8 Spenserian stanza 9 abba abba cde cde2 Shakespeare sonnet abab cdcd efef gg3 Spenserian sonnet abab bcbc cdcd ee·What is verse verse is the poetic sentence,line It is made up of one foot or more than one. Briefly speaking it is called a poetic sentence.·How to keep a rhyme in a poem 1 Keep an end rhyme It can be divided into four forms.1 The first form is to keep a single rhyme Sometimes it is called a masculine rhyme or a male rhyme.2 The second form is to keep a double rhyme Sometimes it is called afeminine rhyme or a female rhyme. . 3 The third form is to keep a triple rhyme.4 The fourth form is to keep an eye rhyme.2 Keep a head rhyme3 Keep an internal rhyme·Blank verse ：Unrhymed verse ·Three features of blank verses 1 They do not keep any rhymes, but they are the poems with some meter. 2 They can be long or short.3 Their feet in each line are not uniform.·Common Figures of Speech Used in English Poetry Use of simile andrepetition/head-rhymed alliteration /metapher/ parallelism/personification / speaking silence, dumb confession / paradox 矛盾修饰法/hyperbole,overstatement exaggeration/ metonymy 借代转喻 · Stylistic Features in Fiction Two points of viewTwo perspectives 1 Use singular or plural number of the third person ------ as a narrator or a story-teller to narrate some plots in a novel.Notes: a. Most of writers or novelists like to use this perspective.b. The effect of using this perspective is “ objective ”. 2 Use singular or plural number of the first person ------ as one of the characters to narrate some plots in a novel.Note:In this way it will make readers think that it is really a true story and there is no trace of make-up.·The dialogs in novels1 Some useful informal words2 Some common slangs·Direct and indirect speeches in novels1 Sometimes some novelists like to use direct speech in order to make a psychological description in narrating plots in a novel.2 Sometimes some novelists like to use indirect speech in order to make a thought presentation in narrating plots in a novel.·How to analyze a literary masterpiece1 Use a way of rhetorical analysis.2 Use a way of syntactical analysis. Chapter 10 Common Expressing Styles in English Passages· What is the ornate styleIn the ornate style, people like to use some modifiers, such as adjectives, adverbs, etc, and use some rhetorical devices, such as simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, etc. In syntax, people like to use long sentences and some sentences with a complex structure or a parallel structure.·What is the plain styleIn the plain style, people prefer to use short sentences. People rarely use big words. People don’t like to use many modifiers. As for syntax, people prefer to use compound sentences.·Which style is better Simply speaking, it depends. It depends on different occasions.·What is the involved style In this style, people usually employ some detailed descriptive device to express something. They often use some specific words for their descriptions.·What is the terse styleIn this style, people usually use brief words and simple-structured sentences which have some profound implied meanings.·Relationship between Irony and humor:Irony is a language means while humor is an effect.。
《英语文体学》前七章总结
《英语文体学》前七章总结第一章：关于文体学。
文体学是一门研究语言风格的学科，我们所讲的是现代文体学，其又分为一般文体学和文学文体学。
前者主要是各种文体的一般特征，后者是各种文学作品的特别特征，两者研究有重叠。
语言是人们进行社交的工具，包括：言语行为，言语事件和文本。
言语事件包括三要素：实体，形式和情境。
语言具有多样性，不同的场合使用不一样的语言，承担着不同的功能，如语言的指示功能，表达功能和文本功能。
风格，是个人或群体的语言使用习惯。
学习文体学使我们对不同的语言特色或风格有个系统的知识，熟悉不同文学题材的不同特点，深化我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
此外，文体学给翻译和语言教学也提供了有效地方法。
文体学作为一门学科并不是独立存在的，它与多个学科如修辞学，文学评论等有着密切的关系。
第二章：文体学学习的必要性。
文体学作为一门研究语言风格的学科，分析不同的语言特色。
系统学习文体学，有助于培养表达的准确感。
在不同的场合使用不同的语言。
这对学外语的学生尤为重要；文体学有助于提高我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
通过对文本的研究。
涉及到描写，理解文章体裁特点和艺术表现力，这一过程就是提高我们理解和欣赏的过程；文体学有助于翻译保有原作的原滋原味。
通过分析通篇的风格，包括词，句子的特征，修辞，陈述方式以及文章的主题译者可以更好的把握原文的特色，使得译文在思想上，风格上更贴近原文，有其韵味。
第三章：语言变体文体学把语言变体主要分为方言变体和语域变体。
前者是由于不同的地域风俗习惯形成的，而后者是由于场合的不同而形成的。
方言变体和语域变体是相互依存的。
方言变体又分为：个人习语，即个人用语习惯；短暂性方言，每个时代的有其特别的语言特点，语言是时代的烙印；地域方言，不同地域的不同方言，每个地方读有其不同的说话习惯；社会方言即社会不同阶层如富人和穷人，使用不同的语言；和标准方言，方言也有标准和不标准之分。
语域变体在文体学中，又包括语场，语式（说和写）和语旨。
【西南●最新版】[0099]《英语文体学引论》网上作业及课程考试复习资料(有答案)
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[0099]《英语文体学引论》第一次[单选题]The smallest unit in a language that carries meaning is _____ .A：phemeB：morphemeC：phone参考答案：B[判断题]Ephemism is a kind of mild expression for an offensive or hush one参考答案：正确[单选题]What figure of speech has een used in "the young hunter was as strong as a lion"?A：metaphorB：metonymyC：synecdocheD：simile参考答案：D[多选题]Which of the following are the types of change of meaning of English words?A：extensionB：specializationC：elevationD：degradation参考答案：ABCD[判断题]Content is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaning may remain the same.参考答案：错误[判断题]Exophora is an item which refers to something in another text.参考答案：错误[多选题]What are the basic components of the English vocabulary?A：Anglo-SaxonB：GreekC：LatinD：French[单选题]stylistics is the study or the investigation of style.A：yesB：no参考答案：A[单选题]What figure of speech has een used in "Many hands make light work"? A：ironyB：overstatementC：synecdocheD：oxymoron参考答案：C[多选题]Which of the followings originate from Anglo-Saxon?A：Members of the familyB：TimeC：LawD：Science参考答案：AB第二批[多选题]What are the functions of inverted sentence ?A：For effectB：For emphasisC：For balanceD：For cohesion and conjunction参考答案：BCD[多选题]What are the levels of stylistic analysis?A：Phonological levelB：Lexical levelC：Syntactical levelD：Discoursal level[判断题]Simpley speaking, registers refer to languages which are determined by situation.