联合国背景资料(模联)
模拟联合国简单介绍

模拟联合国简单介绍联合国(United Nations,简称UN)是世界上最大、最具广泛代表性的国际组织,由成员国共同组成。
联合国旨在维护国际和平与安全、促进合作与发展、保护人权和人类尊严,并开展各类国际合作事务。
本文将对联合国的历史、成员国、机构与工作等进行简单介绍。
联合国的诞生可以追溯到第二次世界大战期间。
许多国家都意识到必须建立一个更加有效的国际机构来维护和平,以防止类似大战再次发生。
于是,1945年10月24日,联合国宪章在美国旧金山正式通过,标志着联合国的成立。
现在纽约市的联合国总部成为了联合国的象征和常设机构。
目前,联合国共有193个会员国。
每个会员国在联合国大会中都拥有一个投票权。
最初,只有51个国家参与签署联合国宪章,但随着时间的推移,越来越多的国家加入了联合国。
目前,联合国成员国几乎涵盖了全球所有国家。
联合国的核心机构包括联合国大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会、国际法院和秘书处。
联合国大会是联合国中唯一各国会员平等参与的机构,每个会员国都有一个代表。
大会讨论并制定国际法、决策预算、决定联合国事务等。
安全理事会则负责国际和平与安全维护的主要职责。
它由15个理事国组成,5个常任理事国(中国、俄罗斯、美国、英国、法国)以及10个非常任理事国。
安全理事会批准决定联合国军事行动、对违背和平的行为进行制裁等。
联合国的工作领域广泛。
首先,联合国致力于维护国际和平与安全。
它通过谈判、调解、军事行动等方式来处理冲突和危机,并通过制裁等手段维护国际秩序。
其次,联合国致力于促进可持续发展。
它通过制定和推动2030年可持续发展议程,协助各国实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展目标。
此外,联合国还打击贫困、推动人权、保护环境、协调和提供人道援助等。
值得一提的是,联合国下设的特殊机构和专门机构在其领域也发挥着重要作用。
例如,世界卫生组织(WHO)负责全球公共卫生事务,国际劳工组织(ILO)促进全球劳工权益,教科文组织(UNESCO)保护和促进文化和教育等。
模拟联合国培训——联合国

模拟联合国培训联合国一、联合国简介1、概况现任联合国秘书长:潘基文性质:联合国是一个统一的世界性综合性的政府间国际组织会员国:现有192个会员国。
成立日期:1945年10月24日工作语言:阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语联合国大会总部所在地:美国纽约、瑞士日内瓦、奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕地位:联合国作为当今世界最大、最重要、最具代表性和权威的国际组织,其国际集体安全机制的功能已经得到国际社会的普遍认可。
作用:近年来,联合国在维护世界和平,缓和国际紧张局势,解决地区冲突方面,在协调国际经济关系,促进世界各国经济、科学、文化的合作与交流方面,都发挥着积极的作用。
2、徽记及旗帜(1)、徽记联合国的正式徽记是一个从北极看上去的世界图,周围用一个橄榄枝圆环围绕着的图案。
(2)、联合国旗联合国旗帜的底色为浅蓝色,正中的图案是一个白色的联合国徽记。
整个徽记是一幅以北极点为中心、方位角等距离的平面投影世界地图。
地图上的陆地为白色,水域为淡蓝色,其8条经线延伸至南纬60°,纬线由5个同心圆表示。
图案由两根交叉的金色橄榄枝组成的花环相托,象征世界和平。
“国徽”上还有联合国的名称缩写“UN”。
二、联合国的诞生1、康德等人的“联合国”思想伊曼努尔•康德在《永久和平论》中主张:人类社会要走向永久和平;首先,每一个国家都要成为共和制;然后,由这些共和国再订立世界公民法,达成一个自由国家联盟。
2、国际法、国际组织及国际联盟的出现和实践3、第二次世界大战和“联合国”概念的提出为了建立世界反法西斯同盟,斯大林做了大量工作,起草了《联合国家宣言》。
1942年初,中、苏、美、英等26个国家在《宣言》上签了字。
这是第一次正式采用“联合国家”(也译为“联合国”)这个名称。
这个名称是斯大林在修改《联合国家宣言》最后文本时提出来的,并用这个名称代替了“协约国”或“同盟国”。
4、联合国的建立联合国创建于世界反法西斯战争胜利的凯歌声中。
模联简介

模拟联合国简介模拟联合国模拟联合国(Model United Nations)简称MUN是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构,依据其运作方式和议事原则,围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。
青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官,作为各国代表,参与到“联合国会议”当中。
代表们遵循大会规则,在会议主席团的主持下,通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点,为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说,他们与友好的国家沟通协作,解决冲突;他们讨论决议草案,促进国际合作;他们在“联合国”的舞台上,充分发挥自己的才能。
模拟联合国的起源虽然对模拟联合国活动其起源没有确切的历史记载,但普遍公认这项活动起源于美国哈佛大学。
在联合国成立之前,就有一批学生活跃在校园里,他们对国际组织、对国际政治充满了浓厚的兴趣。
活跃的哈佛学子在积极活动的同时探索出新的形式。
他们开始模拟不同国家的外交官,参照国际联盟的议事程序讨论国际问题。
后来联合国成立,这样一种模拟会议的形式被保留下来,并逐步发展成熟,形成了模拟联合国活动。
经过60多年的发展,模拟联合国活动现在已经风靡全世界,形式多样,规模不一,有国际大会、全国大会,还有地区级和校际间的大会,参与者有大学生到高中生,乃至初中生。
同时,模拟联合国活动已经不仅仅是对联合国机构的模拟,它还包括对其他全球或地区性多边组织,政府内阁,国际论坛等组织或者会议的模拟。
目前全世界每年有近四百个国际模拟联合国大会在五大洲的50多个国家召开。
每年参与大会的师生来自世界100多个国家,总人数超过四百万人。
模拟联合国的发展模拟联合国活动源自美国,在美国发展的也最为成熟。
全美各地的中学和大学都有模拟联合国活动。
其中哈佛全美模拟联合国大会(Harvard National Model Unit ed Nations Conference, HNMUN)是美国历史最悠久、规模最大、影响最深远的模拟联合国大会,委员会有近30个,参与人数近3000人。
模拟联合国(MUN)简介

模拟联合国(MUN)简介1. 模拟联合国简介1.1模联的成立在1947年的联合国大会上,成员国一致宣誓:(原文如下)...encourage the teaching of the United Nations Charter and the purposes and principles, the structure, background and activities of the United Nations in the schools and institutes of higher learning of their countries, with particular emphasis on such instruction in elementary and secondary schools.模联即为响应这一提议而创生。
这项活动在欧美已经拥有超过50年的历史,它是由世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。
模拟联合国活动发源于美国,自诞生至今,吸引了全球超过200,000名高中生和大学生,全世界每年举办近400个模拟联合国会议。
尽管“模拟联合国”在许多国家进行得如火如荼,但它一直到90年代中期才进入中国,北京大学、人民大学、外交学院、西安交通大学等高校在为这一活动的推广作着不懈的努力。
这项活动使中学生与联合国的形势紧密地联系起来,同时锻炼了其自身的领袖才能,对当今中国中学生的素质教育起着极为重要的作用。
中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国,有着尤为重要的国际责任。
而将成为未来领袖的中学生们,更应意识到肩上担负的使命。
1.2什么是模联?模联(MUN),即模拟联合国(Mode United States)的缩写,是组织学生模拟联合国某些工作的活动。
