Proof-reading exercise for Grade 08
八年级英语复习课件
Analyze the introduction to identify the main points and structure of the article
Body Paragraph Analysis
Examine the body paragraphs to identify the main ideas, supporting details, and transitions
Grammar Review
Mastering basic grammar rules
Systematically review the grammar knowledge of eighth grade English, including tense, voice, tone, sentence structure, etc. By analyzing example sentences, practicing, and simulating situations, help students proficiently master and apply grammar rules.
answer analysis
目录
01
Review goals and plans
Reviewing goals
Improving reading comprehension
By reading a variety of texts, students will increase their ability to understand and analyze written materials
03
Vocabulary and Word Means: Define or choose the best definition for a given word or phrase
一模卷Proof-read (英语) ppt
揭阳市2010-2011学年度高中毕业班第一次高考模拟考试英语本试卷共三部分，共14页（试题卷11页，答题卷3页）。
满分135分,考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己姓名、考生号、试室号和座位号填写在答题卡上，并填写好答题卷密封线内的有关项目。
用2B铅笔将答题卡试卷类型（B）涂黑。
在答题卷右上角的“座位号”列表内填写座位号。
不按要求填涂的，答卷无效。
2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卷各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液，不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4. 考生必须保持答题卡和答题卷的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷、答题卷和答题卡一并交回。
I . 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节: 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1―15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该题涂黑。
An English padre（神父）had wanted to become a member of a certain club in Africa. In order to become a member, each person had to 1 at least one lion. The padre had never shot an animal for his life. So, armed with a rifle and led by a young African boy, the padre set out one evening for a pool in the jungle where he was told a lion came each evening to 2 . he waited patiently for a few 3 until shortly before midnight when he heard a rustling(沙沙声) noise.Sure enough a few feet away the head of the lion appeared above a bush that separated the padre and the pool. He aimed and fired. The head of the lion 4 fell behind the bush but a moment later 5 . So the padre aimed and 6 again. The head of the lion fell behind the bush and once more reappeared. The padre fired again: the same 7 . He remained calm because he 8 he had brought sixteen bullets with him. After his fourth try, his aim seemed to become more and more 9 : in fact, after his 10 try the African boy had to 11 him: “This is your last chance. If you 12 this time, we are in trouble.”The padre then realized how 13 the situation was, so he took a deep breath, aimed very carefully and fired. They waited for a moment, and then slowly 14 up to twenty: the head of the lion did not reappear. The padre was certain that at last he had shot his lion. They 15 forward together to the spot behind the bush. And what do you think they found? Sixteen lions.1. A. shoot B. kill C. catch D. hurt2. A. eat B. walk C. drink D. hunt揭阳市2010-2011学年度第一次高考模拟考试英语试题第1 页（共12 页）3. A. minutes B. seconds C. days D. hours4. A. fast B. immediately C. once D. directly5. A. turned B. reappeared C. returned D. moved6. A. killed B. jumped C. fired D. tied7. A. result B. situation C. answer D. problem8. A. acknowledged B. understood C. believed D. knew9. A. inaccurate B. unnecessary C. impossible D. indirect10 A. last B. fifteenth C. sixteenth D. many11. A. tell B. frighten C. warn D. remain12. A. fell B. shot C. fired D. missed13.A. difficult B. serious C. exciting D. mad14. A. counted B. waited C. added D. named15. A. drove B. rushed C. wandered D. climbed第二节: 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卷标号为16-25的相应位置上。
Proofreading and Error Correction (3 examples)汇总
(2) _______
• “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. But
(3) _______
• this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a (4) _______
该部分要求学生掌握三种知识:语法知识 （定语从句、情态动词、介词、冠词、反 身代词等）；词汇与搭配；篇章结构。主 要有两种错误，句内和句际错误。
语法知识
英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一便是语法。 没有系统的语法知识就很难全面准确地以口头或 书面的形式表达思维或意念。
对英语专业的学生，语法知识的掌握有助于提高语 言的准确性逻辑性。校对项目的一个测试点就是 检验学生语法知识的掌握及运用。经常出现的语 法错误包括定语从句、情态动词、冠词、介词及 反身代词等。但该项目不是孤立测试学生的语法 知识，而更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力。所以 平时要巩固语法，理清概念，还要注重运用语言 知识解决具体问题。
篇章结构
• 篇章结构旨在测试具体语境或上下文中使 用语法和词汇的能力。提供的具体语境和 上下文是一篇200来字的短文。这篇短文是 由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成，而 需要修改的的语病都出现在这些意义上存 在有机联系的组合句中。学生要跳出单句 的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的 句子组合）的角度来进行判断。从语篇角 度看，校对改错项目的错误可分为句内和 句际错误两类。
句内错误与句际错误
• 对句内错误的判断无须超越句子本身；而对句际 错误的判断要基于上下文，也就是涉及到句与句 之间。对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度 出发把文中的句子看做表达完整意义的有机体， 只有这样，才能找到错误所在。在历年考试中， 学生大都能判断出第一类错误，而对第二类错误 （ 句际错误）的判断准确率相对低。平时要加强 对篇章理解能力的训练，了解篇章结构的特点， 包括语段内句子之间的关系；语段之间的关系； 它们的类别及各种不同关系的表达方法等。
八下英语作文万能公式
八下英语作文万能公式The journey through academic life can be a daunting one, filled with a myriad of challenges and expectations. One of the most formidable tasks faced by students in the 8th grade is the dreaded English essay. The ability to craft a well-structured, compelling, and coherent piece of writing is a skill that not only serves students in their current studies but also lays the foundation for their future academic and professional endeavors. Fortunately, there exists a foolproof formula that can guide 8th grade students through the process of writing a successful English essay.The first and most crucial step in this formula is to thoroughly understand the prompt or the question being asked. It is essential to carefully read and analyze the prompt, ensuring that the student comprehends the underlying purpose, the required focus, and the expected outcomes. By fully grasping the prompt, students can then begin to formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that will serve as the foundation for their essay.The