煤矿安全外文翻译文献

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矿山安全管理英文作文

矿山安全管理英文作文Mining safety management is crucial for the well-being of all workers. It involves the implementation of safety protocols, regular inspections, and the provision of proper safety equipment.Safety protocols should be strictly adhered to at all times, including the use of personal protective equipment such as helmets, gloves, and safety goggles. These measures are essential for preventing accidents and injuries in the workplace.Regular inspections of mining equipment and machinery are necessary to identify any potential hazards or malfunctions. This helps to ensure that all equipment is in good working condition and reduces the risk of accidents caused by faulty machinery.The provision of proper safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency exits, isessential for the quick and effective response to any accidents or emergencies that may occur in the mining environment.Training and education on safety procedures and protocols should be provided to all workers to ensure that they are aware of the potential hazards and know how to respond in case of an emergency.Effective communication among workers and management is crucial for maintaining a safe working environment. This includes the reporting of any safety concerns or hazards, as well as the dissemination of important safety information to all workers.Regular safety meetings and discussions should be held to address any safety issues and to keep all workers informed about the latest safety protocols and procedures.In conclusion, mining safety management is a complex and essential aspect of the mining industry. By implementing safety protocols, conducting regularinspections, providing proper safety equipment, and ensuring that workers are well-trained and informed, the risks of accidents and injuries in the mining environment can be significantly reduced.。

关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。

MineSafety煤矿安全大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：煤矿安全文献、资料英文题目：Mine safety文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the earlystages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or,alternatively, connected todowncast shafts or mainintakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal minesare Figure 1. Typical elements of a main ventilation systemrequired, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxic fumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the currentventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuiting when one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularlyconvenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able to successfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relativeefficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations of equipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocitiesof 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majority of dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwallproduction levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surface water into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。