学生代表某个国家驻联合国大使,对该国的历史,政治,经济,社会文化等方面进行学习,按照类似联合国会议的规则和程序进行发言、游说、辩论、谈判,国家集团间达成共识,产生决议草案,并按照联合国的表决程序进行投票从而形成决议。
模联官方解释

一、模拟联合国背景及意义“模拟联合国”(Model United Nations)是世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。
青年学生们扮演各个国家的外交官,以联合国大会的形式,通过阐述观点、政策辩论、投票表决、作出决议等亲身历,熟悉联合国的运作方式,了解世界发生大事对他们未来的影响,了解自身在未来可以发挥的作用。
二、模拟联合国的会议组织在模拟联合国会议里,参加者以代表团为单位,共同代表一个国家,在模拟联合国会议中的不同委员会里,以国家代表的身份进行演讲、辩论和游说等,争取国家利益的最大化。
模拟联合国会议规模有大小之分,然而,不论它仅仅进行几个小时还是持续几天时间,各委员会的进程和规则基本一致。
同学们在进行了较为充分的准备后都能在其中参与正式辩论、非正式辩论,并且广泛参与协商和合作,以争取其所代表国家的国家利益能在特定议题的决议中得到充分体现。
一般来说,每个委员会中,一个国家由两名同学代表,这样,两位代表的分工与协作能提高其工作效率,如一名代表在进行辩论或演讲时,另一名代表可以同时进行游说和草拟会议文件的工作等。
三、委员会结构一个委员会由几名主席团负责。
主席(Chair)主持会议,其任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程。
会议指导(Director)负责审阅批准代表提交的会议文件,并对会议进程和代表表现提出建议和评价;主席助理(Rapporteur)负责点名、统计代表人数、录入发言人名单。
模拟联合国会议中最常见的委员会有:联合国大会(General Assembly),经济与社会理事会Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC),安全理事会(Security Council)等。
环境规划署United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)根据规模的不同参加的国家数目有所不一。
四、规则与技巧模拟联合国会议通过严格按照联合国会议的规则进行,以保证每位代表都有平等的发言权。
MUN模拟联合国资料

1. 立场文件(取材2009 年北大模联)Delegate:YangYI,Yuanmeng HUANGSchool:ShanghaiNo.3GirlsHighSchoolCountry:TuvaluCommittee:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)TopicA:ExploitationofNaturalResourcesinAntarcticWith increasing discoveries made and technologies developed, the exploitation of Antarctica has become an international hot-spot. Our exporation of Antarctica has never ceased---we aresimply eager to step on to that mysterious, yet, sacred white land covered with snow all-year-longto do researches or to carry out further exploitation.Many countries have built up scientific stations on this continent, and have gradually madetheir dreams come true. Thanks to the constant efforts of the international community, we have already made facts like “there are more than 220 sorts of mineral resources in Antarctic” and “the amount of reserved flammable ice beneath the ice sheet is the sum of all the fossil fuels all over theworld, which could replace coal and petroleum as a new environment- friendly energy resource”come true.So now, the importance and the necessity of peaceful and rational exploitation of these resources have gradually emerged. And Tuvalu firmly believes that should these resources be used properly, they would be evangel to all those suffering from the energy crisis.1One important ally of Tuvalu, the UK, has claimed 100 Esq. Sea territories near the Antarctica, which incurred many disputes from the countries near the Antarctica. Not only UK though, many other countries(such as Chile, Argentina, France, Norway) have claimed territories in Antarctica as well. Russian Federation even dispatched, 153 times, scientific groups to Antarctica to do research,discover and built basements!However, the territorial conflicts in Antarctic is not simply about territory itself; it is alsoabout showing off certain countries' power. Now, there are many treaties and protocols dealing with this issue, but few of them are effective. And the poor Antarctic Treaty, can only be regarded as a byproduct of the cold war, which froze many droids in Antarctic, and forbid the exploitation inAntarctica and the territory claims. Yet, it is very clear that not all of these items are rational. Tuvalu supports the exploitation of Antarctic resources, and we believe that Antarctica belongs to the entire human race, which, of course, includes us Tuvalu.2Tuvalu is we hope to participate the inner conferences of the related countries to get more benefits for our citizens. Therefore, Tuvalu suggests that the international community hold discussions based on the Svalbard Treaty, 1925 to exploit Antarctic resources, protect its environment, and, as