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the grammatical functions of stress?A：Emphasize a certain word or meaning.B：Distinguish words, phrases, same spelling, different meaning.C：Change of stress in words causes change of phonemes.D：Means of expressing strong emotions.参考答案：ABCD[单选题]What is the methodology of stylistic analysis?A：linguistic analysisB：discourse analysie参考答案：A[判断题]In this example: "Is this a non-smoker? I don't know", there is a Verbal ellipsis.参考答案：错误[判断题]Rhetorical question is a question which does not demand an answer or the answer is obvious.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a means of characterizationC：Social positionD：irony, satire, emphasis, comical effects参考答案：ABCD[判断题]A not-text is a group of sentences that are typically or logically linked together. This kind of linkage is called cohesion. So cohesion is the quality that makes a text a text.参考答案：错误[多选题]Structurally speaking, sentences may be classified into：A：Simple sentenceB：Exclamatory sentenceC：Compound sentenceD：Complex sentence参考答案：ACD第三批[判断题]Contrastive conjunction is achieved by the use of conjunctive words of addition or progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.参考答案：错误[判断题]Contrastive conjunction is achieved by the use of conjunctive words of addition or progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.参考答案：错误[判断题]In this example: "Is this a non-smoker? I don't know", there is a Verbal ellipsis.参考答案：错误[判断题]Simpley speaking, registers refer to languages which are determined by situation.参考答案：正确[判断题]Tenor of discourse is the social relationships between participants in communication.参考答案：正确[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a mean of characterizationC：Social positionD：Iron, satire, emphasis, comical, effect参考答案：ABCD[多选题]What are the functions of inverted sentence ?A：For effectB：For emphasisC：For balanceD：For cohesion and conjunction参考答案：BCD[多选题]Structurally speaking, sentences may be classified into：A：Simple sentenceB：ExclamatoryC：Compound sentenceD：Complex sentence参考答案：ACD[多选题]What are the grammatical functions of stress?A：Emphasize a certain word or meaningB：Distinguish words, phrases, samespllingC：Change of stress in words causes changeD：Means of expressing strong emotions .参考答案：ABCD[多选题]What are the levels of stylistic analysis?A：Phonological levelB：Lexical levelC：Syntactical levelD：Discoursal level参考答案：ABCD第四批[多选题]What are the differences between language and speech?A：Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete.B：Language is potential whereas speech is actual.C：Language is code whereas speech is message.D：Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal and situational constraint.参考答案：ABCD[填空题]Loose sentence is the one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached or one in which the major information is presented _____ and the details of information are presented _____.参考答案：first; later[填空题]Style can be defined as the ___ habit of different people or characteristic of typical social situations.参考答案：linguistic[填空题]Stylistics may be defined as the study of or investigation of __.参考答案：style[论述题]Explain the connotative meaning of the underlined words in the sentence:She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She is a lilyLily is a flower and by cultural conventions a symbol of purity and innocence in the west.[论述题]Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the following sentence：He is a wolf in sheep's clothing. Don't Believe what he says.参考答案：A wolf is a wild animal that looks like a large dog and that kills and eats other animals. Here wolf is used to refer to persons who are cruel and untrustworthy.[单选题]What figures of speech have been used in the following sentence?Life is but a brief candle.A：simileB：metaphorC：metonymyD：synecdoche参考答案：B[单选题]What figures of speech have been used in the following sentence?The young hunter was as strong as a lion.A：simileB：metaphorC：metonymyD：synecdoche参考答案：A[填空题]The four major types of semantic change are______,______,_______ and_____.参考答案：extension; specialization;elevation;degration.[填空题]_____ phonetics is a branch of phonetics dealing with the physical properties of the speech sounds of a language.参考答案：AcousticIndicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence.from the cradle to the grave.参考答案：metonymy[填空题]Hyperbole can also be called______.参考答案：overstatement[论述题]Explain the term simile.参考答案：A simile is a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeliness between them.[论述题] What is the formula of a simile?参考答案：It often takes the formula of X is like Y in the aspect of Z.[单选题]____ is the figure of speech which makes covert comparison.A：metaphorB：metonymyC：hyperboleD：oxymoron参考答案：A[论述题]What is register?参考答案：Register is language determined by situation.[论述题]Analyze the following case of simile in terms of tenor, vehicle and ground.He is as brave as a tiger.参考答案："He” is the tenor, "tiger” is the vehicle, and "brave” is the ground.[填空题]The three situational factors that are most relevant to the deciding of a register are ___, ___ and ___.参考答案：field of discourse;tenor of discourse;mode of discourse[多选题]What are the stylistic functions of syntactic deviations in literature?A：As a marker of one’s social backgroundB：As a means of characterizationC：Social positionD：Other functions: irony, satire, emphasis, comical effects[单选题]_____ refers to the putting together of two contradictory words in one phrase.A：euphemismB：oxymoronC：synecdocheD：simile参考答案：B第六批[填空题]Oxymoron is the putting together of two ____ words in one phrase.