煤矿井下瓦斯涌出控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

Control of gas emissions in underground coal minesKlaus Noack*DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung und Prüfung mbH, Institut für Bewetterung, Klimatisierung und Staubbekämpfung, Franz-Fischer-Weg 61, Essen, Germany Received 2 August 1996; accepted 24 February 1997. Available online 24 November 1998.AbstractA high level of knowledge is now available in the extremely relevant field of underground gas emissions from coal mines. However, there are still tasks seeking improved solutions, such as prediction of gas emissions, choice of the most suitable panel design, extension of predrainage systems, further optimization of postdrainage systems, options for the control of gas emissions during retreat mining operations, and prevention of gas outbursts. Research results on these most important topics are presented and critically evaluated. Methods to predict gas emissions for disturbed and undisturbed longwall faces are presented. Prediction of the worked seam gas emission and the gas emission from headings are also mentioned but not examined in detail. The ventilation requirements are derived from the prediction results and in combination with gas drainage the best distribution of available air currents is planned. The drainage of the gas from the worked coal seam, also referred to as predrainage, can be performed without application of suction only by over or underworking the seam. But in cases where this simple method is not applicable or not effective enough, inseam-boreholes are needed to which suction is applied for a relatively long time. The reason for this is the low permeability of deep coal seams in Europe. The main influences on the efficiency of the different degasing methods are explained. Conventional gas drainage employing cross measure boreholes is still capable of improvement, in terms of drilling and equipment as well as the geometrical borehole parameters and the operation of the overall system. Improved control of gas emissionsat the return end of retreating faces can be achieved by installation of gas drainage systems based on drainage roadways or with long and large diameter boreholes. The back-return method can be operated safely only with great difficulty, if at all. Another method is lean-gas drainage from the goaf. The gas outburst situation in Germany is characterized by events predominantly in the form of ‘non-classical' outbursts categorized as ‘sudden liberation of significant quantities of gas'. Recent research results in this field led to a classification of these phenomena into five categories, for which suitable early detection and prevention measures are mentioned.Author Keywords: gas emission; prediction; pre-degassing; gas drainage; gas outbursts1. IntroductionCoal deposits contain mine gas (mostly methane) in quantities which are functions of the degree of coalification and permeability of the overburden rocks. This is the reason why the gas content of coal seams (and rock layers) varies from 0 m3/t in the flame coal and gas-flame coal of the northwestern Ruhr Basin to >25 m3/t in the anthracite of Ibbenbüren in Germany.When influenced by mining activities this gas is emitted into the coal mine. For better understanding of this process a distinction has been established between basic and additional gas emissions. Basic gas emission is the gas influx from the worked coal seam, which is the equivalent of a partial influx in a multi-seam deposit and of the total gas influx in a single-seam deposit. Additional gas emission represents gas influx coming from neighbouring coal seams (in the case of a multi-seam deposit) and from associated rock layers. The additional gas emission may be in excess of ten times the basic gas emission. So it is mostly the additional gas emission which determines the measures to control the gas emission.In Germany the gas emission is considered to be under control if the gas concentration of the mine air can be kept permanently at all relevant places under 1% CH4. This value is at an adequate distance to the lower explosion limit of methane-air mixtures, which under normal conditions is 4.4% CH4. In exceptional cases, thepermissible limit value can be raised to 1.5% CH4. For historical reasons, different permissible limits sometimes apply in other countries, for example 1.25% CH4 in the United Kingdom and up to 2% CH4 in France.Basically, the options for control of gas emission are as follows:(1) Total avoidance of gas release from the deposit. This is only possible with regard to the additional gas emission and only for mining procedures which do not affect stability; hence permeability of the overlying and underlying strata (e.g., room-and-pillar mining where the pillars are left standing during the development phase).(2) Removal of the gas from the deposit before working. For this purpose, all procedures for pre-degassing, either by vertical or by deflected cross measure boreholes drilled from the surface, or by inseam-holes drilled below ground, are technically suitable provided the natural or induced gas permeability permitspre-degassing.(3) Capture and drainage of the gas during mining operations before it mixes with the air flow. This is a classic procedure developed for capturing the additional gas using drainage boreholes, drainage roadways or drainage chambers.(4) Homogenize and evacuate the gas influx after diluting it with sufficient amount of air. This involves panel design, air supply, air distribution, and the prevention of gas outbursts.The following discussions concentrate on problems which are currently given priority in the European Union (EU) funded research. They also cover a significant portion of the gas emission problems worldwide. Problems from non-EU states (e.g., Australia, the Community of Independent States (CIS), South Africa and the United Stated of America (USA)) are also taken into consideration, as far as the author's knowledge permits it. This subject matter is presented in a condensed form under the following headings: prediction of gas emissions; measures taken to control gas emissions; pre-degassing of coal seams; optimization of conventional gas drainage; control of gas emissions for retreating faces; and prevention of gas outbursts.2. Prediction of gas emissionsPrediction of firedamp emission has been practized for many years in the German hardcoal industry (Winter, 1958; Schulz, 1959; Noack, 1970 and Noack, 1971; Flügge, 1971; Koppe, 1975) so that several prediction methods are now available. Among these, the following methods are mentioned:(1) the calculation of the amount of gas emission (Koppe, 1976; Noack, 1985), as used to deal with emission from both the worked coal seam and adjacent seams, which are disturbed by earlier mining activities;(2) the calculation of the reduction of gas pressure (Noack and Janas, 1984; Janas, 1985a and Janas, 1985b), as used in undisturbed parts of the deposit; and(3) prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission from longwall faces, for the gas emission from headings and for the gas emission from coal seams cut through during drifting.The first two methods provide a prediction of the specific gas emission from a mine working, expressed in cubic metres of gas per ton of saleable coal production. The gas influx to the mine working in cubic metres of gas per unit time, which is a relevant factor for mine planning, can be derived from multiplying the predicted result by the scheduled production volume.Both methods determine the mean gas emission from a coal face area for a nearly constant face advance rate during a sufficiently long period of time (several months). The prediction assumes that the zone from which the gas is emitted is fully developed, in other words the coal face starting phase has been passed. Furthermore, the coal face has to be above a critical length (i.e., longer than 180–190 m at 600 m working depth and longer than 220–240 m at 1000 m depth).The influx of gas to a coal face area (both into the mine air current and into the gas drainage system) is defined by the following factors: (1) the geometry and size of the zone from which gas is emitted, both in the roof and the floor of the face area, including the number and thickness of gas-bearing strata in that zone; (2) the gas content of the strata; (3) the degree of gas emission, as a function of time- andspace-related influences; and (4) the intensity of mining activities. The geometry and size of the zone from which additional gas is emitted are simplified forming a parallelepiped above and below the worked area; its extension normal to the stratification depends on the prediction method.The number and location, type, and thickness of the strata in the zone from which additional gas is emitted can be derived from existing boreholes, staple-shafts, and roadways inclined to the stratification. The gas content of the strata (Paul, 1971; Janas, 1976; Janas and Opahle, 1986) is difficult to determine. There are two alternatives for direct gas content determination available for coal seams (VerlagGlückauf GmbH, 1987). One alternative uses samples of drillings frominseam-boreholes (for developed seams) and the other alternative uses core samples from boreholes inclined to the stratification (for undeveloped seams). Since a suitable method of determining the gas content of rock is not yet available, a double prediction is made with the first prediction neglecting the rock altogether and the second prediction using the assumption of an estimated gas content of the rock strata.The methods for predicting the proportion of gas content emitted are basically divergent. On the one hand the prediction, which is based on the degree of gas emission, assumes that the emitted gas proportion is not a function of the initial gas content but rather of the geometric location of the relevant strata towards the coal face area. The other method, which relies on gas pressure, commences with a fixed residual gas pressure, hence residual gas content. Its value depends on the geometric location of the strata. This means that the emitted proportion of the gas content, representing the balance against the initial gas content, depends on the latter.2.1. Prediction for previously disturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously disturbed zone in shallow to moderately inclined deposits (dip between 0 and 40 gon) is based on the degree of gas emission (Fig. 1). It uses the degree of gas emission curve designated as PFG for the roof (considering an attenuation factor of 0.016) and the curve designated as FGK for the floor.Fig. 1. PFG/FGK method.For practical reasons the upper boundary of the zone from which gas is emitted is assumed to be at h=+165 m, whereas, the lower boundary is at h=−59 m. In the absence of empirical data a mean degree of gas emission of 75% in the worked coal seam is assumed. Above the seam, from the h=+0 m level to the h=+20 m level, and below the seam from the h=−0 m level to the h=−11 m level, the degree of gas emission is assumed to be 100%.For the purpose of prediction, the surrounding rock strata are considered as fictitious coal seams for which reduced gas contents are assumed. The reduction factors are 0.019 (for mudstone), 0.058 (for sandy shale) or 0.096 (for sandstone).2.2. Prediction for previously undisturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously undisturbed zone is based on the residual gas pressure profiles shown in Fig. 2. There are three zones visible in the roof and two in the floor, which are characterized by varying residual gas pressure gradients. The upper and lower boundaries of the zone from which gas is emitted (hlim and llim, respectively) are defined by the intersection of the residual gas pressure lines and the level of initial gas pressure pu, thus aredependent on the latter.Fig. 2. Gas pressure method: residual gas pressure lines dependent on thicknessof the worked coal seam.The breaking points of the residual gas pressure profile for 1 m of worked coal seam thickness (continuous line) are defined by the coordinates in Table 1, whereas the lines are characterized by the residual gas pressure gradients also in Table 1.Table 1. Parameters for the gas pressure methodFull-size table (<1K)View Within ArticleThe dotted line on Fig. 2 applies to 1.5 m of worked coal seam thickness and shows that the h1 and h2 ordinate levels relating to the roof increase in linear proportion to the thickness of the worked coal seam, with gradients declining correspondingly. There is no dependence on coal seam thickness in the floor, where the value of l1 remains constant at −33 m.Based on the illustrated residual gas pressure profile, the residual gas pressures are first determined layer by layer in accordance with the mean normal distance of a layer from the worked coal seam and afterwards they are converted to residual gas contents using Langmuir's sorption isotherm. The difference between the initial and residual gas contents finally represents the emitted proportion of the adsorbed gas which is the required value. To this value will then be added the free gas, the proportion of which is found by multiplying the effective porosity of the strata under review by its thickness and gas pressure difference. Empirical values have to be used for the effective porosity of coal and rock for methane. Typical values for the coal are between 1 and 10%, and for the rock they are between 0.3 and 1.3%. The values vary in a wide range and depend on chronostratigraphy. In the absence of empirical values for the proportion of gas emission from the worked coal seam a value of 40% would be assumed.2.3. Comparison of the two methodsThe gas pressure method may claim the following advantages over the prediction based on the degree of gas emission: There are no rigid delimitations of the upper and lower zones from which gas is emitted. They rather depend on the value of the initial gas pressure and on the type of strata. In the roof the effect of the thickness of the worked coal seam is considered in the profile of residual gas pressure. The prediction takes into account not only the adsorbed gas but also the free gas; this is for both, the coal seams and the surrounding strata. The total gas content rather than the desorbable proportion is used for the prediction.2.4. Other methodsThe prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission in longwalls and for inseam-headings as well as for coal seam cut through operations during drifting with tunneling machines cannot be explained in detail. For further information refer to the following papers: Noack, 1977; Janas and Stamer, 1987; Noack and Janas, 1988; Noack and Opahle, 1992.It should be mentioned that DMT is testing the prediction of gas emission in machine-driven headings on the base of the INERIS method. Fig. 3 shows an excellent conformity between calculated and measured values (Tauziède et al., 1992).Fig. 3. Comparison between calculated and measured values of gasemission.煤矿井下瓦斯涌出控制摘要：一种先进的方法已在与煤矿井下瓦斯涌出极其相关的领域获得。