well, to pay less attention to military and economic concerns.Also as one of the least developed countries in the world, we have extremely limited capabilityfor thorough exploitation: We will simply use the resources of Antarctica to meet domestic needs. The exploitation of the Antarctic is a mainstream trend of our time. So, Tuvalu suggests all countries be united, to together figure out a rational, environment-friendly and sustainable way to exploit Antarctic and to protect it. Tuvalu is willing to cooperate with other developed alliancesuchas Australia, Japan and UK during this UNEP conference to sign related joint communiqué to help1 /bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=12&id=281&page=2&star=12 /view/2732.htm大家一起来模联东北一狂人著18our alliances and Tuvalu ourselves to benefit from all that we can.Above all, Tuvalu suggests:1. Considering that great profits can and can only be achieved underInternational Treaties, Tuvalu urges the UN to ameliorate all international treatiessuch as the Antarctic Treaty and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,discuss the documents of scientific share of the polar area, take the polar area intothe jurisdiction of the United Nations, and welcome all states to carry out scientific explorations.2. Urges all states to explore the resources shared by all mankind properly, inrespect of the international laws and the protection of the environment, andannounce all the scientific achievements beneficial to everyone.3. Protects the benefits of all developing countries on the controversial issue,and thinks developing countries should cooperate with developed ones and shouldn'tbe sated aside in the intense competition in exploiting Antarctic natural resources.4. As for energy, we suggest that every country find and invent new energy withgreat exertion, and we hope that the human race could get rid of the rely on fossilresources as soon as possible.5. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, theapplication of the extension of the application of the continental shelf seabedsovereignty under article 76, and all states should hand in the relating applicationand information to UN.6. In expectation of relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea, all exploration and researches must be under the framework in thetreaty.Tuvalu is faces a huge problem that we will all soon be facing: Global Warming. This effect causes the elevation of sea level, and as a result our citizens have to migrate to survive. So we hopethat all countries will protect the environment of Antarctic area while exploring it.Tuvalu suggests that, in order to reach the consensus of certain laws and decisions, we should have further discussion on this topic. Antarctic belongs to all livings, including the citizens of Tuvalu. Tuvalu hopes that our citizens could find a new place to live in Antarctic zone by a resolution of UNEP. Tuvalu appeals every country to be united in elaborating new international laws in order to establish and maintain a new order in the exploration of Antarctic resources. Tuvalu will, of course, very much appreciates international assistance. Again, we insists that Antarctic belongs to the entire human race, and we hope all countries could cooperate with each other on these issues. And Tuvalu hopes all countries could pay more attention to environment protection when making the exploitation projects. Tuvalu has been devoted to promoting peacefuland efficient discussions among all the countries related to these issues to protect the collective benefits from the hegemonies. From now on, we will pay close attention to the progress of this conference, and we expect the UNEP to be efficient, effective, and function-enlarged.2. 