医学博士外语模拟试卷55.doc
医学博士英语考试听力模拟试题及答案
医学博士英语考试听力模拟试题及答案2017年医学博士英语考试听力模拟试题及答案PAPER ONEPart ⅠlisteningSection ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you willhear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. Afteryou hear the question, read the four possible answer marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example:Youwill hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite allday.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?Youwill read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B D1.A. Hedoesn’t like histology.B. He can’t afford the book.C.The textbook is very difficult.D. He is the manager of thebookstore.2. A. Heis selling insurance.B. He is making an offer.C. Heis giving a suggestion.D. He is inquiring.3. A. Treatthe patient with the best medicine.B. Let the patient recover by herself.C. Treatthe patient’s symptoms only.D. Ask the patient to do what she istold.4. A. Theroof of the woman’s house needs to be repair ed.B. Theroof of the man’s house has several bad leaks.C. Thewoman’s bathroom was badly damaged.D. Theman works for a roofing company.5. A. Whoto vote for based on their records in senate.B. Thehistory of America.C. Theirobjections to socialized medicine.D. Theirdifficulties in recent years in insurance.6. A. Examine. B. Operate.C.Find out.D. Figure out.7. A. WestVirginia has many unexplored areas.B.Andy would probably be a good person to ask.C. Thecampers should try to get a lot of information.D.Andy will help if he’s there this summer.8. A. Heshouldn’t cry whenever the baby cries.B. Hecan’t put the baby’s toy into pieces.C. Hecan’t have pieces of cakes every time.D. Heshouldn’t be so nervous whenever the baby cries.9. A. Shepartially agrees with the man.B. Shecompletely agrees with the man.C. Shedoesn’t agree with the man.D. Shethinks life’s worse for the young people.10. A. Heis a dance coach. B. He is a patient.C. Heis a surgeon.D. He is aphysiotherapist.11. A. Thewoman wants an office with a better view.B. Theriver can be seen from both office.C. Thewoman’s office has two windows.D. Theyhave to cross the river every day.12. A. Hedoesn’t know how to turn the calculator on.B. Helost the woman’s calculator.C. Hebroke something the woman lent him.D. Hecan’t help the woman tonight.13. A. Finishthe first half of the project right away.B. Makean effort to reach a compromise.C. Havethe teacher review the project.D. Meethis partner in the middle of the town.14. A. Agood presentation needs a lot of preparation.B. Thepresentation was very good.C. Hecan always turn to her for help.D. Heshould get some sleep.15. A. Compareher own papers to others.B. Watch out for the usual typingmistakes.C. Havesomeone else type her papers.D. Ask another person to check her work.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogueand two passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C andD. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B DDialogue16. A. Thefeeding habits of spiders.B. A new discovery about spiders.C. Typesof spiders.D. The different kinds of spider’s webs.17. A. Length. B. Width.C. Adhesion.D. Complexity.18. A. Poisoning. B. Providing warmth.C. Catchingbranches.D. Protecting eggs.19. A. Theywere so complex.B. Theyall seemed the same to me.C. Somebad adhesive qualities and others not.D. Theyneeded so many different silks.20. A. Shewas glad she missed it.B. Shethought it sounded strange.C. Shewanted to see the show.D. Shewas surprised that the man was interested.Passage One21. A. Astudent in health services.B. A drug abuse lecturer.C. Adermatologist.D. A representative ofthe tobacco industry.22. A. Howto reduce nicotine and other addictions.B. Howstress affects the skin.C. Theeffects of alcohol on health.D. Howto achieve optimal health.23. A. Alcohol. B. Nicotine.C. Caffeine.D. A reduced supplyof blood.24. A. Itincreases the flow of blood to the skin.B. Itcauses increased consumption of alcohol.C. Itprevents the skin from receiving enough nourishment.D. Itcauses stress.25. A. Caffeine. B. Nicotine.C. Alcohol.D. Warmth of thebody.Passage Two26. A. Onemust miss one meal a day.B. Mostpeople should skip breakfast.C. Toskip one meal a day is no good for one’s health.D. Breakfastis most important in working day.27. A. Theywere all adults.B. They were males ofdifferent ages.C. Theyincluded teenagers and grown-ups.D. They were mostly young people under28. A. Differentkinds of breakfast.B. Very good breakfasts.C. Adequatebreakfasts.D. All kinds of meals.29. A. Whenthey had skipped breakfast.B. Whenthey had had breakfast.C. Whenthey had eaten particular breakfasts.D. Whenthey had had all three meals.30. A. Skippingbreakfast will not help one lose weight.B. Ifyou skip breakfast, you won’t eat much for lunch either.C. Skippingbreakfast does a lot of harm.D. Skippingbreakfast will gain weight.。
医学博士英语模拟试卷2
模考试卷（二）Part I Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest inmeaning with the underlined word.1. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter2. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill3. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment4. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary5. Some linguists believe that the______age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed6. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the______of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts7. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided8. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew9. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated10. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability11. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured12. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird13. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower14. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription15. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached16. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________event.A. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic17. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes18. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded19. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated20. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPartII cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead，the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.After several decades，the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretation of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]Contrary to [B]Consistent with [C]Parallel with [D]Peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued18.[A]Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile19.[A]attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intended20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingPart III Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Text 1Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents di rt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a familyof five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.1. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water2. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.3. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank4. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight5. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it.Text 2Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from theirparents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.6. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced7. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly8. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes9. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation10. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessText 3More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number droppedto 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.11. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students12. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish13. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other14. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.15. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Text 4Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.16. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.17. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.18. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.19. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.20. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketText 5Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurrican will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and returnto land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.21. The eye of the hurricane is__________.A. the powerful center of the stormB. the part that determines its directionC. the relatively calm center of the stormD. the center of low pressure22. Which of the following statements is true?A. A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B. A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C. Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D. It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.23. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms24. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that__________.A. close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane25. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A. taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. equipping the house with stonesD. covering windowsText 6Attacking an increasingly popular Internet business practice, a consumer watchdog group Monday filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users. Commercial Alert, a 3-year-old group founded by consumer activist Ralph Nader, asked the FTC to investigate whether eight of the Web' s largest search engines are violating federal laws against deceptive advertising.The group said that the search engines are abandoning objective formulas to determine the order of their listed results and selling the top spots to the highest bidders without making adequate disclosures to Web surfers. The complaint touches a hot-button issue affecting tens of millions of people who submit search queries each day. With more than 2 billion pages and more than 14 billion hyperlinks on the Web, search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail.The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert's complaint are: MSN, owned by Microsoft; Netscape, owned by AOL Time Warner; Directhit, owned by Ask Jeeves; HotBot and Lycos, both owned by Terra Lycos; Altavista, owned by CMGI; LookSmart, owned by LookSmart; and iWon, owned by a privately held company operating under the same name.Portland, Ore.-based Commercial Alert could have named more search engines in its complaint, but focused on the biggest sites that are auctioning off spots in their results, said Gary Ruskin, the group's executive director.“Search engines have become central in the quest for learning and knowledge in our society. The ability to skew (扭曲）the results in favor of hucksters (小贩）without telling consumers is a serious problem.” Ruskin said. By late Monday afternoon, three of the searchengines had responded to The Associated Press' inquiries about the complaint. Two, LookSmart and AltaVista, denied the charges. Microsoft spokesman Matt Pilla said MSN is delivering “compelling search results that people want.”The FTC had no comment about the complaint Monday. The complaint takes aim at the new business plans embraced by more search engines as they try to cash in on their pivotal (关键）role as Web guides and reverse a steady stream of losses. To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently.26. The consumer group complained about__________.A. special fees that Internet users were chargedB. Federal Trade CommissionC. Commercial AlertD. online search engines27. __________is the most popular activity online.A. Sending pages of informationB. Sending E-mailC. Surfing the netD. Selling the top spot28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?A. There are too many pages or hyperlinks on the Internet, so people usually use search engine to find a certain site.B. More than 8 search engines are accused of selling their search engine spots by Commercial Alert.C. The headquarters of Commercial Alert is in Portland Oregon.D. The search engines are Web guides.29. All the following share one similarity EXCEPT__________.A. LookSmartB. CMGIC. AltavistaD. Microsoft30. The primary aim of some companies’ sponsoring the search eng ines is to__________.A. cash in on their important role as Web guidesB. boost their avenueC. reverse a series of lossesD. have their sites visited by the internet users morePart IV Writing (30%)Directions: In this part there is a passage in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covesthe major points of the passage.随着电脑的普及，网络越来越受到青少年的喜爱。
医学博士英语考试试题
医学博士英语考试试题医学博士英语考试试题是医学专业研究生入学考试的一部分，旨在评估考生的英语水平和专业知识。
这些试题通常涵盖了医学领域的各个方面，包括解剖学、生理学、病理学、药理学等等。
对于考生来说，备考医学博士英语考试试题是非常重要的，下面我们就来看一些典型的试题。
首先，我们来看一道解剖学的试题。
试题内容如下：1. The __________ is the largest glandular organ in the human body.这道题考察的是考生对人体解剖学的基本知识的掌握程度。
正确答案是“liver”，即肝脏。
肝脏是人体最大的腺体器官，位于腹腔内，具有多种重要的生理功能，如合成胆固醇、代谢药物等。
接下来，我们来看一道生理学的试题。
试题内容如下：2. The ___________ is responsible for the production of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.这道题考察的是考生对人体生理学的基本知识的掌握程度。
正确答案是“pancreas”，即胰腺。
胰腺是一个位于腹腔后部的混合腺体，具有内分泌和外分泌两个主要功能。
其中，内分泌功能主要由胰岛细胞负责，它们分泌胰岛素和胰高血糖素等激素。
除了解剖学和生理学，医学博士英语考试试题还会涉及其他专业领域，如病理学和药理学。
下面我们来看一道病理学的试题。
试题内容如下：3. The presence of abnormal cells in a tissue or organ is known as __________.这道题考察的是考生对病理学的基本概念的理解。
正确答案是“dysplasia”，即异型增生。
异型增生是指组织或器官中存在异常细胞的情况，通常是由于细胞遗传物质的异常变异导致的。
异型增生可能是某些疾病（如癌症）的早期指标。
最后，我们来看一道药理学的试题。
医学博士外语模拟试卷56(题后含答案及解析)
医学博士外语模拟试卷56(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. PartⅠListening Comprehension 2. PartⅡV ocabulary 3. PartⅢCloze 4. PartⅣReading Comprehension 5. PartⅤWritingPartⅠListening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: You need to cut down on your sugar intake. M: I find it very hard to resist. Q: What does the woman suggest that the man should do?1．A．Cut the sugar cubes into smaller pieces.B．Put sugar in his coffee.C．Reduce the amount of sugar he ingests.D．Eat more sugar.正确答案：C解析：cut down为“削减”的意思，女士建议男士减少糖分的摄入量，reduce 意为“减少”，是对cut down的同义替换，故选C。
听力原文：W: The doctor said I had to go for a test on my ankle to see if I tore any ligaments. M: Sounds a bit more serious than I thought. Q: What does the man mean?2．A．He thought it was very serious.B．He didn’t think it was that serious.C．He thinks it is worth getting a second opinion.D．He is not surprised, since he thought it was quite bad.正确答案：B解析：由男士说的话“Sounds a bit more serious than I thought”可知，女士的情况听起来比他所想象的要更严重一点，故而可知他认为并没有那么严重，故选B。
2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题(1)