参考答案：contradictory[填空题]Register refers to language determined by ____.参考答案：situation[填空题]periodic sentence is one that is not grammatically complete until the ___ is reached or one in which the ___ information is delayed until towards the end of the sentence参考答案：end;major[填空题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence________.The young hunter was as strong as a lion.参考答案：simile[单选题]The word" villain" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it?A：extentionB：specializationC：degration[论述题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentence.The young hunter was as strong as a lion.参考答案：simile[单选题]The word"craftsman" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：elevationC：specialization参考答案：B[单选题]The word"hospital" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：elevationC：specialization参考答案：C[单选题]The word"economy" shows the change of word meaning. Which type of semantic change is it? A：extentionB：specializationC：elevation参考答案：A[论述题]Indicate what figures of speech have been used in the following sentenc e.Many hands make light work.参考答案：synecdoche。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表applied linguistics 应用语言学blending混成法A applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语borrowing 借用借词abbreviation 缩写词，略语言学bound morpheme 粘着语素ablative夺格，离格appropriacy 话宜性bounding theory 管辖论accent 重音（符）appropriateness话宜性得体性bracketing 括号法accusative 宾格approximant 无摩擦延续音brevity maxim 简洁准则achievement test 成绩测试aptitude test素质测试bridging 架接acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Arabic阿拉伯语broad tran scripti on 宽式音标acquisition 习得arbitrari ness 任意性broadening 词义扩大acronym缩略语argument 中项中词主目Brown corpus布朗语料库action process 动作过程article 冠词 Cactor动作者articulation 发音calculability 可计算性address form 称呼形式articulator 发音器官calque仿造仿造词语addressee受话人articulatory phon etics 发音语音学can cellability 可删除addresser发话人artificial speech 人工言语cardinal numeral 基数adjective形容词aspect 体cardinal vowel 基本兀音adjunct修饰成分附加语aspirated 吐气送气case 格adverb畐恫assimilation 同化case grammar 格语法affix词缀associative 联想case theory 格理论affixation词缀附加法associative meaning 联想意义category 范畴affricate塞擦音assonance准压韵半谐音categorical component 范畴成分agreeme nt —致关系attributive 属性修饰语定语causative使役的使投动词airstream 气流auditory phon etics 听觉语音学center 中心词alliteration 头韵authe ntic in put 真实投入central determ iner 中心限定词allomorph词/语素变体authorial style 权威风格chain relation 链状关系allophone音位变体authori ng program 编程chain system 链状系统allophonic variation 音位变体aut onomy 自主性choice选择allophony音位变体现象auxiliary 助词choice system选择系统alveolar ridge 齿龈auxiliary verb 助动词circumstanee 环境因子alveolar齿龈音 B class词类ambiguity 歧义babbl ing stage婴儿语阶段class shift词性变换analogical creation 类推造子back-formation 逆构词法clause小句从句anapest抑抑扬格base component 基础部分click吸气音咂音anaphor前指替代behavioural process 行为过程clipping截断法anaphoric reference 前指照应behaviourism 行为主义closed class圭寸闭类animate有生命的bilabial双唇音closed syllable 闭音节annotation 注解bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音cluster 音丛antecedent先行词前在词bilateral oppositi on 双边对立coarticulation 协冋发音anthropological linguistics 人类语言bilingualism双语现象coda结尾音节符尾学bi nary divisio n 二分法code语码信码anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同bi nary feature 二分特征cognitive psychology 认知心理学发曰binary taxonomy 二分分类学cognitive system 认知系统antonomasia换称代类名binding 制约cohere nee相关关联antonym 反义词binding theory 制约论cohension 衔接antonymy 反义（关系）blade舌叶舌面前部co-hyponym 同下义词appellative 称谓性blank verse 无韵诗colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统comma nd 指令com mon core 共核com mon noun 普通名词com muni cati on 交际com muni cative compete nee 交际能力com muni cative dyn amism, CD 交际性动力com muni cative Ian guage teach ing, CLT 交际语言教学法com muni cative Sentence Patter n, CSP 交际性句子模式com muni cative syllabus 交际教学大纲com muni cative test 交际性测试com muni cative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级compete nee 能力complement 补语compleme ntary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite propositi on 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computati on al li nguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer n etworks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord —致(关系) concordanee共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttress ing 连接词支撑conno tati on 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant 辅音con sta nt oppositi on 不变对立constative 表述的con stitue nt comma nd 成分指令con stituent propositi on 成分命题constituentstructure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分con struct 编制con structvalidity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析conten t validity 内容效度contentword 实义词con text depe ndent 语境依赖的con text of situati on 情景语境con text语境con textual an alyses 语境分析con textualmeaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论con trolled Ianguage 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality常规性规约性conversati onal implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准贝V con verseantonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原贝U coordin ate con struct ion 并列结构coord ination并歹U coreferential 互参的coronal舌面前音corpus data语料库语料corpus (plcorpora)语料素材corpus linguistics语料库语言学con text上下文countable可数(名词)coun terfactual propositi on 反事实命题couplet对句对联creativity创造性原创性Creole克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communi cati on 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific文化特异的curriculum教学大纲customizing 定制的D dactyl扬抑抑格Dani Ian guage 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database数据库dative (case)与格dative moveme nt 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive演绎的deepstructure 深层结构defeasibility消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis指称delicacy精密阶denotation 