工作文件(取材2008 年复旦模联)WorkingPaperSample(1)Committee: International Fishery Committee大家一起来模联东北一狂人著19Topic: Global fishery and managementSponsor: Panama, Guatemala, NigaruaguaAs countries with prospering fishing industry, also as countries that pay great attention tothe maintainance of biodiversity, we strive to solve negative effects brought about during fishery process. One of the major problems is bycatch.A vivid definition of bycatching:Imagine you are a the old man in Old Man and the Sea, and you want to catch someshrimp for lunch. If when you trawl up your net, except for the poor shrimps you want,there is also a dinasour struggling in the net, then you have just BY-CAUGHT: catchingsomething you do not intend to catch.Howseriousisby-catch?According to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, in the Gulf of Mexico, three pounds of bycatch are caught for every pound of shrimp that goes to market. Accordingto the Worldwide Fund for Nature, in the Gulf of Thailand it can be 14 pounds of bycatchper pound of shrimp. Bycatch is often discarded dead or dying by the time it is returned tothe sea. Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for species of concern, including cetaceans. Sea turtles, alreadycritically endangered, have been killed by the thousands in shrimp trawl nets.Howtoreduceby-catch?To reduce bycatch, we propose ways as follows:1. We recommand the "bycatch reduction device" (BRD) and the Nordmore grate thathelp fish escape from shrimp nets.2. We encourage trawlers to outfit their nets with trap-door "Turtle excluder device," or TEDs, to let sea turtles escape.3. As the size selectivity of trawl nets is often controlled by the size of the openings in thenet, especially in the "cod end", the larger the size of the openings, the more easily small fish can escape, so we support the use of appropriately larger sizes of openings.4. We appeal to further carry out the development and testing of modifications to fishing gear to improve selectivity and decrease impact, which is called "conservation engineering."DISCARDS, form a major part of the bycatch of a fishing operation. Discards are theportion of a catch of fish which is not retained on board during commercial fishing operations and is returned, often dead or dying, to the sea. Discarding impacts on the大家一起来模联东北一狂人著20environment in two ways; firstly, through increased mortality to target and non-target species, particularly at juvenile life-history stages, and secondly, through alteration of food webs by supplying increased levels of food to scavenging organisms on the sea floor, and to sea birds.So, in addition to efforts to reduce the amount of bycatch caught in nets, we also appeal to implement programs to effectively utilize bycatch species, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. One such use of bycatch is the formulation of fish hydrolysate that can be used as a soil amendment in organic agriculture.WorkingPaperSample(2)Committee: International Fishery CommitteeTopic : some solutions summarySponsors: Uruguay ,Guatemala ,Ecuador, Panama, Nicaragua, Brazil, Costa RicaThe following is summary of the common views of Latin Americancountries aboveOverfishing Solutions SummaryA.Raiseawarenessusingfollowingways1. Build morality education by public propagandas2. Build professional education to fishermen by science knowledgepopularizationEnhancepoormanagement3. reduce fishing capacity by restricting large-amount fishing to levels that marine system can sustain.4. Prohibit catching little fishes to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover.5. Raise artificial baby fishes6. Prohibit catching endangered and valuable fishes, by demarcatingno-fishing areas, to ensure the