Section A试卷一(Paper One) Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear the uestion, read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.uestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with uestion Number 1.1. A.The man is busy. B.The man has trouble breathingSample AnswerA B ● DC.The man is out of town on business.D.The man is hiding himself from the woman.2. A. He has a terrible backache. B. He has a bad headache.C. He has a toothacheD. He has a diarrhea3. A. It is fast. B. It is slow. C. It works well. D. It is not working.4. A. Four days. B.Ten days. C. One week D. Two weeks.5. A. He is a lawyer B. He is a doctor.C. He is a travel agent.D. He is an immigration officer.6. A. Sunday. B. Tuesday. C. Thursday. D. Saturday.7. A. Two. B. Thee. C. Four. D. Five.8. A. To X-ray his chest. B. To hospitalize him.C. To perform a minor surgery.D. To transfer him to a specialist.9. A. To go shopping. B. To go back to work.C. To change their topic.D. To entertain their guests.10. A. The man is working too hard. B. The man needs to think it over.C. The man is supposed to find a job.D. The man has made a right decision.11. A. Discussing a case. B. Defying a diagnosis.官方网站:12. A. The woman's classmate. B. The woman's boyfriend.C. The woman's brother.D. The woman's teacher.13. A. The man is a liar. B. The man is jealous of Lisa.C. She does not agree with the man on that.D. She will surely do the same as Lisa does.14. A. 250 Yuan. B. 450 Yuan. C. 650 Yuan. D. 850 Yuan.15. A. She disagrees with the man there. B. She is going to change her mind.C. It is out of the uestion to do that.D. It is possible to forgive him.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which,you will hear five uestions. After each uestion,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. Liver failure. B. Breast cancer.C. Kidney failure.D. Diabetes out of control.17. A. Shape. B. Color C. Price. D. Size18. A. It is much smaller than a microwave. B. It leaves much room for reduction.C. It is adjustable.D. It is perfect.19. A. It is under a clinical trial. B. It is available in the market.C. It is widely used in the clinic.D. It is in the experimental stage.20. A. The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machine.B.The further development of the machine is in financial trouble.C.The federal government finances the research.D.The machine will come into being in no time.Passage One21. A. Suicide. B. Obesity. C. Turmoil. D. Drug abuse.22. A. Preventable. B. Destructive. C. Treatable. D. Curable23. A. Combining anti-depressants and talk therapy.B. Promoting the transmission between neurons.C.Winning parental assistance and support.D. Administering effective anti-depressants.24. A. Because it adds to the effect of treatment.B.Because it works better than the medications.C.Because it can take the place of antidepressants.D.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants.25. A. 65 percent. B. 75 percent. C. 85 percent. D. 95 percent.Passage Two26. A. Helplessness and worthlessness. B. Feeling like a loser.27. A. It encourages the patient to be a top student at school.B.It motivates the patient to work better than others.C.It makes it easy for the patient to make friends.D.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude.28. A. By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at school.B.By urging the patient to face any challenge in reality.C.By making the patient aware of his or her existence.D.By changing the patient's perspective.29. A. Those who stop taking anti-depressants. B. Those who ask for more medications.C. Those who are on the medications.D. Those who abuse the medications.30. A. Anxiousness B. Nausea. C. Fever. D. InsomniaPart ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B,C andD are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completesthe sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavior as medicalprofessionals.A. transactionB. transformationC. transmissionD. transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A. alienB. ambulantC. amiableD. amenable33.The fist attempts at gene therapy have mostly , but techniue will surely be made to workeventually.A. stumbledB. stammeredC. striddenD. strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and for fatty foods.A. preferenceB. persistenceC. intoleranceD. appetence35.By sheer I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A. coincidenceB. coherenceC. collaborationD. collocation36.As the drugs began to , the pain began to take hold again.A. wear offB. put offC. all offD. show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the medical technologies.A. ApproachingB. impracticableC. sophisticatedD. transient38.At last, she some reasons for her strange behavior.A. abolishedB. admonishedC. abstainedD. perception39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A. conceptionB. receptionC. deceptionD. perceptionA. conciseB. deviousC. elaborateD. feasibleSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A. embarrassinglyB. reluctantlyC. clumsilyD. dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history, medicine was anything but scientific.A. more or lessB. by and largeC. more often than notD. by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A. illuminatedB. fascinatedC. alienatedD. hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a product or afinancial reward.A. intelligibleB. infinitiveC. substantialD. deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult—orunhealthy—to sustain over time.A. maintainB. reserveC. conceiveD. empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A. specialtiesB. principlesC. rationalesD. doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A. juvenileB. potent B. potent D. matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems uite feasible.A. rationalB. reciprocalC. versatileD. viable49.These are intensely important uestions about uality and the benefits of specialty care andexperience.A. irresistiblyB. vitallyC. potentiallyD. intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A. tendsB. techniuesC. notionsD. breakthroughsPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.Whenever people go and live in another country, they have new experiences and new feelings.just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country. But this isn't really true. Culture shock is a completely natural 52 , and everybody goes 53 it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock. When people first arrive in a new country, they're usually excited and 54 .Everything is interesting. They notice that a lot of things are 55 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy. This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture.They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things. They feel 56.They spend a lot of time 57 or with other people from their own country .They think, “my problems are all because I'm living in this country.