夕卜延指称dental齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 彳衍生derivati onal affix 彳衍生词汇derivati onal morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学designfeature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法devia nt 变体deviation偏离变异devoicing清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic历时的diacritic附加符号变音符diagnostictest诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音directobject直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想direct ion ality方向性discourse语篇话语discourseanalysis语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretatio n 语篇理解discrete分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction分离关系displacement 移位dissimilatio n 异化（作用）dist in ctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do添加规贝U domain 范围领域dorsal舌背音舌中音dorsum舌背（音）doublecomparative 双重比较drill-a nd-practicesoftware 操练软件D-structure D 结构dual双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性E early Modern English 早期现代英语economy经济性简洁性ejective爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentence structure省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic位学的emotive感情的empirical经验主义的empirical data经验主义的语料empiricalvalidity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵en doce ntric con struct ion 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry con diti on 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipolle nt opposition 均等对立equivale nee 相等equivale neereliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST科技英语eth ni city ide ntity 民族认同eth no graphy of com muni cati on 交际民族学etic非位的素的event process事件过程example-based mach ine tran slati on 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequenee 交际序歹U exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric夕卜向的exoce ntric con struct ion 夕卜向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式exter nal evaluatio n 夕卜部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extri nsic sources of error 夕卜在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity con diti on 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative Ianguage 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthia n pho no logy 弗斯音系学flap闪音flexibility灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreignIanguage teaching 夕卜语教学form形式formal differenee 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free in direct speech, FIS 自由间接言语free in direct thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative (摩)擦音frictio n 摩擦front舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality tran slatio n,FAHQT全自动高质量翻译fun cti on word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法fun cti on al li nguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of Ianguage 语言功能fusion溶合fuzzy模糊的Ggender differenee 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive属格所有格genre体裁语类German德语give n (in formatio n)已给信息global task整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal目标gover nment theory 支配理论government支配己grammatical analysis 语法分析grammatical function ;; grammaticalstructure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammaticalcategory 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical descripti on 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammaticalmarker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical orga ni zati on 语法组成grammatical patter n 语法类型grammaticalprocess 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规贝U grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammaticalsystem 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maximGrice 准贝H group词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head中心词中心成分headed con structi on 中心结构heptameter七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy等级体系high高(元音)historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi 语horiz on tal relati on 链状关系Horn scale霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human Ianguage 人类语言human speech人类言语huma n tran slati on 人译hypercorrect ion 矫枉过正hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC an alysis直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL)智能计算机辅助语言学习ideatio nal (fun ctio n) 概念功台匕冃匕identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配己的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force言外作用施为作用imagi native (function)想象功能immediacy assumptio n 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规贝U imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implicati on conn ective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative陈述式陈述语气in direct object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语in direct thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European Ianguages 印欧语言_:言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferen tial com muni cati on 推论交际infinitive 不定式infix中缀in flection屈折(变化)inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾in formati on retrieval 信息检索in formati on structure 信息结构in formative (fun ctio n) 信息功台匕冃匕inn ate ness 先天性inn ate ness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设in put输入in put hypothesis 语言输入说in strume ntal (function) 工具功台匕冃匕integrative test综合性测试intensifier强调成分intensive强调的增强的in teract ional (fun ctio n) 交互功台匕冃匕in terde ntal 齿间音in terface 界面interferenee 干扰in terject ion 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluati on 内部评估in ternal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标in ternet互联网interpersonal 人际的in terpers onal function 人际功台匕冃匕in terpretatio n 解军释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调in tra-l in guistic relati on 语言内关系intransitive不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源in variable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion倒置，倒装IPA