2020高考全国卷阅读理解专项训练说明文六篇(生态环保类)(含答案)

2020高考全国卷阅读理解专项训练说明文六篇（生态环保类）1Sea ice is drifting(漂移) faster in the Arctic —which means polar bears need to walk farther to stay in their native range.Polar bears spend most of their time wandering the sea ice in search of seals. And seals spend most of their time underneath that ice, avoiding the top predator(捕食者). But climate change is giving polar bears additional challenges in their searches for food.“Sea ice is now drifting faster,” George Durner, a research zoologist said. He and colleagues compared sea ice conditions from 1987 to 1998 with those from 1999 to 2013. “And what we found was ice drift at the locations used by polar bears increased 30% in the Beaufort sea and 37% in the Chukchi sea.” That’s a problem because polar bears are homebodies — they prefer to stay in a specific range. “Throughout their range, they seem to have a sense of place. And here we have a situation where the general pattern of ice drift is westward, so to remain in their traditional range, it means they have to constantly be walking eastward to adapt to that westward drift.”The result: a large number of polar bears walk on the treadmill(跑步机). And all that walking requires extra fuel. On average, a single bear eats between 31 and 33 seals per year. But the changeable consequence of the treadmill effect means they have to eat on average one to three more. George Durner and some other scientists agree that increased Arctic sea ice drift makes adult female polar bears’ movements and energies change.And not only is the ice drifting faster, it’s also melting more, giving the bears less of the platform(平台). They use to pursue their prey. So they need more seals and will have a tougher time tracking them. All of this puts polar bears on a slippery slope. But maybe they keep expecting more trouble while growing up.32. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A. George Durner collected the data by himself.B. Polar bears always change their living range.C. The research was carried out by making comparisons.D. Ice drift at the places where polar bears live increased by 7%.33. On average, how many seals does a bear eat at least half a year after climate change?A. 13.B. 16.C. 31.D. 32.34. How does the author find the polar bears’ situation?A. Interesting.B. Confusing.C. Surprising.D. Worrying.35. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Ice is melting more and drifting faster.B. More seals are walking eastward.C. The polar bears prefer to 1ive in the same place.D. Climate change affects polar bears’ survival.2On July 10-12, 2017, a huge iceberg(冰山) named A-68 broke free from Antarctica’s Larsen C Ice Shelf. The crack(裂痕) that led to the separation was observable in 1963. However, the crack remained inactive for decades before suddenly spreading northwards and widening by 18 miles between 2011 and 2015 and then an additional 13 miles in 2016.Iceberg separation is not a natural part of a glacier’s(冰川) life cycle but a result of global warming. However, the separation of A-68 is receiving a lot of attention due to its size. Measuring 5,800 square kilometers, the A-68 has reduced the Larsen C Ice Shelf area by more than 12%.“The interesting thing is what happens next, how the remaining ice shelf responds,” said Kelly Brunt, who has studied the effects of the warming climate on the Larsen C Ice Shelf since 2015.“Many people may ask, ‘Will the ice shelf weaken? Or will it fall down, like its neighbors Larsen A and B? Will the glaciers behind the ice shelf speed up and have a direct contribution to sea level rise?’ I think answers may be not that terrible.”Ice shelves, which border 75% of the Antarctic Peninsula, form from snow that became ice thousands of years ago. They are found where glaciers meet the ocean and the weather is cold enough to keep the ice frozen. The icy structures are natural barriers against the water melting from glaciers, which can lead to rising sea levels.The Larsen Ice Shelf once consists of four parts: Larsen A (the smallest), Larsen B, Larsen C (the largest) and Larsen D. While scientists will continue to monitor A-68 and its parent, many believe it’ll take several years before Larsen C breaks down further. “The remaining 90% of the ice shelf continues to be held in place by two points,” said Chris Shuman, a glaciologist. “So I just don’t see any signs that this event will lead to the falling down of the Larsen C Ice Shelf. But we will be watching closely for signs of further changes.”28. Why did A-68 iceberg separation become a heated topic?A. Its effect was terrible.B. It was about global warming.C. Its size was very huge.D. It means a glacier’s life cycle.29. What is Kelly Brunt’s attitude towards the A-68 iceberg separation?A. Positive.B. Doubtful.C. Uninterested.D. Worried.30. Why are icy structures so important according to Paragraph 4?A. They help keep the weather cool.B. They help control the sea levels.C. They make water turn into the glaciers.D. They are necessary for scientists’ research.31. Chris Shuman thought that the A-68 iceberg separation would .A. influence the wildlife thereB. never change the icy structuresC. cause many further changesD. have little influence on Larsen C Ice Shelf3A ban on plastic bags came into force in Kenya on Monday in order to slow pollution. It means that the