biodiversity.7. set restrictions on commercial fishing8. establish specific legislation to restrict overfishing; establish heavy legislation to ensure the conduction of management9. improve supervision system10.urges the local government to work on the issues efficiently and transparentlyBy-catching Solutions Summary1. Each relevant government definites the by-catching quota , based on each country’s ocean resource. And the quota should be ratified by UN.2. Modify the fishing instruments to reduce unwanted catch. For example: outfit nets with trap-door to let turtles escape in shrimp catching;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著21control the size of the nets’ openings.3. Restrict fishing capacity, for example,1 ton or 1000 heads, no matter what are your target fishes.4. Effectively utilize by-catching fishes, rather than throwing themback into the sea. Because by-catching is inevitable and the majority of the returned by-catching fishes are dead or dying.Solutions to El Nino impacts on fisheryBackgroundEl Nino causes heavy decline of fish production, resulting in the enormous economic losses of these countries, whose GDP consists a large proportion of fishery.Solutions1. utilize the previously mentioned monitoring system in working paper1.3 to forecast more effectively El Nino phenomenon2. compensate for the loss brought about by El Ninoa. modifications of annual fishery investment, according to the estimation from the monitoring systemb. humanitarian aids to disaster-struck countries are indispensable. BiodiversityBackgroundBiodiversity is a resource with enormous potential, both for intellectual and e conomic purposes and as an instrument for a country’s development. Each species (of course including fishes)plays a role in nature, andinteracts with other species and its environment. So biodiversity is worth concerning by every country.Solutions1. Set up international oceanic gene pool and enhance cooperation among associations.2. Encourage responsible countries to establish relevant laws for the conservation and sustainable use of oceanic bio-diversity.3. improve social participation by publicizing4. appeals for cooperation on bio-diversity technology and management expertise3. 决议草案Draft Resolution 1.1Committee:GeneralAssemblyTopic:ReportoftheCommitteeonRelationswiththeHostCountry大家一起来模联东北一狂人著22Sponsors:Argentina,Germany,Japan,SouthAfrica,TheUnitedStatesofAmericaSignatories:Azerbaijan,Brazil,Bangladesh,Barbados,Croatia,Denmark,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Jamaica,Zimbabwe,etc.The General Assembly,Having considered the report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country,Recalling article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Convention on the privilegesand immunities of the United Nations, the agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations and the responsibility of the host country,Recalling also that, in accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 2819 (XXVI) of 15 December 1971, the Committee should consider, and advise the host country on, issues arising in connection with the implementation of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations,Recognizing that effective measures should continue to be taken by the competent authorities of the host country, in particular to prevent any acts violating the security of missions and the safety of their personnel,1. Endorses the recommendations and conclusions of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country contained in paragraph 86 of its report;2. Considers that the maintenance of appropriate conditions for the normal work of the delegations and the missions accredited to the United Nations and the