chart国际音标图IPS symbol国际音标符号irony讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon黑话行语Jespers on,Otto Johnson & Johnson Johnson Jon es,Daniel K kernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known in formatio n已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel标示标记labial唇音labiodental 唇齿音Ianguage 语言Ianguage acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制Ianguage attitude 语言态度Ianguagechoice 语言选择Ian guage comprehe nsion语言理解Ianguage data语言素材Ianguage learning 语言学习Ianguagemaintenance 语言维护Ian guage processing 语言处理Ianguage structure 语言结构Ianguage system 语言系统Ian guage teaching 语言教学Ianguage universal 语言普遍性Ianguage use语言使用Iangue语言(系统)larynx喉头lateral边音旁流音Latin拉丁语Lati n grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel松元音length长度音长letter字母level层，级，平面Levi nson, Stephe n lexeme词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon词汇词典lexis 词liaison连音连续limerick打油诗line诗行lin ear phono logy 线性音系学linearstructure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势lin guistic compete nee 语言能力lin guistic con text 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguisticdescription 语言描写linguistic determinism语言决定component 形态形态音位学形态音系学change 形态句法论linguistic facts 语言事实lin guistic relativity 语言相对性 linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视 linguistic structure 语言结构 linguistic theory 语言理论 linguisticunit 语言单位 linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异 linguistics 语言学 lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言 literary stylistics文学文体学 loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词 loan shift 转移借词 loan word 借词 local area networks, LAN 局域网 locuti on ary act 发话行为，表述性言 语行为 logical component 逻辑成分 logical connective 逻辑连词 logical form component 逻辑式成 分logical form representation 逻辑式表 达 logical formula 逻辑公式 logical function 逻辑功能 logical semantics 逻辑语义学 logicalstructure 逻辑结构 logical subject 逻辑主语 logophoricity 词照应 Lon don School 伦敦学派 long vowed 长元音 loss of sound 语音脱落 loudness 响度M mach inetran slati on机 器 翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学 macropropositi on 宏观命题 macrostructure 宏观结构 main clause 主句Mali no wski, Bron islaw man-machine symbiosis 人机共生 manner maxim 方式准贝V manner of articulati on 发音方式marked 标记的 masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的 material （process ）物质过程 mathematical prin ciples 数学原 理maxim 准则maximal on set prin ciple 最大节首辅 音原则 meaningpote ntial意 义 潜势meaning shift 转移 meaning意义mental （processs ）思维过程心理过 程 mentalism 心灵主义 message 信息 metafuncti on 元功能 metalinguistic 元语言的 metaphor 隐喻 metathesis 换位（作用） met on ymy 换喻转喻 metre 韵律 metrical patter ning 韵律格式 microcomputer 微机 microprocessor 微处理器 mid 中（元音） mind 思维 mini mal attachme nt theory 最少接触 理论minimal pair 最小对立体 mi ni malist programminimum free form 最小自由形 式 mirror maxim 镜像准贝U mistake 错误 modal subject 语气主语 modal verb 情态动词 modality 情态 modern French 现代法语modification 修饰 modifier 修饰语 monom orphemic 单语素的 monophonemic 单音位的mon ophth ong 单元音 mono syllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法 mood 语气 morph 形素词素形式 morpheme 语素 词素 形 素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错 误 morphemic shape 词素形状 morphemic structure 词素结构 morphemic tran scripti on词素标morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规贝 U morphology形态学morpho-pho nemic 音位成分morphoph on emics morphoph ono logy morpho-s yn tactical 变化 mother ton gue 母语 本族 语 motivation 动因动机 move （移动） MT 机器翻译 MT quality 机译质量multilateral oppositi on 多边对立 multi-level phono logy 多层 次音系 学 multilingualism 多语制多语现象 Nnarratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator 'representation of speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表 达 narrator'representation of speech,NRS 言语的叙述者表达 narrator'representation of thoughtacts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表 达 narrator'representation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达 narrow tran scripti on 窄式音标 narrowing 狭窄化 n asal 鼻音 nasal cavity 鼻腔 n asal sound 鼻音 n asal stop 鼻塞音 nasal tract 鼻道 nasality 鼻音性 nasalization 鼻音化 Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者 natural language 自然语言 n aturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法 negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interferenee 负面干扰 negative marker 否定标记 negative transfer 负转移 neogrammarian 新语法学家 network 网络n etwork computer 网络计算机 neutralizable opposition 可中立对\立new in formati on 新信息 new stylistics 新文体学 node 节nominal group 名词词组 nominalization 名词化 nominative 主格non-authe ntic in put 非真实语料的输 入 non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分 析 non-conven ti on ality 非规约性non-detachability 非可分离性 non-I in ear pho no logy 非线 性音系 学 non-l in guistic en tity 非语言实体 non-pul monic sound 非肺闭塞音 non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语 篇 non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段non verbal cues非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念no ti on al-fu nctional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase名词短语noun名词number system 数字系统number数字O object宾语object-deleti on 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old En glish 古英语on e-place predicate 一位谓语on-I ine tran slati on 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词on set节首辅音ope n class开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal releva nee 最适宜关联option 选择optional可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of Ianguage 语言起源orthography 正字法oste nsive com mun icati on 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalizati on (硬)腭化paradigm聚合体paradigmatic relatio n 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive tran sformati on 被动转换passive (voice)被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause停顿peak (节)峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performanee test 语言运用测试performanee 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverativecoarticulation 重复性协同发音person人称perso nal (fu nctio n)自指性功能pharyngeal卩因头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion)寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phon ematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phon etic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phon etictran scriptio n（法）phonetics语音学phono logical an alysis 音位分析phono logical comp onent音位咅B分phono logical level 音系层phono logicalprocess 音位过程phono logical representati on 音位表达phono logical rule 音位规贝U phono logicalstructure 音位结构phono logical system 音位系统phono logical varia nt 音位变体phono logy音系学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch音咼声调咼低place of articulation 发音部位play剧本plosion 爆破plosive爆破音爆发音plural复数pluralism多元主义plurality复数形式poetic （function）诗学功能poetry诗歌polymorphemic （word）多语词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemicanalysis 多系统分析Portugese葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldian linguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralistview 后结构主义观占八、、pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmaticroles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学PragueSchool 布拉格派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictivevalidity 预测效度pre-editing预先编辑译前加工prefix前缀pre-modified in put 预修正的入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositi onal logic 介词逻辑prepositionalopposition 介词\立prepositi onal phrase 介词语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress主重音第一重音prin ciple ofin formative ness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则prin ciple of qua ntity 数量原贝U privativeopposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程producti on error 产生性错误productivity多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form代词形式替代形式programming Ianguage 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation丿顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronun ciation 发音pronun ciati on dictionary 发音词典pronun ciati on 发音proportionalopposition 部分对\立propositi on 命题prose style散文风格prosodic analysis节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-socioli nguistic approach心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of Ianguage 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Put on ghua普通话QQ-based implicature基于质量的含义Q-principle质量原则quality 量quality maxim 质量准贝Uquantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析qua ntitative paradigm 数量变化表qua ntity maxim 数量准贝U quatrain 四行诗Rrange范围rank 级rati on alism 理性主义raw data原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader读者readi ng comprehe nsion 阅读理解realisation 体现recall回忆received pronunciation, R P 标准发音receiver受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive可溯的还原的recursiven ess 递归性reference所指参照referential meaning 所指意义refere ntial theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form)反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function)控制性语言功台匕冃匕relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative unin terruptibility 相对的非间断性releva nee theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue剩余成分restricted Ianguage 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverserhyme 反陨revised exte nded sta ndardtheory, REST修正扩展标准理论rewritingrules 重写规贝U rheme述位rhetorical skill修辞技能rhyme韵韵角压韵rhythm韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle关联原则rule system规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of Ianguage 语言规贝USsameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema图式scheme-oriented Ianguage 面向图式的语言second Ianguage acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音sec on dary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectionalrules 选择规贝U self-reflexive 自反身sema ntic associati on n etwork 语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化sema ntic comp onent 语义咅B分semantic feature 特征sema ntic in terpretati on 语义解释semanticinterpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程sema ntic represe ntati on 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense意义sentence 句子sentencefragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant咝擦音sig n符号signified所指受指signifier能指施指simile明喻simulta neity同时性singular 单数situatio nal con text 情景语境situational level 情景层situationalsyllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation情景变异slot空缺social role社会角色socialsemiotic社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色socioli nguistic study of Ian guage语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic studyof society 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociologicalapproach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound语音soundimage语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system语音系统sound wave 音波speaker ' s meani说话者意义speech言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speechcommunity 言语社团speechcomprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speechmode言语方式speech organ言语器官speech perception 言语感知speechpresentation 言语表达speech product ion ;言语产生speech research 言语研究speechrole 言语角色speech sound 语音speechsyn thesis 言语合成spelling拼写，拼法splitinfinitives分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken Ianguage translation 口语翻译spondee扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread展元音S-structure表层结构stability稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Sta ndard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status地位stem词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategicknowledge学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stresspattern 