〞Then,in Stage Three,they begin to understand the new culture better.They begin to like some new customs. They 58 some people in the new country. They're 59 comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable. They have good friends in the new culture.They understand the new customs. Some customs are similar to their culture, and some are different,but that's OK. They can 60 it.51. A. account B. reflection C. verification D. misconception52. A. transition B. exchange C. immigration D. selection53. A. for B. through C. after D. about54. A. frightened B. confused C. uneasy D. happy55. A. representative of B. different from C. peculiar to D. similar to56. A. intoxicated B. depressed C. amazed D. thrilled57. A. lonely B. alone C. lone D. only58. A. make friends with B. make transactions withC. hold hostility toD. shut the door to59. A. hardly B. more C. very D. less60. A. live with B. do without C. hold up with D. make a success ofPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five uestions. For each uestion there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don't wake up, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a techniue which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. Before this study,researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation, says Lubke.Lubke studied 96 trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery, many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia. During surgery, each patient wore headphones trough which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time, bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation, Lubke tested the patients by showing therm the fist three letters of a word, such as “lim〞,and asking them to complete it. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit〞for example—chose that word an average of 1I percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word list.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding, which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet. What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards, says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesiaA.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’ wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study, the techniue of bispectral analysis helps the scientistsA.acuire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientistsA.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patientsA.to regain consciousness under the knife.B.to tell one word from another after surgery.C.to recall what had been heard during surgery.65.What we can infer from the findingA.How surgical malpractice can be prevented.B.Why a surgeon cannot be too careful.C.Why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgery.D.How the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memories.Passage TwoScientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons,but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. “We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input.〞says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’ survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later,they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a wall, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged, rats can’t do them.Meanwhile,the researches gave other rats similar tasks that did not reuire the hippocampus. finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. “Learning opport unities increase the number of neurons,〞 says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla,California,dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled. When the new cells would normally be dying. She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. “By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything,〞she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out thatA.new neurons could grow in adult brainsC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer's diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neuronsA.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected couldC.could actually better learning and memoryD.could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the testA. The water used.B. The noises played.C. The neurons newly born.D. The hippocampus involved.69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due t oA. the timing of labeling new neuronsB. the freuency of stimulationC. the wrongly labeled neuronsD. the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Use It or Lose ItB. Learn to SurviveC. To Be or Not to BeD. Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight. Heavier people are more lik ely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the U. S., car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle, Washington looked at more than 26 000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half lines as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilo- grams.And importantly, the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)—a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tell weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over.The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It’s not just total weight, but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mack, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team. He thinks one answer maybe for safety authorities to use heavierCrash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used, the U.S.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear, Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure, the American car manufacturers .A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people, the researchers .A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem, Mock .A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates, Mock would most probablysay that .A.cars can be made safer to avoid cashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight, but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’ heavy weight75.Which of the following uestions is closely related to the passageA.Are air bags really necessary to be built in carsB.Are cars certified as safe to driveC.Are crash-test dummies too thinD.Are car accidents preventablePassage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you. In fact, many studies support this idea-but health-Care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.of disease,but generalist—family physicians and general practitioners—are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second uestion is what counts as the most valuable treatment Specialists are more familiar with standards of care for the diseases they treat regularly,says Harlan M. Krumholz of Yale University. On the oth er hand, a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health, says Martin T. Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in PortlandTo further complicate comparisons, many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases, but medical records do not always show that, says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville, Md.That said, stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists. Among about 3800sroke sufferers nationwide,16.1 percent of those treated by a neurologist died within 3 months, compared with 25.3 percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S. Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty, in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field, is also a proxy for clinical experience,〞 he says. “It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts: one, that practice makes perfect; two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in; and three,the issue of formal training.