observance of their privileges and immunities,which is and issue of great importance, are in the interest of the United Nations and allMember States, and requests the host country to continue to solve, trough negotiations, problems that might arise and to take all measures necessary to prevent any interference with the functioningof missions; and urges the host country to continue to take appropriate action, such as trainingof police, security, customs and border control officers, with a view to maintaining respect for diplomatic privileges and immunities and if violations occur to ensure that such cases are properly investigated and remedied, in accordance with applicable law;3. Notes the problems experienced by some permanent missions in connection with the implementationof the Parking Programme for Diplomatic Vehicles and shall remain seized of the matter,with a view to continuing to maintain the proper implementation of the Parking Programme in a manner that is fair, non-discriminatory, effective and therefore consistent with international law, and also notes the decision of the Committee to conduct another review of the implementation of the Programme during the sixty-first session of the General Assembly and, subject to its outcome, will proceed accordingly;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著234. Requests the host country to consider removing the remaining travel restrictions, notes that during the reporting period some travel restrictions previously imposed by the host country on staffof certain missions and staff members of the Secretariat of certain nationalities were removed, and,in this regard, notes the positions of affected States as reflected in the report of the Committee, of the Secretary General and of the host country;6. Notes that a number of delegations have requested shortening the time frame applied by the hostcountry for issuance of entry visas to representatives of Member States, since this time frame posesdifficulties for the full-fledged participation of Member States in United Nations meetings;7. Expresses its appreciation for the efforts made by the host country, and hopes that the issues raised at the meetings of the Committee will continue to be resolved in a spirit of cooperation and inaccordance with international law;8. Affirms the importance of the Committee in being in a position to fulfill its mandate and meet on a short notice to deal with urgent and important matters concerning the relations between the United Nations and the host country, and in that connection requests the Secretariat and the Committeeon Conferences to accord priority to requests of the Committee on the Relations with theHost Country for conference-servicing facilities for meetings of that Committee that must be held while the General Assembly and its main committees are meeting, without prejudice to the requirementof those bodies and on an "as available" basis;9. Requests the Secretary General to remain actively engaged in all aspects of the relations of the United Nations with the host country.4. 修正案(取材2008 年复旦模联)FriendlyAmendmenttoDraftResolution1.1(Sample)Sponsor: Peru, Ecuador, PanamaSignatories: U.S.A., Japan, San Marino, South Africa, Panama, Guinea-Bissau, Greece.In the point ”El Nino”, Peru and some of the South America countries would like to modifications the item (a) in point 2:Change the sentence “Modifications of a nnual fishery investment, according to the estimation fromthe monitoring system.” into “Modifications of annual domestic industry investment, according tothe estimation from the monitoring system.”5. 危机文件Draft Directive 4.1Committee: Executive Council of Organization of Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Sponsors: United Kingdom, USASignatories: Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Italy24The OPCW,1. Requests the governments of India and Pakistan to fully cooperate with the OPCW in the following:a. Find our the modus operandi of the terrorist groups; such as JeM in acquiring chemical materials;b. Allowing full-fledged inspections of the region of Kashmir, where chemical materials are suspected to have been tested.2. Urges cooperation among security and intelligence related bodies to prevent terrorist attacks that involve chemical agents.。