矿业矿井外文翻译外文文献英文文献基于PCA技术核心的打包和变换的矿井提升机失误的发现

外文翻译部分：英文原文Mine-hoist fault-condition detection based onthe wavelet packet transform and kernel PCAAbstract: A new algorithm was developed to correctly identify fault conditions and accurately monitor fault development in a mine hoist. The new method is based on the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and kernel PCA (Kernel Principal Component Analysis, KPCA). For non-linear monitoring systems the key to fault detection is the extracting of main features. The wavelet packet transform is a novel technique of signal processing that possesses excellent characteristics of time-frequency localization. It is suitable for analysing time-varying or transient signals. KPCA maps the original input features into a higher dimension feature space through a non-linear mapping. The principal components are then found in the higher dimension feature space. The KPCA transformation was applied to extracting the main nonlinear features from experimental fault feature data after wavelet packet transformation. The results show that the proposed method affords credible fault detection and identification.Key words: kernel method; PCA; KPCA; fault condition detection1 IntroductionBecause a mine hoist is a very complicated andvariable system, the hoist will inevitably generate some faults during long-terms of running and heavy loading. This can lead to equipment being damaged,to work stoppage, to reduced operating efficiency andmay even pose a threat to the security of mine personnel. Therefore, the identification of running fault shas become an important component of the safety system. The key technique for hoist condition monitoring and fault identification is extracting information from features of the monitoring signals and then offering a judgmental result. However, there are many variables to monitor in a mine hoist and, also , there are many complex correlations between thevariables and the working equipment. This introduce suncertain factors and information as manifested by complex forms such as multiple faults or associated faults, which introduce considerable difficulty to fault diagnosis and identification[1]. There are currently many conventional methods for extracting mine hoist fault features, such as Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS)[2]. These methods have been applied to the actual process. However, these methods are essentially a linear transformation approach. But the actual monitoring process includes nonlinearity in different degrees. Thus, researchers have proposed a series of nonlinearmethods involving complex nonlinear transformations. Furthermore, these non-linear methods are confined to fault detection: Fault variable separation and fault identification are still difficult problems.This paper describes a hoist fault diagnosis featureexactionmethod based on the Wavelet Packet Transform(WPT) and kernel principal component analysis(KPCA). We extract the features by WPT and thenextract the main features using a KPCA transform,which projects low-dimensional monitoring datasamples into a high-dimensional space. Then we do adimension reduction and reconstruction back to thesingular kernel matrix. After that, the target feature isextracted from the reconstructed nonsingular matrix.In this way the exact target feature is distinct and stable.By comparing the analyzed data we show that themethod proposed in this paper is effective.2 Feature extraction based on WPT andKPCA2.1 Wavelet packet transformThe wavelet packet transform (WPT) method[3],which is a generalization of wavelet decomposition, offers a rich range of possibilities for signal analysis. The frequency bands of a hoist-motor signal as collected by the sensor system are wide. The useful information hides within the large amount of data. In general, some frequencies of the signal are amplified and some are depressed by the information. That is tosay, these broadband signals contain a large amountof useful information: But the information can not bedirectly obtained from the data. The WPT is a finesignal analysis method that decomposes the signalinto many layers and gives a etter resolution in thetime-frequency domain. The useful informationwithin the different requency ands will be expressed by different wavelet coefficients after thedecomposition of the signal. The oncept of “ener gy information” is presented to identify new information hidden the data. An energy igenvector is then used to quickly mine information hiding within the large amount of data.The algorithm is:Step 1: Perform a 3-layer wavelet packet decomposition of the echo signals andextract the signal characteristics of the eight frequency components ,from low to high, in the 3rd layer.Step 2: Reconstruct the coefficients of the waveletpacket decomposition. Use 3 j S (j =0, 1, …, 7) to denote the reconstructed signals of each frequencyband range in the 3rd layer. The total signal can thenbe denoted as:730j j s S ==∑ （1）Step 3: Construct the feature vectors of the echosignals of the GPR. When the coupling electromagneticwaves are transmitted underground they meetvariousinhomogeneous media. The energy distributing of the echo signals in each frequency band willthen be different. Assume that the corresponding energyof 3 j S (j =0, 1, …, 7) can be represented as3 j E (j =0, 1, …, 7). The magnitude of the dispersedpoints of the reconstructed signal 3 j S is: jk x (j =0,1, …, 7; k =1, 2, …, n ), where n is the length of thesignal. Then we can get:22331()n j j jk k E S t dt x ===∑⎰ （2）Consider that we have made only a 3-layer waveletpackage decomposition of the echo signals. To makethe change of each frequency component more detailedthe 2-rank statistical characteristics of the reconstructedsignal is also regarded as a feature vector:2311()njk j jk k D x x n ==-∑ （3） Step 4: The 3 j Eare often large so we normalize them. Assume that E =thus the derived feature vectors are, at last:T=[30313637/1,/1,.......,/1,/1E E E E ] (4) The signal is decomposed by a wavelet packageand then the useful characteristic information featurevectors are extracted through the process given pared to other traditional methods, like the Hilberttransform, approaches based on the WPT analysisare more welcome due to the agility of the processand its scientific decomposition.2.2 Kernel principal component analysisThe method of kernel principal component analysisapplies kernel methods to principal component analysis[4–5].1,1,2,...,,0.MNk k k Letx R k M x =∈==∑The principalcomponent is the element at the diagonal afterthe covariance matrix ，11MT i j j C x x M ==∑has beendiagonalized. Generallyspeaking, the first N valuesalong the diagonal, corresponding to the largeeigenvalues,are the useful information in the analysis.PCA solves the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of thecovariance matrix. Solving the characteristic equation[6]:11()M j j j c xx M λννν===∙∑ (5)where the eigenvalues 0λ≠,and the eigenvectors,{}\0N R ν∈ is essence of PCA. Let the nonlinear transformations, ⎫ : RN → F ,x → X , project the original space into feature space,F . Then the covariance matrix, C , of the original space has the following form in the feature space:11()()M T i jJ C x x M φφ==∑ (6)Nonlinear principal component analysis can beconsidered to be principal component analysis of C in the feature space, F . Obviously, all the igenvaluesof C (0)λ≠ and eigenvectors, V ∈F \ {0} satisfy λV = C V . All of the solutions are in the subspacethat transforms from (),1,2,...,j x i M φ= (())(),1,2,...,k k x V x C V k M λφφ== (7)There is a coefficient i α Let1()Mi i i V x αφ==∑ (8) From Eqs.