next step in the formula is to conduct thorough research on thetopic at hand. This involves gathering information from a variety of reliable sources, such as academic journals, textbooks, and reputable online resources. It is crucial that students take meticulous notes and organize their findings in a way that will facilitate the writing process. This research phase not only provides the necessary information to support the thesis statement but also helps students develop a deeper understanding of the topic, which can be reflected in the quality of their writing.Once the research phase is complete, the student can begin the process of outlining the essay. This step is often overlooked by many students, but it is a crucial component of the foolproof formula. The outline serves as a roadmap, guiding the writer through the structure and flow of the essay. It should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, each with a clear purpose and well-defined content.The introduction is the first and perhaps the most important part of the essay. It should grab the reader's attention, provide relevant background information, and clearly state the thesis statement. The body paragraphs, on the other hand, should each focus on a specific aspect of the topic, presenting evidence and analysis to support the overall argument. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the key points, reiterate the thesis statement, and leave the reader with a lasting impression.One of the most common mistakes made by 8th grade students in their English essays is the lack of coherence and cohesion. The foolproof formula addresses this issue by emphasizing the importance of transitional phrases and logical flow. Students should use transitional words and phrases, such as "in addition," "furthermore," and "in conclusion," to seamlessly connect their ideas and guide the reader through the essay.Another crucial element of the foolproof formula is the incorporation of evidence and analysis. Students should support their arguments with relevant and credible evidence, such as quotes, statistics, and examples. However, it is not enough to simply present the evidence; students must also analyze and interpret the information, explaining how it supports their thesis statement and strengthens their overall argument.Finally, the foolproof formula for 8th grade English essays emphasizes the importance of proofreading and editing. Once the essay has been written, students should carefully review their work, checking for any grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and inconsistencies in the content and structure. This step not only helps to improve the overall quality of the essay but also demonstrates the student's attention to detail and commitment to producing a polished and professional piece of writing.In conclusion, the foolproof formula for 8th grade English essays is a comprehensive and systematic approach that can guide students through the writing process. By understanding the prompt, conducting thorough research, outlining the essay, maintaining coherence and cohesion, incorporating evidence and analysis, and proofreading and editing, students can develop the skills necessary to craft a successful and compelling piece of writing. This formula not only benefits students in their current academic pursuits but also lays the foundation for their future success in the realm of written communication.。
八年级上册英语语法总结：常见语法错误及纠正方法
八年级上册英语语法总结：常见语法错误及纠正方法As students move through their middle school years, English grammar becomes increasingly complex and nuanced. However, with the right tools and resources, students can identify and correct their common grammar errors. In this article, we will examine some of the most common grammar errors made by eighth-grade students, and provide tips and strategies for correcting those mistakes.Incorrect Tense UsageOne of the most frequent grammar mistakes that eighth-grade students make is incorrect tense use. Tense refers to the time frame in which an action is occurring. Common tenses include present, past, and future. Students may confuse tenses, resulting in sentences that do not make sense.For example, many students may use the present tense when discussing a past event, saying something like "Yesterday, I go to the store." A correct way to rephrase this sentence would be to use the past tense, saying "Yesterday, I went to the store."To avoid mistake, students may find it helpful to visualize the timeline: past events are always in the past tense, while current or future events should be phrased inthe present or future tense. Practice exercises can also be helpful to solidify correct tense usage.Subject-Verb AgreementAnother common grammar mistake that many eighth-grade students make is subject-verb agreement. This refers to the fact that verbs must agree with their subject in tense and number- if the subject is singular, the verb should be, as well.For example, students may say something like "The groupof students was playing in the yard." Here, the subject is singular- "group"- so "was" is the correct verb tense. Conversely, if the subject were plural, as in "The groups of students were playing in the yard," the verb "were" would be used to agree with the plural subject.Students can avoid subject-verb agreement mistakes by paying close attention to the subject of their sentences and choosing the appropriate verb tense and number. When in doubt, write the sentence in multiple ways to test different verb conjugations.Confusing PrepositionsThere are a number of prepositions in English which canbe confusing to English language learners. For eighth-grade students, common prepositions to mix up include "in," "on," and "at."For example, a student may say "I am looking forward to go on a vacation in the summer." In this sentence, the