模联简介

模联简介定义模拟联合国(Model United Nations)简称MUN是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构,依据其运作方式和议事原则,围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。
青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官,作为各国代表,参与到“联合国会议”当中。
代表们遵循大会规则,在会议主席团的主持下,通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点,为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说,他们与友好的国家沟通协作,解决冲突;他们讨论决议草案,促进国际合作;他们在“联合国”的舞台上,充分发挥自己的才能。
模拟联合国对青年学生的吸引不仅在于其别具风格的形式更在于其真实的对于联合国规则的模拟。
在模拟联合国大会当中,参会学生将会根据特定的会议规则对某一议题进行演讲、辩论、磋商,形成书面文件,寻找解决方案。
模拟联合国主要通过语言交流和书面文件两套方式进行问题解决语言方面通常会经过点名后加入主发言名单(Speaker's list)→有组织核心磋商(Moderated Caucus)→自由磋商(Unmoderated Caucus)→主发言名单(Speaker's list)这样一个循环,关于议题(topic)中某一问题不断深入的进行交流讨论。
书面文件通常会经过立场文件(Position Paper)→工作文件(Working Paper)→决议案草案(Draft Resolution)→修正案(Amendment)→决议案(Resolution)的一个单向流程。
立场文件是表明一个国家对某一议题基本立场和看法的文件,要求每个参会代表在会议召开前提交。
工作文件是通过对一个阶段会议的主要成果的整理而成,通常集结了一个或多个国家集团的主要观点。
决议草案是对一个议题的解决方案的初步解决方案。
修正案是对决议草案中的不足之处进行的修正。
意义模拟联合国活动之所以能够风靡全世界,是因为它是一项极富教育意义的活动。
1.为学生们带了更广阔的视野模拟联合国活动关注的问题广泛,大都是当今各国面临的热点问题,在这样一个充满激情和挑战的全球化时代,在我国改革开放继续深化,国际局势依然复杂多变的背景下,积极参与这项活动不仅有助于同学们对联合国的了解,更为同学们打开一扇窗,提供了一个舞台,让大家关心世界,用国际眼光来思考问题,讨论问题。
模联基础知识简介(1)

第一章关于模联1.1模联的成立在1947年的联合国大会上,成员国一致宣誓:(原文如下)...encourage the teaching of the United Nations Charter and the purposes and principles, the structure, background and activities of the United Nations in the schools and institutes of higher learning of their countries, with particular emphasis on such instruction in elementary and secondary schools.而模联即为响应这一提议而创生。
这项活动在欧美已经拥有超过50年的历史,它是由世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。
模拟联合国活动发源于美国,自诞生至今,吸引了全球超过200,000名高中生和大学生,全世界每年举办近400个模拟联合国会议。
尽管“模拟联合国”在许多国家进行得如火如荼,但它一直到90年代中期才进入中国,北京大学、人民大学、外交学院、西安交通大学等高校在为这一活动的推广作着不懈的努力。
这项活动使中学生与联合国的形势紧密地联系起来,同时锻炼了其自身的领袖才能,对当今中国中学生的素质教育起着极为重要的作用。
中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国,有着尤为重要的国际责任。
而将成为未来领袖的中学生们,更应意识到肩上担负的使命。
1.2什么是模联?模联(MUN),即模拟联合国(Mode United States)的缩写,是组织学生模拟联合国某些工作的活动。
学生代表某个国家驻联合国大使,对该国的历史,政治,经济,社会文化等方面进行学习,按照类似联合国会议的规则和程序进行发言、游说、辩论、谈判,国家集团间达成共识,产生决议草案,并按照联合国的表决程序进行投票从而形成决议。
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00-25637 (c) 140200 160200E /CN.9/2000/5经济及社会理事会联合国Distr.: General 18 January 2000 ChineseOriginal: English人口与发展委员会第三十三届会议2000年3月27日至31日 临时议程* 项目3国际人口与发展会议各项建议的后续行动协助执行《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》方面的资金流动秘书长的报告––––––––––––––E/CN.9/2000/52 * E/CN.9/2000/1。
目录段次页次导言............................................. ............................................................................................................... 1-5 3一. 人口活动的外部援助 ................................................................................................................... 6-25 3A. 援助国的援助趋势............................................................................................................. 10-16 5B. 多边援助的趋势................................................................................................................. 17-20 7C. 私营部门人口活动的趋势................................................................................................. 21-23 8D. 按地域和援助渠道划分的支出趋势................................................................................. 