〞Differences between specialist care and generalist care, however, pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice, contend both Donohoe and Clancy. A report by the U.S. General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers—which reduce heart rate and blood pressure—than those who received care from a generalist. Even so, these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them, implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,〞 says Donohoe. Perhaps,he adds, “we should focus more intently on improving the uality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.〞76.Which of the following uestions can most probably come out of the two uestions raised in thepassageA. Is specialist care superiorB. What is specialist care all about77.The answers to the two uestions suggest that .A.generalists are more likely to be ignoredB.a specialist can be a generalist, or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists .A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists, Donohoe and Clancy contend, could do a better job of .A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to .A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care, respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using computers. Computers are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes, almost always with internet accepts. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers, they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents, According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues(2022) this often leads to a role reversal, where the child becomes a teacher to the parent. In other words, it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology. This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover, with the anonymity of online communication, computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult, so all users are treated eually (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). Children may then expect the same euality in real life, further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship (Subrahmanyam et al, 200l).computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children, they spend little time interacting with their peers (Shields & Behrman, 2022). As a result, children may not develop the social skills they need, or be able to maintain friendships in the real world (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). With the very extended computer use, this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields & Behrman, 2022).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence. Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children, so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games ( Subrahmanyam et al, 200l). However, as Shields Behrman (200l) points out, it is important to note that although the games may affect all children, children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion, using a computer, particularly for extended periods, may affect the parent-children relationship in families. It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships. Moreover, it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children. Although the research is not conclusive,it appears tha t extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.8l. From the very beginning, the author is trying to draw out attention toA.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of chil dren’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passageA.Children become teachers to their parents.B.Parents are fossilized in new technology.C.Children expect for an eual status with their parents.D.Parents’ roles are being shrunk by the computer.83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passageA.Children greatly value the friendship with their peers.B.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computer.C.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent games.D.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games.84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer games inthe passageA. A lack of social communication.B. Increasing violent performance.C. A decline in intelligence.D. A breakdown in family relationship.85.Where the passage might be taken from。
医学博士外语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
医学博士外语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: How is Bill? I heard that he’ s got his ankle hurt severely. M: Well, that jolly fellow is in good shape now.Q: What do we learn about Bill from this conversation?1．A．He has hurt his uncle severely.B．He benefits a lot from doing exercises.C．He is very happy to have a better figure now.D．He is in good health now.正确答案：D解析：文中指出Bill脚踝受伤了，但现在已经in good shape即“处于良好的健康状况”，故D项正确。
听力原文：M: What kind of father am I? My only son almost died and I didn’ t even know he was ill.W: Don’ t blame yourself. You are too busy to pay attention to him. If his mother were still alive, things would have been much better. Q: Why does the man blame himself?2．A．His only son is dying.B．His mother died some years ago.C．He didn’ t look after his sick wife.D．He hasn’ t taken good care of his son.正确答案：D解析：从男子的话“I didn’t even know he was ill”可以看出他为没有照看好儿子而自责，故D项正确。
2024年全国医学博士英语统一考试模拟测试卷
2024年全国医学博士英语统一考试模拟测试卷2024 National Medical Doctorate English Unified Examination Mock Test PaperSection 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Importance of VaccinesVaccines are one of the greatest inventions in medical history. They have played a crucial role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to fight off harmful viruses and bacteria. By doing so, vaccines help to protect individuals from getting sick and prevent the spread of diseases within communities.Vaccines have been responsible for the eradication of smallpox and the near-elimination of diseases such as polio, measles, and rubella. Vaccines have saved millions of lives and prevented countless cases of disability and suffering. They have also been instrumental in reducing healthcare costs associated with treating preventable diseases.Despite the overwhelming evidence of the benefits of vaccines, there are still individuals and groups who are hesitant or opposed to vaccination. Some concerns about vaccines include their safety, side effects, and the ingredients used in their production. It is important for healthcare professionals to address these concerns and provide accurate information to help individuals make informed decisions about vaccination.It is crucial that we continue to support vaccination efforts to protect the health of individuals and communities. By getting vaccinated, we not only protect ourselves but also contribute to the overall public health.Questions:1. What is the main purpose of vaccines?2. Name one disease that has been eradicated by vaccines.3. Why are some individuals hesitant to get vaccinated?4. What role do healthcare professionals play in addressing concerns about vaccines?5. What is the benefit of vaccination for public health?Section 2: Vocabulary and GrammarChoose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.1. The doctor recommended that he ___________ more water to stay hydrated.a) drinksb) drinkc) drinkingd) drank2. The patient ___________ his arm after the injection.a) rubb) rubbingc) rubbedd) rubs3. She has a ___________ in her thigh from a childhood accident.a) scarb) scrapec) cutd) bruise4. The nurse ___________ the patient's blood pressure before the surgery.a) checkedb) checkingc) checksd) check5. The laboratory results ___________ that the patient has a vitamin deficiency.a) indicateb) indicatesc) indicatedd) indicatingSection 3: WritingWrite an essay on the topic: "The Role of Telemedicine in Modern Healthcare". Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of telemedicine and how it has impacted the delivery of healthcare services. Include examples to support your arguments.Section 4: Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio file and answer the questions provided.We hope you found this mock test paper helpful in preparing for the upcoming National Medical Doctorate English Unified Examination in 2024. Good luck!。