(6), (7) and (8) we can obtain:111(()())1(()())(()())Mi k j i M M i k j k ji j a x x a x x x x M λφφφφφφ====∑∑∑ (9)where k =1, 2, ….., M . Define A as an M ×M rankmatrix. Its elements are:()()ij i j A x x φφ=From Eqs.(9) and (10), we can obtainM λ A a = A 2a . This is equivalent to:M λ A a = A a .Make 12....M λλλ≤≤≤ as A ’s eigenvalues, and 12,,...,M ααα, as the corresponding eigenvector.We only need to calculate the test points’ projectionson the eigenvectors k V that correspond tononzero eigenvalues in F to do the principal componentextraction. Defining this as k βit is given by:1(())(()())Mkk i i k i V x x x φαφφβ===∑ (12) principalcomponent we need to know the exact form of the non-linear image. Also as the dimension of the feature space increases the amount of computation goes up exponentially. Because Eq.(12) involves an inner-product computation,()()i x x φφaccording to the principles of Hilbert-Schmidt we can find a kernel function that satisfies the Mercer conditions and makes (,)()()i i K x x x x φφ=Then Eq.(12) can be written:1(())((,))Mkk i i k i V x K x x φαβ===∑ Here α is the eigenvector of K . In this way the dot product must be done in the original space but the specific form of φ (x ) need not be known. The mapping, φ (x ) , and the feature space, F , are all completely determined by the choice of kernel function[ 7–8].2.3 Description of the algorithmThe algorithm for extracting target features in recognition of fault diagnosis is: Step 1: Extract the features by WPT;Step 2: Calculate the nuclear matrix, K , for each sample,(1,2,...,)N i x R i N ∈= in the original input space, and (()())ij i K x x φφ=Step 3: Calculate the nuclear matrix after zero-mean processing of the mapping data in feature space;Step 4: Solve the characteristic equation M λ a = A a ;Step 5: Extract the k major components using Eq.(13) to derive a new vector. Because the kernel function used in KPCA met the Mercer conditions it can be used instead of the inner product in feature space. It is not necessary to consider the precise form of the nonlinear transformation. The mapping function can be non-linear and the dimensions of the feature space can be very high but it is possible to get the main feature components effectively by choosing a suitable kernel function and kernel parameters[9].3 Results and discussionThe character of the most common fault of a mine hoist was in the frequency of the equipment vibration signals. The experiment used the vibration signals ofa mine hoist as test data. The collected vibration signals were first processed by wavelet packet. Then through the observation of different time-frequencyenergy distributions in a level of the wavelet packet we obtained the original data sheet shown in Table 1 by extracting the features of the running motor. The fault diagnosis model is used for fault identification or classification.Experimental testing was conducted in two parts: The first part was comparing the performance of KPCA and PCA for feature extraction from the originaldata, namely: The distribution of the projection of the main components of the tested fault samples. The second part was comparing the performance of the classifiers, which were constructed after extracting features by KPCA or PCA. The minimum distance and nearest-neighbor criteria were used for classification comparison, which can also test the KPCA and PCA performance. In the first part of the experiment, 300 fault samples were used for comparing between KPCA and PCA for feature extraction. To simplify the calculations a Gaussian kernel function was used:22(,)(),()exp()2x y K x y x y φφσ-≤≥- 10 The value of the kernel parameter, σ , is between 0.8 and 3, and the interval is 0.4 when the number of reduced dimensions is ascertained. So the best correctclassification rate at this dimension is the accuracy of the classifier having the best classification results. In the second part of the experiment, the classifiers’ recognition rate after feature extraction was examined. Comparisons were done two ways: the minimum distance or the nearest-neighbor. 80% of the data were selected for training and the other 20% were used for testing. The results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.From Tables 2 and 3, it can be concluded from Tables 2 and 3 that KPCA takes less time and has relatively higher recognition accuracy than PCA.4 ConclusionsA principal component analysis using the kernel fault extraction method was described. The problem is first transformed from a nonlinear space into a linearlinear higher dimension space. Then the higher dimension feature space is operated on by taking the inner product with a kernel function. This thereby cleverly solves complex computing problems and overcomes the difficulties of high dimensions and local minimization. As can be seen from the experimental data, compared to the traditional PCA the KPCA analysis has greatly improved feature extraction and efficiency in recognition fault states.References[1] Ribeiro R L. Fault detection of open-switch damage involtage-fed PWM motor drive systems. IEEE TransPower Electron, 2003, 18(2): 587–593.[2] Sottile J. An overview of fault monitoring and diagnosisin mining equipment. IEEE Trans Ind Appl, 1994, 30(5):1326–1332.[3] Peng Z K, Chu F L. Application of wavelet transform inmachine condition monitoring and fault diagnostics: areview with bibliography. Mechanical Systems and SignalProcessing, 2003(17): 199–221.[4] Roth V, Steinhage V. Nonlinear discriminant analysisusing kernel function. In: Advances in Neural InformationProceeding Systems. MA: MIT Press, 2000: 568–574.[5] Twining C, Taylor C. The use of kernel principal componentanalysis to model data distributions. PatternRecognition, 2003, 36(1): 217–227.[6] Muller K R, Mika S, Ratsch S, et al. An introduction to kernel-based learning algorithms. IEEE Trans on Neural Network, 2001, 12(2): 181.[7] Xiao J H, Fan K Q, Wu J P. A study on SVM for fault diagnosis. Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, 2001, 21(4): 258–262.[8] Zhao L J, Wang G, Li Y. Study of a nonlinear PCA fault detection and diagnosis method. Information and Control, 2001, 30(4): 359–364.[9] Xiao J H, Wu J P. Theory and application study of feature extraction based on kernel. Computer Engineering,2002, 28(10): 36–38.中文译文基于PCA技术核心的打包和变换的矿井提升机失误的发现摘要：一个新的运算法则被正确的运用于证明和监视矿井提升机的过失情况。

煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献

煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理摘要矿井中一直控制存在不同的气体在采矿环境。

这些气体中，甲烷是最重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。

尽管在技术在近几十年来的发展，瓦斯灾害尚未完全避免。

瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多，甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如生产的增长率及其后果：难以控制的甲烷浓度增加，机械化程度提高，使用炸药和不重视气控制系统。

本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。

最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。

为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。

这两个煤矿属于Riosa-Olloniego煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。

仪器是通过subhorizontal能级开采的，一个约1000米的山Lusorio根据实际深度覆盖的地区。

在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。

本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化。

本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。

这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。

因此，应该完成系统的测量控制风险：在8煤层瓦斯压力影响的其他地区，要建立最合适的时刻进行开采作业。

进一步的研究可以把重点放在确定的渗透，不仅在瓦斯爆炸危险区，而且在那些还没有受到采矿的工作和更精细的调整过载时间的影响范围和矿井第7煤层和第8煤层之间的瓦斯气体。

关键词：煤矿，煤层气，气体压力渗透率瓦斯突出1 简介近年来，煤层气体和煤矿瓦斯研究蓬勃发展。

煤矿开采与安全外文翻译

附录2Coal mining and security,Keyword : "three soft" coal bed; Mine pressure show features one .The "three soft" coal bed on top of coal mine located pressure of study 1, located about 12,090, located in the Great West Yugou mining bureau hoisted two wells below a District East, West 2 West transport belts down, 2 mining areas in east-west border to stop a thread. located 420 m towards the average length, 100 m long trend. The second one, located stoping coal bed, Fucun Group in Shanxi Erdiexi bottom. Because coal bed sediment environment and the impact of later tectonic movements, uneven thickness, larger changes, stoping coal in the context of a thin belt presence (vice alley in de 40~180 m above, the thickness of a coal bed 0~1. 6 m), to bring a certain degree of difficulty stoping work. coal bed inclination to 7~14 meridian east, the average thickness of 4 coal bed. 62 m, the coal is of relatively for anthracite, coal is of relatively soft, low intensity and easy to run down. Direct roof for the stones, mudstone and sandy mudstone; direct-bed for the stones, axes; In direct top,- bed between local presence and pseudo - pseudo-top end, the variable quality mudstone or mudstone mostly carbon, thickness generally less than 0. 5 m. 2 mine pressurised observation content and layout mine detection point pressure is the main purpose of observing large Yugou Mining Bureau "three soft" coal bed guns a coal located on top of the pressure distribution pattern and advance to pressure step from the initial roof, pressure to step away from the cycle and intensity. major observational content pit props pressure, located cradles pressure. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the observation of a face, supporting macroeconomic situation changes; Watch top coal broken off after the roof and the top of the coal shed Yunyi 3 located advance pressure distribution characteristics 3. 1 observation data collation, located back alley advance wind pressure observation period, Underground daily sent people to the station pressure gauge readings recorded, measuring station located to the distance, macro-observation plane lane, alley and surrounding rock changes in the wind conditions and intense deformation measurements relating to the district, located in the distance. After calculation handling objects charts. 3. 2 advance distribution of pressure from the wind power plant Lane can finally curve, caused by coal mining is much pressure to advance work before side 34 m, 34 m at work beforethe side street will be located within the stope advance pressure. advance pressure peaks in the work zone before side 9~12 m, a significant increase in the volume of pit deformation, top Jing fence fractures increase, and sometimes a coal business, a broken cinder ended. 34 m away from the side before the work stoppage that could advance pressure from the impact of a stress stability zone. The two coal bed belonging to one of "three soft" instability thick coal bed, the old top to pressure evident, leading to work on stress distribution side before extended stress peaks, located far away from the district, stress concentration factor is, However, the relative proximity of the larger pit surrounding rock, to reduce the excessive stope pillars surrounding rock deformation and destruction, and give full play to the role of supporting the surrounding rock deformation control, work before the two parties within 21 m alley to advance support for. 4 coal mining located roof to pressure of 4. 1 mine coal mining is much pressure observation data collection and processing for about guns taken on the top and roof load coal mine, located cradles pressure distribution patterns, 12,090 wells located in the red flag for the use of pressure-Yaliji located cradles a half load for the site observations that after calculating the results processed figure 3-Figure 5 below. Figure 3 is the backbone of the chassis is much data to load for X-coordinateobservation cycle, weighted average time to load a vertical structure coordinates. can be seen from Figure 3, located along the direction of a cyclical movement roof phenomenon cycle to pressure to step away from 19 m. Figure 4 is located opposite to the X-coordinate long to normal when the three pillars of load testing station for the average vertical coordinates. by Figure 4 shows that Coal is much more along the direction of the top (board) campaign has begun mine pressure area characteristics, the greatest pressure on the middle and upper occasions, the smallest part. 4. 2 stope mine pressure manifested by the basic law of observational data analysis stope mine pressure show the following obvious features : (1) Overall, supports early resistance do not hold power and work great. As this is much direct contact with the sphere payments Liang was named top soft coal, coupled with the roof is also very soft, in the time frames established in the early extension to be able to improve. Average power for itself in early 226. 38~227. 36 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 15. 4 %~16. 8% Working resistance averaged 252. 84~272. 44 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 17.2 %~18. 5% to pressure, the maximum resistance for 372. 4 kN/ to shed, 23% rated the work of resistance. 3% The average intensity of support for the 102. 3~144. 5 kN/ map. problems are caused mainly coal-bed and the top is too soft and monomer pillar inserted at theend of serious (some pillars inserted to the end of 700 mm or more), sometimes steel girder also drilled top. lower support body rigidity, limiting the ability to play a supporting. (2) In the course of supporting a payload located in the non-violent change, the pressure to show moderate and mine, to suppress evidence cycle (compared with the stratification changes evident exploitation), show a ground movement of rocks not violent. (3) to the old top of the initial pressure to step away from about 19 m, pressure to the end of the period cradles inserted a general increase in the volume, the deepest reached 95 cm; coal Pik films to serious, the deepest reach 0. 5 m; Guarding includes fractures increasing pressure to show quick to shed mine obvious. (4) roof cycle to pressure to step away from the general 6~12 m, with an average of 9 m. to pressure, National average load rate and peak load generally 1. 1~1. 3 (5) work surface, China, and three offices, located under the same basic structure resistance. This was mainly due to top coal pine broken, the roof vulnerable to collapse down, the two lane or coal, do not appear on basic export Kok Department triangular arc -- top. stope roof collapse or even the whole, extraction region filled with better results. (6) roof pressure on the former than coal or coal, small, or an average of 237 coal ago. 16 kN/ to shed, or an average of 268 after coal. 52 kN/ to shed. This is mainly because on the formercoal extraction region of the roof was broken up and top coal is filled with more in a market created a-bed, cradles, broken down objects, top coal composition balance system, in this system, supporting the main support coming from the top of the coal and the roof spaces. or coal, broken down by helicopter after the original space was filled with top coal deplete, and the roof to collapse down to completely backward, the original balance system is damaged, and that the plant should not only support higher top coal Additional support also in the roof above the pressure and therefore the power plant have increased. However, the side roof over a soft, with a Sui collapse, not a large overhang top, the structure will not collapse down the impact hazard. 5 knot on top of 12,090 guns a low load coal plant, located, mine pressure appeared evident. this is because the coal bed "three soft" coal beds, pillars inserted at the pressure seriously, cradles effectiveness has not been fully exploited; On the other hand, because the roof is much thicker, with a then - and extraction region filled with better results. In view of this, we should increase the coverage of a support cut and raise the pillars of power in the early intention to increase plant stability. Second, Coal Mine gas explosion accident electrical current incentives and measures, most of our coal upward inclination to move boring, coal makes such a partial or total removal of thedumping of the top, the reason is to use gravity to pass out of coal mining. Because of spillover coal mine gas air mass lighter than air, so gas gas in the air by buoyancy role will be along the street, dumping flows to the top, gather the top of the highest point in the pit (coal mining side) near a 5%~15% size than for the gas-air mixture can be explosive gas. Therefore, coal, gas gas combined with the dumping pit top "since deteriorated role." At present, China's coal mine ventilation methods used may not be the complete elimination of this form of burglary mixed gas, which is one of the main reasons for such coal mine gas explosion. It should be said that after the coal mine gas explosion in the relevant departments and personnel operations of a number of painful lessons learned, which has also taken some measures, but the explosion is still unabated, and this shows that in the previous incidents summed up the reasons, there are major underlying factors induced. In recent years many cases of the author on coal gas explosion accident and the cause of the accident was announced incomplete statistics, the analysis found that the coal mine gas explosion accident subjective and objective factors are manifold, but the most fundamental factor than direct two main aspects : First, the partial loss of gas concentration reached explosive limits; in the presence of one to two basis of many types of electrical equipment error or mineoperation against induced electrical spark or explosion due. To the elimination of one of the parties concerned have made fruitful discussions on the following two key to the author as a result of statistics, analysis, and make the corresponding contain electrical incentives exist. 