重音模式stress重音structuralanalysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subord in ate con structi on 从属结构subord ination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix后缀superlative degree 最高级superord in ate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature 超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design教学大纲设计syllabus教学大纲syllogism三段论法symbol符号synchronic (linguistics)共时(语言学) synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syn tactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syn tax句法system network 系统网络system of sig ns 符号系统system of systems系统的系统systemic(grammar)系统语法systemic-functional Grammar, SFG 系统功能语法Ttacit knowledge默契的知识tagmeme 法位tagmemics法位学tap 一次接触音target Ianguage 目标语言tautology同义反复冗辞template 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense时态test content测试内容test form测试形式testee受试者testing 测试test-retest reliability 一测再测信度tetrameter 四音步诗行text语篇text comprehe nsion 语篇理解text encoding 语篇编码text in terpretati on 语篇解释text style语篇风格textual organization 语篇组织textual语篇功能theme 主位theoretical li nguistics 理论语言学third-person narrator 第三人称叙述者thought prese ntati on 思想表达three-place predicate 三位谓语tone声调音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic主题trace theory 轨迹论traditi onal grammar 传统语法transcribed 标音transcription 音标标音transfer 移转transfer approach 移转法utteranee 语句 uvular 小舌音uvula 小舌 tran sformati on 转换transformation of interrogation 疑问 转换 transformational component 转换咅B 分、transformational grammar 转换 语法 transformational process 转换过程 tran sformati onal rule 转换规贝 U tran sformati on al-ge nerative grammar, TG grammar 转换生成语法 transitivity 及物性 translation 翻译 tree diagram 树形图 trill 颤音 trochee 抑扬格长短格 trope 转喻隐喻 truth con diti on 真值条件 truth value 真值 tu/vous disti nction 你 / 您区别 turn length 话语轮次长度 turn quantity 话语轮次数量 turn-taking 依次发言 two-place predicate 二位谓语 two-word uttera nee 二词话语 typology 类型学 UUn aspirated 不松气的 un derly ing form 底层形式 un derly ing represe ntati on 底层表达 unin terruptibility 非中断性universal grammar, UG 普遍语法 universal quantifier 普遍限量词 universal 普遍现象 universality 普遍性 universals of Ianguage语言的普遍现 象unmarked 未标记的 unrounded vowel 非圆元音 urban dialectology 者E 市方言学 user 用户 user-friendly 方便用户的 utteraneemeaning 语句意义V validity 效度 variable 可变化的 variable word 可变化词 variation 变异 variety 变体语体 velar 软腭音 velarization 腭音化 velum 软口盖 verb 动词 verb phrase 动词短语 verbalcom muni cati on 言语交际 verbal process言语过程 verbiage 言辞 vernacularIanguage education 本地 化教育 vertical relation 选择关系 vocabulary 词汇 vocal cord 声带 vocal organ 发音器官 vocal tract声道 vocative 呼格 voice 语态 voicedconsonant 浊辅音 voiced obstruent 浊塞音 voiced (sound)浊音 voiceless consonant 清辅音 voiceless obstruent 清塞音 voiceless(so und)清音 voicing 浊音化，有声化 vowel glide 元音音渡 vowel 兀音 W web page 网页 Wh-interrogative 特殊疑问句 women register 女性语域 word 词 word class 词类 word formatio n 词语形成 word group 词组 word meaning 词义 word order 词序 working memory system 工作记忆系 统 writi ng 文字writing system 文字系统writte n Ian guage 书面语 writte n text 篇章 XX-bar Theory X-bar 理论 Yyes/no in terrogative 是非问句 yes/no question 是非问句 Zzero form 零形式word recog niti on 词语识另 U word formatio n 词语形成 word-for-word 逐词翻译 wording措辞。
文体学
• 定义3: David Crystal • Investigating English Style • There are four commonly occurring senses of the term STYLE: • 1)some or all the language habits(i.e. speech and writing habits) of one person: Shakespeare, James Joyce, Hemingway.
• Familiarize yourself with different figures of speech, such as • oxymoron, paradox, synecdoche, metonymy, metaphor, irony, ambiguity, over/understatement, alliteration, rhyme, assonace, consonace, onomatopoeia, repetition, parallelism etc.
• • • • • • • •
Part Four: Some Practical Varieties 1. Coversation 2. Public speaking 3. English for Science and Technology 4. Journalese 5. Advertising 6. Literary English 7. Legal documents
• • • • •
Part Three: Situational Varieties 1 Varieties in relation to regions 2 Varieties in relation to media 3 Varieties in relation to attitude 4 Varieties in relation to social factors
文体学 3(9-22)
Examples
• Round the rock runs the river. • Sharper/garter, plain/ plate • Feat/beat/sweet
Supra-segmental features
Super-segmentals (prosodic features) are stylistically significant in the following aspects: Stress rhythm intonation Pitch height and pitch range Pause Tempo
Chapter 3 Linguistic Description
3.1 Levels of language 3.2 Stylistics features 3.3 Procedure of linguistic description
The relation between three aspects in a speech event and the levels of language • Substance the level of phonology/graphology • Form the level of lexis and grammar • Situation the level of semantics, the contextual relations between situation and form
Onomatopoeia
eg: The clock ticked away the minutes. She clapped the book shut. The actress was hissed off the stage. AVSEQ02.DAT
英语文体学教程Unit 3
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect—Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
Unit 3 Varieties of Language
Dialects Registers
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Dialectal varieties—dialects
Associated with different users Permanent features in individual, temporal, regional, social and standard aspects
Spoken: false starts, interruptions, repetitions, grunts, shrieks, er Written: none of the above, punctuation…
3.3 Registers
3.3.3 Tenor of discourse
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
A variety with certain social group 4 varieties: Socioeconomic status —social class/rank Ethnic varieties —Black Eng.: phonological, verb, there is, multiple negative constructions 3. Gender varieties —male/female 4. Age varieties —old men/young men 1. 2.