博士生入学考试英语模拟试题集
博士生入学考试英语模拟试题集Doctoral Entrance Examination English Mock Test Collection。
Introduction:The Doctoral Entrance Examination is a crucial step for aspiring students seeking admission to doctoral programs. The English section of the examination tests the candidates' language proficiency and comprehension skills. To help students prepare for this challenging test, we have compiled a collection of mock test questions that cover various aspects of the English language. This article aims to provide an overview of the mock test questions and offer guidance on how to approach them effectively.Section 1: Reading Comprehension。
The reading comprehension section evaluates the candidates' ability to understand and analyze written texts. It consists of passages followed by multiple-choice questions. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. It is essential for candidates to carefully read the passages and pay attention to details, main ideas, and supporting evidence. They should also practice time management to ensure sufficient time for all the questions.Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar。
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医学博士外语模拟试卷55(总分：182.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、PartⅠ Listening Comp(总题数：8，分数：60.00)1.Section A__________________________________________________________________________________________A.Bad food.B.Fat food.C.Cold food.D.Spicy food.A.He's afraid to try some of the exercises himself.B.The physics class is only halfway over.C.The students aren't in good physical condition.D.He doesn't believe anything people say.A.A mystery story.B.The hiring of a shop assistant.C.The search for a reliable witness.D.An unsolved case of robbery.A.Exercise less frequently.B.Take less medicine each day.C.Visit him as soon as possible.D.Take a new kind of headache medicine.A.He went to see the dentist a week ago.B.The woman should cancel her appointment with the dentist.C.The woman's toothache will go away by itself.D.The woman should have seen the dentist by now.A.Members of the club are required to register when they arrive.B.They can bring up to three guests.C.They should register their guests.D.Show membership cards on arrival.A.For 30 minutes only.B.For one hour only.C.Within the booked time only.D.Longer than the booked time.A.Degree requirement.B.University links.ernment agreements.pany projects.A.Orderliness.B.Creativeness.C.Tightness.D.Convenience.A.Change his diet.B.Take a different kind of medicine.C.Ask another doctor about the problem.D.Do special knee exercises.A.An ophthalmologist.B.A pediatrician.C.An intern.D.A neurosurgeon.A.In an airport.B.In a store.C.On a subway.D.In a police station.A.Just wait a second for it to boot.B.Find someone to fix it.C.Fix it herself.D.Find another computer.A.Patient and doctor.B.Student and professor.C.Insurance salesman and patient.D.General practitioner and consultant.A.Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B.Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C.Keep trying to work harder.plain to the dean about professor Merrington's strict marking.2.Section B__________________________________________________________________________________________A.Coughing fits.B.Blood phlegm.C.Bad breath.D.Blood urine.A.A week.B.Some time.C.One month.D.Two days.A.Greenish.B.Yellowish.C.Yellowish and jelly-like.D.Foamy.A.He coughs a lot.B.His phlegm doesn't smell strange.C.There is some blood in his phlegm.D.He doesn't take any medication.A.Asthma.B.Bronchitis.C.Lung cancer.D.Esophagus cancer.A.To stay in a very warm room with a lot of people.B.To expose oneself to severe weather.C.To play outdoors long when it is snowing.D.To wait for a bus on a cold and windy day.A.You' ll catch a cold sooner or later.B.You've already come down with a cold.C.There are viruses hidden in your body.D.The room is not warm enough for your health.A.It is generally believed that colds are caused by exposure to cold weather.B.Most colds are "caught" by hand contact.C.Cold virus will keep alive for several hours once it leaves human body.D.Cold virus can spread around only through the air.A.Wash our hands frequently.B.Never rub our nose or eyes.C.Throw away tissues immediately after use.D.Shake hands with our friends instead of kissing them.A.A cold-sufferer is staying with him in the same room.B.The viruses have been exposed to the air for over 3 hours.C.He dropped in a warm room.D.He shakes hands with a cold-sufferer.A.The side effects of the Heimlich maneuver.B.The causes of death in choking cases.C.How to use the Heimlich maneuver to save a choking victim.D.What choking is like?A.Speed of operation.B.A prone position.C.Prior practice.D.Expert help.A.People who have cracked ribs.B.People who have an obstruction in their throats.C.Heart attack victims.D.People who dislike old remedies.A.A slow depression of the rib cage.B.Repeated thumps on the back.C.A quick upper thrust into the abdomen.D.An application of force below the belly button.A.A choking victim is best treated in a hospital.B.A person who is choking can help himself.C.The Heimlich maneuver is a recent development.D.Choking victims are rarely confused with heart attack victims.二、PartⅡ Vocabulary(总题数：22，分数：40.00)3.Section A__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Wednesdays: Do a cross-training (CT) activity (biking, swimming, elliptical trainer) at easy to moderate effort for 30 to 40 minutes. If you're feeling very ______or sore, take a rest day.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish5.So by pre-planning the time you want to______, you should be able to decide the gender of your baby, or in theory anyway.（分数：2.00）A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate6.Third, talks must shift from focusing ______on controlling emissions to dealing with the reality that lots of climate change is inevitable.（分数：2.00）A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately7.One line of research focuses on the endings of nerve cells in the brain, which ______as the disease progresses.（分数：2.00）A.upgradeB.degenerateC.disgraceD.glorify8.The areas, called "plaques", gradually thicken and harden with fibrous material, cells, and other deposits, restricting the opening of the vessel and reducing blood flow in the tissues, a condition known as "______".（分数：2.00）A.ischemiaB.anemiaC.anorexiaD.dyspnea9.Today people still don't make health a (n)______because they have no time.（分数：2.00）A.privilegeB.issueC.principleD.priority10.Mental exercise can favorably ______the structure of the brain just as physical exercise can change one's bodily proportions.（分数：2.00）A.modifyB.adjustC.developD.contract11.The distinctions between the different schools and approaches are often very______.（分数：2.00）A.subtleB.sufficientC.superficialD.superior12.Despite the limitations of a standard CT, it does a ______job of picturing the internal anatomy of the body.（分数：2.00）A.supremeB.superbC.sufficientD.superfluous13.The city government is getting its residents to properly ______their garbage.