1 coal mine gas explosion accidents in coal mine explosion electrical incentives type material foundation -- China coal mine gas is a gas or other carbon material, the main component of methane, lighter than air, combustion Yi, Yi explosions. Gathered in a gas concentrations in the air shaft internal combustion-supporting, electrical sparks and other fire sources in the event will be an explosion. According to the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a joint coal Information General Hospital "My mine production safety situation, gaps and response" issue, the Chinese original mine safety facilities serious ageing, many power equipment. Mine can not vote in safety, not only to add new equipment, the maintenance of existing equipment have also been omitted. In recent years, the author of the wrong types of electrical equipment such as incentives to the coal mine gas explosion summarized as follows : 1.1 errors mine shaft electricity power supply, power supply reliability is poor, - owned power (generators) or small models, configuration unreasonable, poor operating performance caused by the interruption of electricity, coal, gas gas utilization.1:2004 example, a coal mine explosion in March Shanxi Province, 28 miners were killed. According to the local production safety supervision and management department said that at 18:48 on March 1, the coal city electrical grid electricity blackouts limit will be just purchased 400kW generators, the generators fully automatic rubber, but after the voltage reach 280V, 380V no longer or less than the rated voltage. Taiwan into a coal mine and the old 90kW generator power, as the small electrical capacity only to the ventilator, and other non-production of electricity supply, ventilation are sluggish, causing local gas concentrations. 23:00 more city electrical grid calls, working on a gas explosion had occurred near the accident. 1.2 shaft, electrical equipment deficiencies (1) Because electricity network power cable insulation affected with damp usually wrong, damaged, single-jointed or alternate with short-circuit occurred, a spark or electrical cables exploded, causing the gas explosion accident. 2:2000 example, in November 1997, a coal mine gas explosion occurred at the Hubei Province. Investigation team of experts that the high gas for coal mine, when the cause of the accident : mine roof collapsed, broken cable insulation layer, to trigger the electrical wiring sparks, leading to the burning of gas caused an explosion. August 28, 2004, the Guangdong cable explosion of a coal mine accidents occurred,a working fire. (2) Because of the change in the general area of distribution equipment error or distribution transformers distribution devices, do not have the blast performance of operational conditions, resulting in a relatively lower insulation or alternate with insulation, damage, resulting in electrical spark detonated gas. 3:2004 example, the Hunan "3.29" direct cause of the gas explosion accident identified. Experts said : electrical spark in the coal pit of distribution transformer room exit lanes margin wiring. Underground paths lead to the loss of environmental change, and no replacement for mine blast Zhongyuan some electrical appliances, humid to three-phase electrical wiring boxes between insulation to reduce, and ultimately led to the destruction of an electric spark insulation between the lines, detonated gas. (3) Because electricity lighting equipment deficiencies more lamps for lighting fireworks, detonating gas 4:2000 examples of Guangdong a coal gas explosion occurred, because miners operating illegally crossed died people have finished high gas concentrations, the light bulb explosion sparks, causing gas explosion. N August 2004, a coal mine gas explosion in Jiangxi. Identify the cause of the accident : the exploitation of operating wells without a ventilation system, causing massive underground gas explosion gather reach concentrations encountered lights exploded electrical fire sources,a gas explosion accident major responsibility o (4) loss for electrical equipment used to dig the wrong number of coal used without explosions performance electric motors, mechanical ventilator, diving pump, gas leakage caused the explosion. Examples 5:2004, March 17, a major gas explosion accident occurred in Yunnan, identifying pit mining as merely led to gas utilization, the introduction of the leakage is not available explosions performance diving pumps and drainage caused by gas explosion. In addition, non-compliance with the operating loss of electrical safety operation procedures, such as coal mine safety measures in the absence of a relevant circumstances, without stopping, power transmission, or that the electricity goes down the mine, electrician charged install electrical equipment, or unauthorized workers Underground Work opened see louvre, unsafe use of lighting lamps. will produce electrical spark triggered gas explosion accident o 2 inspiration from the many terrible incidents of incomplete statistics, and analysis of the organization's headquarters in 1980 -2002, this province over the past 23 years coal mine three or more major casualties. 3 more gas accident killed 2,563 people, representing more than three people since the founding of the PRC gas accident deaths 81.8%. In these gas explosion accident, resulting in gas gas combined 10 of the main reasons. Including :coal for electricity, accounting for 49.6% of accidents caused by the wind stopped. Therefore, the eradication of coal gas explosion accident, the first task is to ensure that coal city-owned electric power or reliable power supply to solve the main ventilator blackouts, stop the wind, in order to remove mines, gas gas accumulation, where. Furthermore, from the frequent disasters, we can see that in the current coal production is still more common safety issues : In addition to coal management system is not perfect, safety supervision, weak sense of security, inadequate security inputs indirect factors, particularly serious : Because of electrical equipment models, configuration unreasonable, without explosions performance, or own errors, poor operating performance, or electrical explosion caused by electrical sparks coal gas explosion accident. Thus, the coal mine gas explosion is very serious electrical incentives, achieving stable coal mine production safety, the key lies in ensuring reliable electricity supply, gas utilization and the elimination of mine blast performance of the pit reliable electrical products. 3 significantly reduced coal mine gas explosion electrical incentive measures against mines, electric power 3.1, - owned power sources (generators) of electricity can be unreliable error-circuit the electricity supply network, electricity supply network to doublecircuit city, reliable performance of the mine-owned power and the corresponding automatic standby power input devices (BZT) before that the whole area of reliable electricity. 3.2 against pit electricity network, change distribution equipment, electrical equipment for lighting lamps and wrong in the light of the importance of safety and mine explosions blast explosive gas and electrical products in a hazardous environment applications dust penetration, should focus on strengthening the environment for use in the blast mandatory supervision and inspection of electrical products, The blast to use alternative to ordinary electrical products are products. Meanwhile users should strengthen the supervision and inspection of electrical products explosions to avoid cases of extended Unit 310-311 provides superior service or the occurrence of such phenomena. In addition, the strengthening of explosions electrical product standardization work, continuously improve its product standardization, mass production, the level of generic, user-friendly models, use. Furthermore, should strengthen blast electrical products production, circulation and use of the link quality control, with a view to ultimately achieve pit mining operations, must be of quality and access to the mine in product safety signs explosions electrical products to a perfect pit blast electrical system, and ensure that products explosions structure,processes, materials, testing standards are in line with the blast, If Gebao face with the extra width or with gap should not, do Gebao side wall thickness consistency; Add an arbitrary face between Gebao sealed pad. To form, especially cast iron shell materials to be tested; Do Gebao external pressure testing; Gebao area of trachoma, the eye should not receive gas; Gebao the fastenings secure external sound; Establishment, within proximity to external hard disks; Redundant Kong into line with steel block panels. Electrical blast should be consistent with the manufacture and assembly of quality products acceptance norms. Electrical models with the mine, the circuit wiring boxes climb distance and electrical power generated, structural materials, sealed materials should be in accordance with explosions standards, wiring boxes should Tu Li arc section; Avoid winding short circuit, open circuit phenomenon stator winding assembly former internal clean up, after winding Jinqi avoid painting neoplasms; Gebao type structure and the electrical transmission bearings bearings Gebao structure should avoid "an axis" quality accidents. Gebao face roughness should meet standards for ultra-poor attention to the oval to ensure that their Care degrees; Processes transmission process protection Gebao face. Blast in the process of applying electrical products, product models with installation standards, such as blast-type and Gebao level,group selection and use of premises shall be consistent with the corresponding conditions; Inspection work should be in place to safeguard products; Eliminate fake and shoddy, with the use of safety dangers products in the field, such as wiring boxes of machine screws, cable soliciting without top device or devices Mifengjuan Mifengjuan lost, electric motors wind cover fixed bolts incomplete, corrupted or lost data plate serious. Blast should ensure outdoor electrical wiring boxes waterproofing product performance; Maintenance products should meet after the original blast. Users should understand product maintenance, overhaul spent standards must apply to dangerous places blast electrical products. Of course, the blast of electrical products to be imported by passing my test explosions quality inspection agencies in product safety and access to the mine signs before entering our field of mobile marketing. Against mine operators where electricity, electrical explosions should strengthen awareness, training, education, so that mine operators consciously strict compliance with the Mine Safety operation procedures, a blast of electrical standards implemented.4 concluding remarks after the coal mine gas explosion accident and electrical incentives are closely related, as long as our own departments and the establishment of coal mine production safety mechanisms mechanism, strengthen the Coal Mine Safety Supervision,and ensure reliable electricity supply, mine blast in the distribution of quality electrical products, coal operators to strictly comply with the safety operation procedures, I believe coal mine gas explosion accidents rate markedly.............................................................................................................................................................此处忽略！！！！！！！！。