use, manufacture(制造) and importation of plastic bags will not be allowed in this country. The ban was first announced in February but it won't come into effect until six months from now when consumers and shopkeepers have adjusted to the new rules. However, some businessmen disagree with the ban, saying that jobs will be lost and that there will be difficulty earning a living.In Africa, a number of nations have already adopted or announced bans on plastic bags, including Rwanda and Morocco. But Kenya's new law is particularly tough, with fines of up to US $38,000 (about 253,000 yuan) and four-year prison sentences.In Kenya, about 100 million plastic bags are handed out each year by supermarkets alone. Plastic waste has long been associated with environmental damage and health risks, including killing wildlife, damaging agricultural land, polluting tourist sites and so on. Furthermore, plastic bags contribute to the more than eight million tons of plastics that enter the oceans each year.According to UN Environment, at current rates, by 2050 there will be more plastic in the oceans than fish, affecting wildlife and tourism seriously.Erik Solheim, Head of UN Environment, said: “Kenya is taking important action to remove an ugly stain on its outstanding natural beauty. Plastic waste also causes huge damage to ecosystems—both on land and at sea —and this decision is a huge and important step to ending plastic pollution.”Indonesia has promised to reduce marine waste by 70 percent within the next eight years, spending US $1 billion every year controlling waste products that pollute its oceans.Erik Solheim said: “ Kenya should be awarded for its environmental leadership. It's a great example that I hope will inspire others and help drive further commitments to the Clean Seas campaign.”28. What has Kenya decided to do?A. To help more people find jobs.B. To completely ban plastic bags.C. To stop importing goods made of plastic.D. To fine people who throw away rubbish.29. Compared to Rwanda and Morocco, Kenya’s new law ________.A. is much stricterB. will put more people into prisonC. can increase its government’s incomeD. can be more accessible to people30. What will happen in 2050, according to UN Environment?A. Plastic will be the most serious pollutant.B. More than eight million tons of plastics will be produced.C. There will be no land that is not polluted.D. There will be more plastic in the oceans than fish.31. What can we learn from Erik Solheim's words?A. Kenya's action deserves to be praised.B. Kenya will reduce its pollution by 70percent in six months.C. Kenya will soon end its plastic pollution thanks to the new law.D. Kenya is the leader in environmental protection in the world.4On June 19, 2015, more than a ton of ivory was crushed(碾碎) in New York City’s Times Square. The act is meant to help people know the threat of the illegal ivory trade to African elephants, and show the world that the illegal ivory trade cannot continue. The event was organized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New York State agencies and the Wildlife Conservation Society, which runs New York City’s zoos. The crowd included lawmakers, wildlife supporters, and famous people.After speeches, a 25-ton rock crusher began crushing ivory. The hundreds of wildlife supporters began cheering as pieces of ivory flew from the machine.Wildlife activists say the act is important. The rate of elephant poaching(偷猎) has increased in recent years, largely as a result of increased demand for ivory. Because of the demand, elephant populations have dwindled. Fewer than 500,000 elephants live in Africa today, and poachers kill 50,000 each year.Destroying ivory that has been traded illegally may seem like a smart move, but the practice has received negative comments from a number of groups, including some wildlife supporters. They say that ivory contains evidence that could be used against traders. Others argue that crushing ivory reduces the supplies and increases the chances that poachers will hunt more elephants. But the groups behind the ivory crushing say the public understanding of this problem far outweighs the risks.After the act, Food Network star Katie Lee said, “I had no idea that the U.S. is one of the largest ivory markets in the world. Every time I tell someone the statistics, they’re shocked. The more people hear about this, the more changes can take place.”32. The act in New York City’s Times Square is meant to .A. show that the ivory trade is increasedB. tell people the harm of illegal poachingC. cheer lawmakers and wildlife supportersD. tell people that the illegal ivory market is to be crushed33. What does the underlined word “dwindled” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Changed.B. Fallen.C. Grown.D. Increased.34. Paragraph 4 mainly shows that the act is .A. illegalB. negativeC. controversialD. important35. What does the author probably want to show by mentioning what Katie Lee said?A. The act is really shocking to many American people.B. The act can help bring more support to ivory protection.C. The U.S. is one of the largest ivory markets in the world.D. The illegal ivory trade will disappear in the U.S. one day.5Many animal species worldwide have become endangered. Here are some of the most endangered animals.Whooping craneIt is the tallest North American bird. In 