my linguistics4
传统学派—数number）：主要是名词和代词的范畴，如：a book（一本书）；some books（一些书）；I（我），we（我们）；he（他），they（他们）。英语动 词也反映了数的范畴，如：He speaks English.（他说英语）；They speak English.（他们说英语）。 数一般有两种：单数和复数。汉语中没有数的范畴。"们"能表示复数,但它的使 用很受限制。它只能用于像"学生们、工人们"这样的有生名词，不能说"桌子们、 椅子们"。就算是有生名词，"们"也不能和数量词一起使用，如"* 三个学生们、* 很多工人们"。 性（gender）：主要也是名词和代词的范畴。英语中，性的差别是自然的，由 动物本身的生理性别决定。如：actor（男演员），actress（女演员）；hero （男英雄），heroine（女英雄）；prince（王子），princess（公主）；lion （雄狮），lioness（雌狮）。 格（case）范畴在拉丁语语法里是很显著的。它有六种格：主格、呼格、宾格、 属格、与格、离格。英语里，代词有三种格：主格（如I，he，she），宾格 （如 me，him，her）和属格（如my，his，her）。但是名词只有两种格：普 通格（如John，boys）和属格（如John's，boys'），由词的形态区分，属格有 附加语素﹛'s﹜。名词的主格和宾格的区别表现在语序上，在动词之前的是主格， 在动词之后的是宾格。
传统学派—时和体
时（tense）和体（aspect）是动词的两个重要范畴， 在传统语法中两者并不区分。基于拉丁语语法的时态系统， 一般认为英语有十六种时态，现列表如下： 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时 一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将 来完成进行时
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elision
Omission of sounds
4.3 Stylistic features
Segmental features 4. alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant
assonance
Repetition of stressed vowel with different end consonant
4.2.2 Level of lexis/grammar Grammar
The study of structure of units in a language, and the way they function in sequences
Grammar is divided into morphology and syntax
4.3 Stylistic features
Stylistic features can be found at 3 levels
Phonological/graphological level Lexciogrammatical level Semantic level
4.3 Stylistic features
Super-segmentals/prosodic features
Sounds extending over longer stretches of spoken text (stress, rhythm, intonation)
4.3 Stylistic features
Segmental features 1. onomatopoeia
Lexicology
Morphology: internal structure of words and rules governing their formation Syntax: external relationships of words in a sentence The study of the choices of specific lexical items in a text, their distribution and meaning
Prominence given to one part of a word or longer utterance Word stress vs. Sentence stress
2. rhythm
Pattern formed by the stresses perceived as peaks of prominence or beats Stressed syllables occur at regular internals 3 types of rhythms (p.46-47)
4.2 Levels of language
4.2.3 Level of semantics Semantics
The study of the overall meaning of a text, the meaning derived not from the formal properties of words and structures but from the way sentences/utterances are used and the way they are related to the context in which they are used/uttered
4.2 Levels of language
3 aspects in a speech event
Substantial, formal, situational
Aspects of speech event are related to levels of language and linguistic description
4.3 Stylistic features
Super-segmental features 4. pitch height
The point of the pitch scale at which a stressed syllable occurs in relation to the previous syllable
Super-segmental features 3. intonation
Distinctive pattern of rise and fall in pitch taking place in connected speech Tonic units
Brief stretches usually corresponding to units of information Each contains one syllable (tonic syllable) for pitch prominence with pitch movement 5 tones (p.48-49)
4.3 Stylistic features
4.3.1.2 Graphological features Graphological features concerns the use of alphabet, number system, punctuation, capitalization, headlining, italicizing, bracketing, diagramming, paragraphing, spacing Stylistics describes patterns of writing that assist in distinguishing varieties of language Different registers make particular use of graphological features
4.3 Stylistic features
Segmental features 3. assimilation
Change of one sound into another at word boundaries in connected speech because of the influence of an adjacent sound
4.3.1 Phonological/Graphological level 4.3.1.1 Phonological features Segmentals
Sounds broken into smallest units, called phonemes (vowels and consonants)
pitch range
The width of pitch movement on the tonic syllable or from stress to stress
4.3 Stylistic features
Super-segmental features 5. pause
Temporary stop or silence in the flow of speech utterance together with tone unit Forms (p.50) Public speaking, drama, and film
English Stylistics
Chapter 4 Linguistic Description
WANG Yao @ SDUT
Contents
1
2 3
Aims of stylistics in linguistic description
Levels of language
Stylistic features Procedure of linguistic description Practical description and analysis
Stylistic features
A situational variety of language can be seen as a complex of features describable by reference to a number of contextual categories, which are defined with reference to sets of linguistic features, operating at some or all of the levels of language. These situationally bound features are called Stylistically Significant Features.
4.3 Stylistic features
e.g.
A man put on his hat and walked along the strand and there he met another man whose hat was in his hand
4.3 Stylistic features
Isolated sounds reflecting aspects of reality Use of words imitating natural sounds
2. sound symbolism
Sounds in some way appropriate to the meaning expressed
Stylistics replaces a sporadic approach with a systematic one and seeks to avoid over-reliance on intuitive ability in stylistic analysis The ordered approach (p.42)