24-25 9二. 人口活动的国内资金来源 ......................................................................................................... 26-31 10三. 结论..................................................................................................... ........................................ 32-38 12表1. 1998年政府在各类人口活动方面支出的估计数 (12)2. 1998年国家非政府组织在各类人口活动方面支出的估计数 (12)图一. 1993-1998年国际人口援助趋势 (4)二. 1993年和1996年-1998年若干捐助国在国际人口与发展会议前和会议后人口援助的趋势 (5)三. 1993年和1998年国际人口与发展会议前和会议后汇率的浮动 (6)四. 1993年至1998年为人口活动的发展提供的多边贷款的趋势 (8)五. 1993年-1998年按地理区域划分的人口援助 (9)六. 1993年-1998年按分配渠道划分的人口援助最后支出数额 (10)E/CN.9/2000/5 导言1. 本报告是联合国人口基金(人口基金)根据人口与发展委员会第二十八届会议的要求编写的。
1该委员会要求每年提供关于协助执行《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》的资金流动的报告。
2本报告是人口与发展委员会工作方案的一部分,也是依照大会第49/128号和第50/124号决议的规定编写的,大会这两项决议要求定期报告协助执行《行动纲领》的资金流动情况。
2. 本报告审查了1997年捐助国为援助发展中国家人口活动提供的资金流动情况,以及1998年暂定数字。
本报告还提供了1998年各政府和非政府组织在发展中国家人口活动方面的支出估计数。
荷兰跨学科人口研究所(荷兰人口研究所)根据与人口基金签订的合同,继续开展关于援助国和国内资金流动的数据收集活动。
荷兰人口研究所与人口基金密切合作,评价和分析这些数据。
方法3. 本报告提出的有关捐助国援助人口活动的数据是通过以下方式收集的,向约200个捐助国、多边组织和机构、主要私人基金会和其他提供人口活动援助的非政府组织寄发了一份详细的问题单。
1998年数据以至迟于1999年12月15日即本报告的截止日期收到的126份答复为依据。
1998年的数字应看作是初步的,因为随着收到更多的答复,数字可能还会有变化。
4. 向人口基金/联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)驻世界各国的94个外地办事处(涵盖约155个国家)发送了问题单,从对问题单的答复也获得了1998年国内资金流动的资料。
截至1999年12月15日,共有56个国家提供了资料,占发展中国家人口的半数以上。
作为资金流动项目的一部分,对几个选定的国家进行了个案研究,这些研究补充了邮寄问题单的答复所提供的资料。
35. 本报告对捐助方与国内资金流动的分析是《行动纲领》第13.14段具体说明的“已计算费用的整套人口措施”的组成部分:计划生育服务;基本生殖保健服务;性传染疾病(性病)/人体免疫机能丧失病毒(艾滋病毒)/后天免疫机能丧失综合症(艾滋病)预防活动;以及基本研究、数据和人口与发展政策分析。
《行动纲领》估计,到2000年,发展中国家和转型期经济国家执行这一整套人口和生殖保健活动将总共耗资170亿美元。
4《行动纲领》估计预计费用中大约三分之二将由各国本身提供,另外三分之一,即57亿美元将来自外部援助。
一. 人口活动的外部援助6. 对《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》执行情况进行的五年期审查和评价表明在推动执行开罗议程方面取得了许多令人鼓舞的进展。
在1999年6月/7月举行的审查和评价行动纲领执行情况的大会特别会议上,各国相继发言,指出已取得的成就、吸取的教训、遇到的障碍以及为全面执行会议目标而必须采取的进一步行动。
审查的一个重要组成部分是分析人口方案的实际经费情况,并与《行动纲领》所载资源目标相比较。
缺乏足够的财政资源被认为是妨碍充分执行《行动纲领》的一个主要限制因素。
3E/CN.9/2000/54 7. 在会议后头几年中,人口活动的国际援助呈现不断增加的趋势。
从1993年到1996年,对人口活动的援助增加了54%,即从13亿美元增加至刚过20亿美元。
然而,到1997年,筹资水平在会议后首次下降至19.6亿美元。
各捐助国继续成为主要资金的最大来源,捐助了15亿美元,占1997年国际人口援助主要资金总额的78%。
在援助人口活动资金总额中,各开发银行、主要是世界银行以多年贷款方式提供了 2.75亿美元(14%);多边组织和机构捐助4 900万美元,占2.5%;私人来源,尤其是基金会捐助了1.06亿美元,占5.4%。
8. 根据截至1999年12月15日收到的对1998年年度问题单的答复所作的初步评估显示,人口援助小幅度上升,即从1997年的19.6亿美元上升至1998年20.6亿美元。
捐助国捐助了15亿美元、据报多边组织和机构提供了3 500万美元、私人来源捐助了6400万美元、世界银行以多年贷款方式提供了4.26亿美元。
图一显示了1993年开罗会议以前期间至1998年国际人口援助的趋势。
在估计未报告1998年数字的国家时采用了其1997年的数额。
51998年的数据是暂定数据,随着收到更多的答复,将有所变化。
预计一旦那些在截止日期未作答复的捐款大户,例如联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、福特基金会和一些其他主要捐助团体提交1998年数据时,上述数据还将增加。
最后的数据将列入《全球人口援助报告,1998年)中,该报告将于2000年下半年发表。
9. 应指出提供给人口活动的资金比本文报告的多,这是因为许多综合项目包括了人口活动,但资金却未按组成部分分列。
一些捐助国对大量用于人口援助的资金可能未列入报告表示关切,因为这些资金是保健、教育或其他社会部门综合项目的一部分。
人口基金/荷兰人口研究所也关切此事,因此成立了一个工作队讨论这个问题并就估计综合项目中人口部分的办法达成某些协议,这些办法可用于计算项目总支出,从而得出指定用于国际人口与发展会议“已计算费用的整套人口措施”的资源。
E/CN.9/2000/5A. 捐助国的援助趋势10. 双边援助从1993年的7.77亿美元增加至1997年15多亿美元,这比1996年不到14亿美元的总数增加了近12%。
6美利坚合众国继续是最大捐助国,1997年提供的人口援助额为6.62亿美元,占捐助国主要资金的43%。
荷兰是第二大捐助国,提供了1.46亿美元的人口援助,占捐助国所捐资金近10%。
1997年的其他主要捐助国是德国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、日本、7欧洲联盟(欧盟)、挪威、瑞典、丹麦、澳大利亚和加拿大(图二)。
11. 根据对1998年资金流动状况问题单的答复进行的初步评估表明,总的来说,捐助国捐款的情况与1997年一样保持不变。
在19个报告其1998年数字的国家中,有13个增加了捐助额,有6个则减少了捐助额。
1998年5个最大的捐助国是美国、联合王国、德国、荷兰和日本。
12. 1998年,人口活动总支出的大部分用于计划生育服务(42%);22%用于基本生殖保健服务;21%用于性病/艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动;15%用于基本研究、数据以及人口与发展政策分析。
应将这些百分比视为估计数,因为由于出现了服务一体化的趋势,越来越难以区分列举的各类人口活动。
在许多记录数据的系统,生殖保健方案包括了计划生育服务和/或性病/艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动这两个方面。
已尽一切努力按这四类分别报告支出的情况。
5E/CN.9/2000/56 汇率变动的影响13. 人口基金在监测资金流动时,以美元作为标准货币。
结果,在报告上有些国家提供的人口援助以本国货币计算增加了以美元计算则可能反而减少了。
例如,1997年瑞典增加了以瑞典克朗提供的援助,由于汇率降低,按美元计算,捐款反而有所减少。
1998年,澳大利亚、德国和日本均以本国货币增加了捐款,但以美元计算,数额却减少了。