1938, the first year when a population survey was done, only 29 whooping cranes remained in the wild. Three years later, only l6 were left. Hunting and the decrease of their habitats had harmed the population. Great efforts to save the birds did not begin until the late 1960s. Today, there are over 400 birds, thanks in large part to new breeding(繁殖) programs.Blue whaleThere are fewer than 25,000 blue whales, the largest animals on the planet. Blue whales are found in all of the world's oceans but the Arctic. Today their population has diminished by 90％because of humans’ hunting or killing blue whales in the 20th century. Hunting of the species for sale was forbidden in 1966. The National Marine Fisheries Service of the US explained a recovery plan in detail in 1998.Asian elephantThe best guess of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) on today’s population of Asian elephants in 13 countries is around 40,000-50,000. That number may be far lower. Over 50% of the population is in India. The increasing human population there—and elsewhere in Asia—creates conflicts(冲突) for space and resources. And while the long teeth of Asian elephants are much smaller than those of African elephants, the Asian elephants are still killed for their ivory, meat, and skin.Snow leopard(雪豹)Though it’s called a leopard, the snow leopard is actually more closely related to the tiger. Probably fewer than 6,500 snow leopards remain in the wild. The largest populations are in Chinaand Mongolia, with large populations in India and Kyrgyzstan as well. The snow leopard usually hunts blue sheep as its food, but in some areas, it heavily depends on home-raised animals. The farmers who depend upon the animals shoot the “problem” leopards.28. What mainly helped the increase of whooping cranes’ population?A. The building of their habitats.B. The prevention of humans from hunting them.C. The programs that help them have young ones.D. The great efforts that aimed to save them before the 1960s.29. What does the underlined word “diminished” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Decreased.B. Grown.C. Increased.D. Doubled.30. What problem do elephants in India face?A. They’re being driven to other Asian countries.B. Their ivory has become popular in recent years.C. Conflicts among people put them in danger.D. They are losing their habitats.31. Which of the following is a good way to help protect the snow leopard?A. Raising animals to feed them.B. Helping them live in different countries.C. Creating new breeding programs for them.D. Solving the conflicts between them and farmers.6From supermarket bags to CDs, man-made waste has polluted the entire globe, and become a very serious global problem. Recently, researchers may have found an unusual way to help solve the problem. A recent news article suggests that the waxworm(蜡虫), who eats beeswax as a food source, also appears to eat polyethylene, one of the strongest kinds of plastic.Researchers have described the tiny worm’s ability as "extremely exciting". Federica Bertocchini , a beekeeper, is with the Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria in Spain. She said she made the discovery after removing the waxworms from the beehives(蜂窝) where they live. She put the waxworms in a plastic shopping bag which became full of holes a few minutes later. Then Federica Bertocchini carried out many experiments on the waxworms. When 100 waxworms were placed in a normal British plastic shopping bag, the holes began to appear in just 40 minutes. Over a period of 12 hours, 92mg of plastic had been eaten.According to the researchers, a kind of enzyme(酶) produced by the waxworm is responsible for the process. They also found that the waxworm turns the plastic into a different thing. It is used in making a material for vehicles. It is not clear if the waxworm can produce a large number of such things. Plastic is not a kind of natural food for the waxworm. "Wax is a kind of natural plastic which is similar to polyethylene,” Federica Bertocchini said.Researchers say they still need to better understand how wax is digested(消化) in the waxworm. Federica Bertocchini said they would use the research to find a way to get rid of plastic waste. “ But we should not throw plastic bags into the environment, just because we now know how to break it down,” she added.28. What makes the waxworm special?A. Feeding on beeswax for a living.B. Causing a serious global problem.C. Being a kind of man-made insect.D. Helping break down a kind of plastic.29. What do the numbers mentioned in Paragraph 2 mainly show?A. The waxworm dislikes being put into a shopping bag.B. The waxworm bites the plastic bag in order to take a breath.C. The waxworm eats the plastic at extremely high speed.D. The waxworm spends 12 hours eating up a normal British plastic bag.30. What can we know about the waxworm from Paragraph 3?A. It can break down plastic because of a kind of enzyme.B. It can produce other kinds of enzyme.C. It can be used to make much money.D. It can eat all kinds of plastic.31. What will the researchers study next?A. How they can get rid of plastic waste.B. How wax is different from polyethylene.C. How wax is digested in the body of the waxworm.D. How they persuade people not to produce plastic waste.答案解析1【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。