（分数：2.00）A.break upB.dispose ofC.check outD.hand out14.Section B__________________________________________________________________________________________15.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why, said Dr. Solomon, the obstetrician with the Medical Center for Children, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US.（分数：2.00）A.deficitB.deviationC.draw backD.discrepancy16.An allergy results when the body reacts adversely to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.negativelyB.spontaneouslyC.purposefullyD.promptly17.Johnson's writing is considered pedantic and abstruse because it is filled with obscure references and baffling digressions.（分数：2.00）A.ingenuousB.intricateC.definitiveD.erratic18.Some forms of arthritis may develop when the body's ability of fighting disease goes away .（分数：2.00）A.takes overes upC.is interruptedD.becomes faulty19.Hypertension is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.colossalB.popularC.widespreadD.scattered20.Medical diagnosis begins with a patient history, including a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms , a past medical history, and a family and social history.（分数：2.00）A.clinical manifestationsB.clinical characteristicsC.clinical prognosisD.therapeutic signs21.Autism is a disease which involves a total lack of language, a pervasive lack of responsiveness to people, and peculiar speech patterns.（分数：2.00）A.widespreadB.localizedC.occasionalD.uncommon22.If a fever persists , a doctor should be called since this may mean that a more serious infection is present.（分数：2.00）A.disappearsB.continuesC.perishesD.vanishes23.The function of lymph nodes is to filter the lymph as it passes through the lymphatic vessels.（分数：2.00）A.siftB.infiltrateC.perpetrateD.examine24.A corps of so-called barefoot doctors were trained in hygiene , preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.（分数：2.00）A.nutritionB.sanitationC.nurseryD.welfare三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Fear is often a【C1】______ emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and【C2】______ quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline (肾上激素) are poured into your bloodstream.【C3】______ a fire or an accident, fear can【C4】______ life-saving flight. Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger【C5】______ that it becomes a problem. Some people are simply more vulnerable【C6】______ fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunates respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more【C7】______ learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more【C8】______ . Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly【C9】______ and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a【C10】______ obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problems.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）efulB.unbeneficialC.strongD.mixed(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stepsB.paceC.responsesD.breath(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.Suffering fromB.Confronted withC.In relation toD.In the face of(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.avoidB.hinderC.delayD.fuel(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.at handB.in handC.to handD.by hand(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.inB.toC.atD.on(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.tend toB.attendant uponC.prone toD.subjected to(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.sensoryB.sensibleC.sensationalD.sensitive(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.affectB.hinderC.avoidD.shape(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.temporaryB.permanentC.unconqueredD.formidable四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday — a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration' s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona vs. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization " and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court' s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress (国会) had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal' s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federalstatute. The only major objection came from Justice Anton Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as " a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The White House argued that Arizona' s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Some powers do belong exclusively (专门地)to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.（分数：10.00）(1).Three provisions of Arizona' s plan were overturned because they______.（分数：2.00）A.overstepped the authority of federal immigration lawB.disturbed the power balance between different statesC.deprived the federal police of Constitutional powersD.contradicted both the federal and state policies(2).On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?（分数：2.00）A.States' independence from federal immigration law.B.Federal officers' duty to withhold immigrants' information.C.States' legitimate role in immigration enforcement.D.Congress' s intervention in immigration enforcement.(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts______.（分数：2.00）A.violated the ConstitutionB.stood in favor of the statesC.supported the federal statuteD.undermined the states' interests(4).The White House claims that its power of enforcement______.（分数：2.00）A.outweighs that held by the statesB.is established by federal statutesC.is dependent on the states' supportD.rarely goes against state laws(5).What can be learned from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.B.The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.C.Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.D.Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.The 18th-century statesman, Edmund Burke, once said "All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing description of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are puzzled that anyone would deliberately harm an animal in medical researchers. For example, a grandmotherly woman advocating animal rights at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations (免疫注射), she wanted to know if vaccines (疫苗) come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have tosay yes. "Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientist must communicate their message to the public in a sympathetic, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet' s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (余火) of medical progress.（分数：10.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to______.（分数：2.00）A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomedical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement(2).The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's______.（分数：2.00）A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance of medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights(3).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from the animal right advocates, scientists should______.（分数：2.00）municate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame or their causeD.strive to develop new cures(4).From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal research(5).According to the passage, the key to eliminating the obstacle to medical researches with animals is______.