verb "go" should be in its verb form, "going," to match the preposition "on." The entire sentence would read, "I am looking forward to going on a vacation in the summer."One strategy to improve preposition usage is to study common phrases which use prepositions. This can help students to understand more contextually accurate phrasing and avoid common errors in their writing.Comma Splices and Run-On SentencesStudents who are working on writing longer, more complex sentences may be prone to comma splices and run-on sentences.A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are joined by only a comma. A run-on sentence is a sentence that is too long and cumbersome, and often includes multiple ideas that are unrelated.Correcting comma splices and run-on sentences requires a bit of restructuring. Students should look to replace the comma with a conjunction like "and" or "but", or separate their ideas into separate sentences entirely. For example, the sentence "I walked to the store, then I realized I forgot my wallet" could be fixed by adding a conjunction like "and," such as "I walked to the store, and then I realized I forgot my wallet." Alternatively, it could be restructured as twoseparate sentences: "I walked to the store. Then I realized I forgot my wallet."Effective proofreading and revisions are essential for catching these tricky sentence construction errors. Writing multiple drafts and taking a break between drafts can also help improve self-editing skills.In conclusion, English grammar is a complex subject that takes diligence and practice to master. By understanding and correcting common grammar errors like tense usage, subject-verb agreement, preposition confusion, comma splices, andrun-on sentences, eighth-grade students can feel more confident in their writing and communication abilities. By working thoughtfully and continuously on improving their grammar, students can unlock new opportunities in their academic and personal lives.。
Proof Reading
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英语三篇课文翻译和课后exercise解析
2 The Roots Of My Ambition“If there's one thing I can't stand, Russell, it's a quitter.”罗素，假如有一件事我不能容忍的话，那就是做轻易放弃的人。
My mother,dead now to this world but still roaring free in my mind, wakes me some mornings beforeday-break. “If there's one thing I can't stand, Russell, it's a quitter.”虽然她已离天人世，我母亲却依旧在我的脑子里大声嚷嚷，有时天还未破晓她就催我起床，罗素，假如有一件事情我不能容忍的话，那就是轻易放弃的人。
I have heard her say that all my life. Now, Lying in bed, coming awake in the dark, I feel the fury of herenergy fighting the good-for-nothing idler within me who wants to go back to sleep instead of tackling thebrave new day.我一辈子都在听她讲这句话。
而今躺在床上，在黑暗中睁开睡眼，我就能感觉到她和那个一无是处，游手好闲的人对歭的那股凶劲儿，那个人就在我心中，他宁可缩回被窝继续睡觉，她不愿意抓住新的美好的一天。
Silenty, I protest: I am not a child anymore. I have made something of myself. I am entitled to sleep late.我在心里默默地抗议：我不再是个孩子，我已经做出了自己的成绩，有权晚点起床。
1997年专八英语试卷真题及答案详解
1997年专八英语试卷真题QUESTION BOOKLET TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS- GRADE EIGHT -PAPER ONE TIME LIMIT: 95 MIN.PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [40 MIN.]Directions: In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question on your Coloured Answer Sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following questions.Now listen to the talk.1. In the Black Forest, the acid rain is said to attack all EXCEPT ____.A. firs.B. metals.C. leaves.D. soil.2. The percentage of firs dying in the Black Forest is ____.A. 41%.B. 43%.C. 26%.D. 76%.3. Germany is tackling part of the problem by introducing____.A. new car designing schemes.B. new car production lines.C. a new type of smoke stacks.D. new car safety standards.4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Germany is likely to succeed in persuading her neighbors to reduce acid rain.B. The disastrous effects of acid rain are not confined to one area.C. German tourists are allowed to drive across their neighbors' borders.D. Germany's neighbors are in favor of the use of lead-free petrol.5. On the issue of future solution of acid rain, the speaker's tone is that of ____.A. warning.B. pessimism.C. indifference.D. optimism.SECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following questionsNow listen to the interview.6. What subject is Mr. Pitt good at?A. Art.B. French.C. German.D. Chemistry.7. What does Mr. Pitt NOT do in his spare time?A. Doing a bit of acting and photography.B. Going to concerts frequently.C. Playing traditional jazz and folk music.D. Traveling in Europe by hitch-hiking.8. When asked what a manager's role is, Mr. Pitt sounds ____.A. confident.B. hesitant.C. resolute.D. doubtful.9. What does Mr. Pitt say he would like to be?A. An export salesman working overseas.B. An accountant working in the company.C. A production manager in a branch.D. A policy maker in the company.10. Which of the following statements about the management trainee scheme is TRUE?A. Trainees are required to sign contracts initially.B. Trainees' performance is evaluated when necessary.C. Trainees' starting salary is 870 pounds.D. Trainees cannot quit the management scheme.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Five gunmen were flown to Iran in a helicopter.B. Most of the ransom was retrieved in the end.C. The children were held for five days.D. The authorities have passed sentence on the gunmen.Question 12 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.12. According to the news, American troops in Panama ____.A. were attacked at refugee camps.B. were angry at delays in departure.C. attacked Cuban refugee camps last week.D. will be increased to 2,000.Question 13 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.13. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? U.S. lawmakers ____.A. challenged the accord for freezing Pyongyang's nuclear programme.B. required the inspection of Pyongyang's nuclear site for at least five years.C. were worried that North Korea may take advantage of the concessions.D. blamed the U.S. negotiator for making no compromises with North Korea.Questions 14 & 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.14. According to the news, the Italian Parliament was asked to act by ____.A. the U.N.B. the Red Cross.C. the Defense Minister.D. the Swedish Government.15. On the issue of limited use of land mines, the Italian Parliament is ____.A. noncommittal.B. resolute.C. unsupportive.D. wavering.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING & GAP-FILLINGDirections: In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONLY ONCE. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini lecture. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.ANSWER SHEET ONEFill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.In business, many places adopt a credit system, which dates back to ancient times. At present, purchases can be made by using credit cards. They fall into two categories: one has (16) use, while the other is accepted almost everywhere. The application for the use of the latter one must be made at a (17) .Once the customer starts using the card, he will be provided with a monthly statement of (18) by the credit company. He is required to pay one quarter to half of his credit (19) every month.Advantages. 1. With a card, it is not (20) to save up money before an actual purchase. 2. If the card is lost, its owner is protected. 3. A (21) and complete list of purchase received from the credit company helps the owner to remember the time and (22) of his purchase. 4. The cards are accepted in a(n) (23) by professional people like dentists, etc.Major disadvantage. The card owner is tempted to (24) his money. If this is the case, it will become increasingly difficult for the user to keep up with the required (25) , which will result in the credit card being cancelled by the credit company.PART II PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN.)Directions: The following passage contains ten errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit,(1) anit (never/) buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.(3)exhibitClassic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is "the chair-grasp". Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge to go is[26]held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest. [27]If he did not care of his guest's feelings he would [28]simply get up out of his chair and to announce his [29]departure. This is what his body wants to do, therefore [30]his politeness glues his body to the chair and refusesto let him raise. It is at this point that he[31]performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continuesto talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forwardand grasps the arms of the chair as about to push[32]himself upwards. This is the first act he wouldmake if he were rising. If he were not hesitating,[33]it would only last a fraction of the second. He would[34]lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lastsmuch longer. He holds his "readiness-to-rise" post and[35]keeps on holding it. It is as if his body had frozenat the get-ready moment.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN.)SECTION A: READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet.TEXT AA magazine's design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. It expresses the magazine's very character. The Atlantic Monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions -- literary and journalistic -- can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. The redesign that we introduce with this issue -- the work of our art director, Judy Garlan -- represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment.Garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design: "I saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for." The overall design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects -- urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. We don't want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we don't want heavier pieces to seem too pretty. We also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. At the same time, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one Atlantic world.The primary typefaces Garlan chose for this task are Times Roman, for a more readable body type, and Bauer Bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display type (article titles, large initials, and so on). Other aspects of the new design are structural. The articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed into one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. The Travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. As noted in this space last month, the word "Monthly" rejoins "The Atlantic" on the cover, after a decade-long absenceJudy Garlan came to the Atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several othermagazines. During her tenure here The Atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual excellence, from the Society of illustrators, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club, Communication Arts, and elsewhere. Garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: Robin Gilmore, Barnes, Betsy Urrico, Gillian Kahn, and Lisa Manning.The artist Nicholas Gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon (the figure of Neptune that appears on the contents page) and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page (a rendition of our building), on the Puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. Gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue.36. Part of the new design is to be concerned with the following EXCEPT ____.A. variation in the typefaces.B. reorganization of articles in the front.C. creation of the travel column.D. reinstatement of its former name.37. According to the passage, the new design work involves ____.A. other artists as well.B. other writers as well.C. only the cover artist.D. only the art director.38. This article aims to ____.A. emphasize the importance of a magazine's design.B. introduce the magazine's art director.C. persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazine.D. inform the reader of its new design and features.TEXT BWHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years' time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for names of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to "other quality newspapers" too.) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn't file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr Nicholls.There remains the dinner-party game of who's in, who's out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr.. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America).It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: "Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility". Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN 's 3), such as Roy Strong's subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: "Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory". Doesn't seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, "except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke".39. The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume ____.A. because it is not worth the price.B. because it has fewer entries than before.C. unless one has all the volumes in his collection.D. unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly.40. On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that ____.A. the editors had clear rules to follow.B. there were too many criminals in the entries.C. the editors clearly favored benefactors.D. the editors were irrational in their choices.41. Crippen was absent from the DNB ____.A. because he escaped to the U.S.B. because death sentence had been abolished.C. for reasons not clarified.D. because of the editors' mistake.42. The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to ____.A. illustrate some features of the DNB.B. give emphasis to his argument.C. impress the reader with its content.D. highlight the people in the Middle Ages.43. Throughout the passage, the writer's tone towards the DNB was ____.A. complimentary.B. supportive.C. sarcastic.D. bitter.TEXT CMedical consumerism -- like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly -- is designed to be unsatisfying. The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and politics turn mean.What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources -- not least medical ones, like illegal steroids -- are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism -- the "abolition" of death -- would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen -- a churlish reprisal against medicine for itsvictories -- but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals.Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.44. In the author's opinion, the prolongation of life is equal to ____.A. mobility.B. deprivation.C. autonomy.D. awareness.45. In the second paragraph a comparison is drawn between ____.A. medicine and life.B. resources and energies.C. predicaments and solutions.D. athletics and longevism.TEXT DThe biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day's flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chile's tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US'950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Chile's great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000km long. Withthe Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour's drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the region's rivers.However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chile's two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe, while services to Asia are almost non-existent. Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. Nor is development being restricted to the Andes. Easter Island and Chile's Antarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets.But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts.The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing Santiago's territorial claim over part of Antarctica.The Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism to these areas. But there are immense commercial pressures to exploit the country's tourism potential. The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile's natural riches.46. Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by ____.A. geographical location.B. guerrilla warfare.C. political instability.D. street crime.47. Many of Chile's tourists used to come from EXCEPT ____.A. U.S.A.B. the Far East.C. western Europe.D. her neighbors.48. According to the author, Chile's greatest attraction is____.A. the unspoilt beaches.B. the dry and hot desert.C. the famous mountain range.D. the high standard of services.49. According to the passage, in which area improvement is already under way?A. Facilities in the ski resorts.B. Domestic transport system.C. Air services to Asia.D. Road network in the south.50. The objection to the development of Chile's tourism might be all EXCEPT that it ____.A. is ambitious and unrealistic.B. is politically sensitive.C. will bring harm to culture.D. will cause pollution in the area.SECTION B SKIMMING & SCANNING [10min.]Directions: In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet.TEXT EFirst read the question.51. The main purpose of the passage is to ____.A. illustrate the features of willpower.B. introduce ways to build up willpower.C. explain the advantages