煤矿安全因素探讨外文及翻译修正版

煤矿安全管理要素探讨LI Jun( ShanxiCokingCoalCo., Ltd., Taiyuan030024, China)摘要:通过对煤矿安全管理要素的分析强调了以人为本的安全管理思路,针对目前煤矿安全管理中存在的一些误区,结合企业实际和其它煤炭企业管理经验, 以及安全管理要素相互作用的理论,提出了以“人”为本、以“物”保“人”、以“环境”影响“人”的管理方法和工作措施。

关键词:煤矿安全管理; 要素分析;以人为本0.引言安全是煤炭企业永恒的主题。

煤矿安全生产关系职工生命安全, 关系煤炭工业健康发展, 关系社会稳定大局。

实现煤矿安全生产是落实科学发展观的必须要求, 是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。

但近些年全国发生的几起大的煤矿安全事故说明了煤矿安全生产的形势依然严峻, 安全管理中存在的问题仍十分尖锐。

因此, 有必要也必须寻求一种更科学更有效的安全管理方法来解决安全生产中的突出问题, 确保职工的生命安全和企业的健康稳定发展。

1.煤矿安全管理概念简述煤矿安全管理就是对煤矿安全生产相关要素和过程进行计划、组织、协调和控制的一系列活动, 以保障职工在生产过程中的生命安全, 保证生产工作的顺利开展, 保护国家和集体的财产不受损失。

由于煤矿生产、管理工作中时时处处都与安全相联系,因此安全管理应该是全面的、全员的和全过程的, 是煤矿所有管理工作的核心。

2.煤矿安全管理要素分析管理要素是指管理活动和过程必不可少的组成部分。

从煤矿安全管理的活动和过程看, 煤矿安全管理的要素主要包括人、物、环境三大要素。

人是指员工的本体、意识和行为;物包括工程、设备、材料等硬件和技术、工艺、流程等软件两个方面;环境也包括硬件环境和软件环境两个方面, 硬件环境指由装备、技术等构成的生产、工作环境, 软件环境指由安全文化、宣传教育等构成的思想文化氛围。

在人、物、环境诸因素中,人是最积极的因素,人既是安全管理的主体,也是安全管理的客体, 同时也是安全管理的直接目的-人的安全。

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煤矿安全外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于WSN的煤矿安全监控系统的研究摘要在本文中，我们使用无线传感器网络监控煤矿的经验进行了阐述。

在一个节点上的多传感器可以捕获各种各样的环境数据，包括矿山的振动，矿井温度，湿度和气体浓度，和环境参数、控制风扇运转。

网络由许多无线传感器节点组成。

煤矿安全监控方案发展从可以保存汇聚节点接收到的数据，并实时显示和分析各种的信息来供决策。

1 背景与介绍煤炭安全生产关系到国民经济的发展，如今，中国的煤矿安全信息系统是基于有线网络，随着煤炭开采的加速，有线网络在扩展，灵活性，覆盖率等方面具有严重不足。

为了解决这些问题，无线网络是最好的选择。

ZigBee是一种先进的数据通信技术，具有低速率，低功耗，协议简单，成本低，良好的扩展性，容易形成无线网络等特点。

相比现有煤矿监测设备，节点构成的无线传感器网络的更小，更轻，更易于大规模部署。

由于数据采集和传输方式是通过无线电台，节点挂钩传感器，可以打破电线电缆的约束，并可以使部署更加方便，灵活。

此外，大规模的和灵活的部署节点对于矿工来说使得更好的本地化工作。

因此，它具有重要的现实意义，将这一新技术和新方法，应用在煤矿安全信息系统的设计中。

2 系统的结构本文设计了一个煤矿安全监控系统，它是基于ZigBee2007无线通信协议，采用TI 公司生产的CC2530芯片做无线数据传输。

煤矿安全监控系统由三部分组成：控制中心，协调和终端节点。

终端节点有两种类型：全功能设备（FFD ），部分功能的移动设备（ RFD ）。

监督控制中心软件是以TI的Z -位置引擎，它显示了各监测点的位置和状态信息，它是一个在整个潜在风险区域的地理信息的图形化描述。

协调也是一个网关，它获得FFD和RFD的所有信息，然后发送到控制中心的节点上然后通过监控软件来更新状态消息。

此外，他还要广播控制中心的指示。

FFD是路由器，它SA节点组链接在一起，并提供多希望消息，它与其他路由器和终端设备相关联，而RFD仅仅是一个终端设备。

我们知道，整个监控系统可以分离的两个子系统，煤矿井下环境调查和数据收集子系统和矿山集中智能信息管理子系统。

本文将主要介绍煤矿井下环境调查和数据采集子系统。

考虑矿山井下的环境的实际情况，RFD主要负责用于收集矿工的生理功能，然后通过无线通讯方式将其发送到FDD，FDD由具有路由功能，可以收集环境参数的节点，然后将数据上传到管理中心。

矿山井下系统主要通过无线网络设备的链接，可靠的通信应用来保证它的正常工作。

地面矿山系统包括各类综合服务体系，服务平台体系，监测分析系统和紧急行动中心等等，这些通过TCP/ IP网络连接设备连接。

3 系统设计3.1硬件设计。

在系统中的每个终端节点组成的CC2530，振动传感器，气体传感器，温度和湿度传感器，射频模块，电源模块，无线收发信机的天线和复位电路模块。

基于CC2530的传感器节点的硬件结构示于图1。

这个节点是仅作为终端节点，预留外接电源接口和UART端口外部LPC1756板是为了满足不同的应用需求; ZigBee协议;移植后的TinyOS操作系统做准备。

图1基于CC2530的传感器节点硬件结构图无线电射频模块之间的数据传输是基于IEEE802.15.4。

为了降低系统的成本，缩短产品开发周期和降低的难度，功耗，提高发射功率，考虑接收灵敏度，芯片的成本，协议堆栈的成本因素以及芯片和外围元件的数量需等，这些选择一个芯片要主要考虑的因素。