（分数：2.00）ying down relative laws and regulationsB.awakening people to the urgency of the researches with animalsC.making people understand medical researchers in some aspectsD.inviting people to perform the research with scientists togetherOn September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊) removed by-surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4 000 miles away from their patient. In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designedby Computer Motion Inc. that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week. The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon' s movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time. France Telecom' s engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. " I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room," says Marescaux. The successful collaboration (合作) among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world. Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a "third revolution" in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部) and thorax (胸腔) do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms(计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.（分数：10.00）(1).The title that best expresses the main idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.How the Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB.The Telesurgery RevolutionC.A Patient Was SavedD.Dream Comes True(2).The italicized word "telesurgery" (Sentence2, Para. 1) can be best explained as______.（分数：2.00）A.an operation done over a distanceB.an operation done on televisionC.an operation demanding special skillD.an operation demanding high technology(3).How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?（分数：2.00）A.24 hours.B.48 hours.C.About a week.D.Almost a month.(4).What is the major barrier to telesurgery?（分数：2.00）A.Distance.B.Advanced technology.C.Delay.D.Medical facilities.(5).The writer implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowpared to the "third revolution" in surgery, the first two are less importantC.all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD.a new breakthrough has been made in surgeryInfertility is normally seen as a private matter. If a couple are infertile and wish they are not, that is sad. But there is understandable resistance in many countries to the idea that treatments intended to deal with this sadness—known collectively as assisted reproductive technologies, or ARTs—should be paid for out of public funds. Such funds are scarce, and infertility is not a life-threatening condition. However, two papers presented to the "State of the ART" conference held earlier this month in Lyon argue that in Europe, at least, there may be a public interest in promoting ARTs after all. The low fertility rate in many of that continent's more developed countries means their populations are ageing and shrinking. If governments want to change this, ARTs—most significantly in-vitro fertilization (IVF)—could offer at least part of a way to do so. As the conference heard, IVF does seem to be keeping up the numbers in at least one country. Tina Jensen of the University of Southern Denmark has just finished a study of more than 700 000 Danish women. She found that young women in Denmark have a significantly lower natural conception rate than in past decades. That is partly, but not entirely, because they are having their children later in life. The rest of the cause is unknown, though reduced sperm quality in men may be a factor. Whatever the cause, she also found that the effect has been almost completely compensated for by an increasing use of ARTs. Denmark ' s native population is more or less stable but some 3.9% of babies born there in 2003 were the result of IVF The comparable figure for another northern European country, Britain, was 1.5%. Without IVF, then, the number of Danes would be shrinking fast. That it is not may have something to do with the fact that in Denmark the taxpayer will cover up to six cycles of IVF treatment. In Britain, by contrast, couples are supposed to be entitled to three cycles. In practice, many of the local trusts that dish the money out do not pay for any cycles at all. Jonathan Grant, the head of the Cambridge branch of the Rand Corporation (an American think-tank) , believes this is shortsighted. His paper showed that if Britain supported IVF at the Danish level then its birth rate would probably increase by about 10 000 a year. The cost of offering six cycles to couples (and doing so in practice, rather than just in theory) would be an extra ￡250 m-430 m a year. That is not trivial, but Dr. Grant reckons it is cheaper than other ways of boosting the birth rate. Some countries, for example, have tried to bribe women into having more children by increasing child benefits. According to this calculations, raising such benefits costs between ￡50 000 and ￡100 000 a year for each additional birth procured. Ten thousand extra births each year would thus cost between ￡500 m and ￡1 billion. There are, of course, some disadvantages to promoting IVF In particular, women who use it tend to be older than those who conceive naturally, and that can lead to congenital problems in their children. But if the countries of Europe do wish to keep their populations up, making IVF more widely available might be a good way of doing so.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the public's opinion on the infertility treatments is that______.（分数：2.00）A.the treatments should be paid for out of public fundsB.the treatments are not so compulsory as they consume the limited public fundsC.the treatments are not necessarily only paid for out of public fundsD.the public is not obliged to pay for such treatments of no urgent nature(2).According to the study conducted by Tina Jensen, which one of the following statements is TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.ARTs have reversed the tendency of population decreasing in Denmark.B.Danes' problem of low natural conception has been completely counterbalanced by the widely use of ARTs.C.The population of Denmark is not decreasing after the adoption of ARTs.D.IVF has played an essential role in Denmark in terms of keeping up the number of population.(3).From the paper of Dr. Grant, it can be inferred that______.（分数：2.00）A.the cost of offering six cycles of IVF to couples is not high at allB.IVF treatment is an economical way of solving population shrinkingC.Britain does not promote adopting IVF to boost the birth rateD.encouraging women to bear more babies by bonus is not so efficient to solve the problem of population shrinking(4).The word "congenital" (Line 2, Para. 6) most probably means______.（分数：2.00）A.innateB.instinctiveC.cerebralD.acquired(5).According to the passage, the author' s attitude towards promoting in-vitro fertilization can be said to be______.（分数：2.00）A.supportiveB.opposingC.ambiguousD.objectiveAll around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession —with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers—full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school with $ 100 000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go-into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve service to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.（分数：10.00）(1).A lot of students take up law as their profession due to______.（分数：2.00）A.the growing demand from clientsB.the increasing pressure of inflationC.the prospect of working in big firmsD.the attraction of financial rewards。