of willpower.D. define the essence of willpower.Read the text quickly and then answer the question.Willpower isn't some immutable trait we're either born with or not. It is a skill that can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals."Fundamental among man's inner powers is the tremendous unrealized potency of man's own will," wrote Italian psychologist Roberto Assagioli 25 years ago. "The trained will is a masterful weapon," added Alan Marlatt of the University of Washington, a psychologist who is studying how willpower helps people break habits and change their lives. "The dictionary defines willpower as control of one's impulses and actions. The key words are power and control. The power is there, but you have to control it." Here, from Marlatt and other experts, is how to do that:Be positive. Don't confuse willpower with self-denial. Willpower is most dynamic when applied to positive, uplifting purposes.Positive willpower helps us overcome inertia and focus on the future. When the going gets tough, visualize yourself happily and busily engaged in your goal, and you'll keep working toward it.Make up your mind. James Prochaska, professor of psychology at the University of Rhode Island, has identified four stages in making a change. He calls them precontemplation (resisting the change), contemplation (weighing the pros and cons of the change), action(exercising willpower to make the change), and maintenance (using willpower to sustain the change).Some people are "chronic contemplators," Prochaska says. They know they should reduce their drinking but will have one more cocktail while they consider the matter. They may never put contemplation into action.To focus and mobilize your efforts, set a deadline.Sharpen your will. In 1915, psychologist Boyd Barrett suggested a list of repetitive will-training activities -- stepping up and down from a chair 30 times, spilling a box of matches and carefully replacing them one by one. These exercises, he maintained, strengthen the will so it can confront more consequential and difficult challenges.New Jersey Sen. Bill Bradley was a basketball star with the champion New York Knicks. On top of regular practice, he always went to the gym early and practised foul shots alone. He was determined to be among the best form of the foul line. True to his goal, he developed the highest percentage of successful free throws on his team.Expect trouble. The saying "Where there's a will, there's a way" is not the whole truth. Given the will, you still have to anticipate obstacles and plan how to deal with them.When professor of psychology Saul Shiffman of the University of Pittsburgh worked with reformed smokers who's gone back to cigarettes, he found that many of them hadn't considered how they'd cope with the urge to smoke. They had summoned the strength to quit, but couldn't remain disciplined. The first time they were offered a cigarette, they went back to smoking.。
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Proof-reading:
(I) The old-age paternalism of southern Canadians over Eskimos
has died more slowly in the rural villages where Eskimos have
been more reluctant to voice their opinions aggressively. This has
been a frustration in government officials trying to develop local (1) ____________ leadership among the Eskimos, however a blessing to other de- (2) ____________ partments whose plans have been received without local obstruc- (3) ____________
tion. In rural areas the obligations of kinship often ran counter (4)_____________
the best interests of the village and potential leaders were re-
strained from making positive contributions to the village coun-
cil. More recently, therefore, the educated Eskimos have been (5)______________ voicing over the interests of those in the rural areas. They are (6)______________
trying out to persuade the government to recognize the rights of (7)______________
full-time hunters, by protecting their territories from mining and
oil prospectors, for example. The efforts of this active minority
is percolating through to the remoter villages whose inhabitants (8)______________
are becoming increasingly vocal.
Continuing change is inevitable but future development poli-
cy must recognize that most Eskimos retain much of its tradition- (9)______________
al outlook on life. New schemes should focus on resources that
the Eskimos are used to handling, rather than enterprises such as (10)_____________ mining.
(II) In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy business
executives are so engrossing in their work that they hardly know (1)______________ what the word “leisure” means. The higher an executive’s posi-
tion is on the business ladder, the more hours he spends on his
work. With a view to gaining greater corporate standing or a big (2)_______________ pay rise, he, as a rule, far exceeds
over the 40-hour working week. The additional stress and tension (3)________________ as well as the shortage of suitable rest and recreation very often (4)________________ have a disastrous effect on his health. Few such executives rea-
lize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soon run of (5)________________ steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A not-
ed American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relax-
ation to busy executives is to avoid the types of activities that are (6)________________ part and parcel of their daily work and to devote themselves to-
tally to have recreational pursuits for at least a part of each day, (7)_________________ even it is only for half an hour. Those (8)_________________ jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in ac- (9)__________________ tivities that are quiet and peaceful – far from the madding
crowd, far from client and business associates.”(10)_________________
1。