最后，TI的免费协议栈的ZigBee芯片CC2530的ZigBee-2007被挑选出来。

行业标准的增强型8051 MCU与RF收发器，其发射功率为1mW，接收灵敏度为-94dBm，当符号错误率是1％，电流损耗小于0.6μA当系统处于待机模式，当RF为2.4GHz，其数据传输速率是240KB/ s的所有参数满足系统设计的需求。

3.6V的锂电池，电压转换电路是由电源管理模块，它有两个输出通道提供不同的电压和电流供给无线射频模块和传感器检测模块。

作为一个网关，需要协调与控制中心的沟通，这是与终端节点所不同的，所以我们需要在硬件设计上添加另一个通信端口，此端口可以广泛使用，因为这个系统并不是专为一些计算机、单片机或PLC设计的。

因此，RS-232和USB接口都适用于这个它。

汇聚节点的硬件结构如图2所示。

图2汇聚节点硬件结构此模块是汇聚节点的主板的一部分，特殊应用程序也可以使用它作为一个普通节点; UART接口的RF模块的一部分，则可以保留通过电源接口，此模块的CC2530射频模块作为一个群集节点模块时，上述结构未配备传感器;主板上的设计的网络接口连接到以太网，GSM模块主要使用GPRS或3G数据通信功能，通过终端传感器网络和公共网络（3G），进行远程控制或远程扩展监测。

3.2软件设计ZigBee无线传感器网络的有三种类型的节点：协调器，路由器（或FFD）和终端设备（或RFD）是在图3中所示的无线传感器网络节点的工作状态图。

这种设计采用了由TI公司，这是免费的和半开放源码的ZigBee协议栈Z-stack2007提供。

Z-stack2007是由MAC层，物理层和应用层，网络层之间的通信的设备和活动，消息路由网络发现的网络设备在初始化的Z-stack2007是负责的。

ZigBee标准定义了三种类型的设备，每个设备都有自己的功能要求，ZigBee协调器启动和配置网络。

同时，它是负责正常工作并保持在与其它网络设备通信。

一个ZigBee网络只允许一个ZigBee协调。

ZigBee路由器负责重发的消息发送到其他设备。

电网的ZigBee和树型网络可以有多个ZigBee路由器。

ZigBee终端节点通过ZigBee网络可以执行它自己的相关的功能和与其它网络设备进行通信。

图3 WSN节点的工作状态图图4 无线传感器网络节点软件的的工作流程图由于ZigBee的WSN网关，协调器会自动启动网络的形成。

在那之后，它会等待，直到所有的节点附近完成加盟网。

然后，协调器会发送指令收集信息，如连接状态，传感器数据和位置数据，然后发送到控制中心，最后监控软件更新各种状态值。

所有这些过程都在一个定时执行周期内完成的。

WSN中节点的软件工作流程图如图四所示。

4 结论一种新的煤矿安全监控系统的开发，它包括智能，低成本，低功耗和低维护敏感的传感器和ZigBee无线传感器网络。

该系统可以监视该气体的浓度，温度和湿度和敏感振动，对潜在的危险进行早期警告;减少生命和财产损失。

基于无线传感器网络，这个系统是容易被部署，同时它克服了现有系统的缺点。

因此，可以说它弥补现有系统的弱点。

整个系统以无线传感器网络技术为核心，增强了系统的灵活性，可维护性和可扩展性，同时系统的调制和开放式结构，使系统能有一个良好的可能性。

我们评估这个设计，并获得了一些有益的经验，将有利于我们的后续工作。

Research on Mine Safety Monitoring System Based On WSNAbstractIn this paper our experiences using a wireless sensor network to monitor the coal mines are described. The multi -sensor in one node can capture a variety of environmental data, including the vibration of the mine, the mine temperature, humidity and gas concentration, and environmental parameters control operation of the fan. Network consists of many wireless sensor nodes. Mine safety monitoring program has been developed to save the received data from sink nodes and show it on real time and analyze all kinds of information for decision function.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), McGill University and University of Wollongong.Keywords: CC2530; ZigBee; wireless sensor network;Mine-monitoring system;sensor node1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTIONCoal production safety is related to the development of the national economy, nowadays, the coal mine safety information system of China is based on cable network, with the acceleration of coal mining, the wired network has the serious insufficiency in aspects and so on extension, flexibility, coverage fraction all. In order to solve these questions, the wireless network is the best choice. ZigBee is an up-to-data communication technology, with the low gear rate, low power loss, simple agreement, low cost, good extension, easy forming wireless networks. In contrast with existing coal mine monitoring equipment, the nodes that constitute the wireless sensor network are smaller, lighter and easier for large-scale deployment.As data acquisition and transmission approach is through wireless radios, the nodes linked sensors can break the constraint of wire and cable and make the deployment more convenient and flexible. Moreover, the large-scale and flexible deployment of nodes makes for better localization of miners. Therefore, it has momentous practical significance to apply this new technology and new method in the design of coal mine Safety Information System[1].2. STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEMThis paper designed a mine safety monitoring system, It is based onZigBee2007 wireless communication protocol, adopts the CC2530 chip produced by TI company to doing wireless data transmission. The mine safety monitoring system consists of three parts: control center, coordinator and terminal nodes. There are two kinds of terminal nodes: full-function device (FFD) and reduced-function device (RFD). The supervising software on the control center is based on TI’s Z-Location Engine, it shows the location and the status messages of all the monitoring sites[2], and it is a graphical description of the geographical information of the entire potential risk area. The coordinator is also a gateway; it acquires all the information from FFD and RFD, and then transmits to the control center to update the status messages of nodes on the supervising software. Besides, it broadcasts instructions from control center. FFD is a router, it s a node that links groups together and provides multi-hoping for messages[2]. It associates with other routers and end-devices, while a RFD is just an end device.As we can see, the whole monitoring system can be separated in two subsystems, investigating environment and collecting data subsystem down the mine and centralized intellectualinformation managing subsystem up the mine. This article will mainly introduce environment investigating and data collecting subsystem down the mine[2].Considering the practical situation of the environment under the mine, RFD are mainly responsible for collecting physiological features of the miners, and then send them to FDD via wireless communication way. FDD consists of nodespossessing routing functions which can collect environmental parameters in time, and then upload the data to administration center. The down mine systems mainly link by wireless network equipments to apply reliable communication. The upper mine system includes various kinds of integrated service system, service platform system, monitoring analytical system and emergency operations center, etc. These equipments connect through TCP/IP internet connection.[2][3].3. SYSTEM DESIGN3.1. Hardware designEach terminal node in the system is composed of CC2530, vibration sensor, gas sensor, temperature and humidity sensor, radio frequency module, power supply module, wireless transceiver antenna and reset circuit module. The CC2530-based sensor node hardware structure is shown in Fig. 2. This node is only as terminal nodes; Reserved external power supply interface and UART port is intended to external LPC1756 board to meet different application needs; The ZigBee agreement; post-transplant TinyOS to prepare the operating system。