Biomimetic Rules for Design of Complex Adaptive
仿生设计的原理和方法
仿生设计的原理和方法English:Biomimicry, also known as biomimetics, is a design approach that takes inspiration from nature to solve human challenges. The principle behind biomimicry is to emulate natural forms, processes, and systems to create more sustainable and innovative designs. This involves understanding how organisms have evolved and adapted to their environment over millions of years, and then applying these principles to human technology and design. Methods of biomimetic design often involve interdisciplinary research, combining biology, engineering, and design to identify and translate biological strategies into practical solutions. This can include studying the structure and function of biological materials, such as spider silk or abalone shells, and then using this knowledge to create materials with similar properties. Another common method is the study of biological systems and behaviors, such as the way ants organize themselves to efficiently solve complex problems, and then applying these principles to the design of algorithms or organizational strategies. Overall, biomimicry seeks to harness the efficiency,resilience, and sustainability found in nature to create more effective and sustainable human technologies and designs.中文翻译:仿生设计，也被称为仿生学，是一种从自然中获取灵感来解决人类挑战的设计方法。
动物界模仿者英语小作文
Nor is mimicry confined to the animal kingdom. In the world of plants, the brilliant-hued flowers of the snapdragon plant have evolved to mimic the appearance of an open mouth, complete with "lips" and "teeth." This remarkable adaptation serves to attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, who mistake the flowers for the faces of small animals and are drawn to them, inadvertently aiding in the plant's reproductive success.
英语长篇阅读文章
英语长篇阅读文章对于语言学习者而言,阅读是语言输入的重要方式。
阅读策略是语言学习者为了提高阅读理解而采取的技巧和方法。
下面是店铺带来的英语长篇阅读文章，欢迎阅读!英语长篇阅读文章1科技与自然Technology that imitates natureBiomimetics: Engineers are increasingly taking a leaf out of nature's book when looking for solutions to design problems AFTER taking his dog for a walk one day in the early 1940s, George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook-and-loop system that the seeds have evolved to hitchhike on passing animals and aid pollination, and he realised that the same approach could be used to join other things together. The result was Velcr a product that was arguably more than three billion years in the making, since that is how long the natural mechanism that inspired it took to evolve.Velcro is probably the most famous and certainly the most successful example of bio logical mimicry, or “biomimetics”. In fields from robotics to materials science, technologists are increasingly borrowing ideas from nature, and with good reason: nature's designs have, by definition, stood the test of time, so it would be foolish to ignore them. Yet transplanting natural designs into man-made technologies is still a hit-or-miss affair.Engineers depend on biologists to discover interesting mechanisms for them to exploit, says Julian Vincent, the director of the Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies at theUniversity of Bath in England. So he and his colleagues have been working on a scheme to enable engineers to bypass the biologists and tap into nature's ingenuity directly, via a database of “biological patents”. The idea is that this database will let anyone search through a wide range of biological mechanisms and properties to find natural solutions to technological problems.How not to reinvent the wheelSurely human intellect, and the deliberate application of design knowledge, can devise better mechanisms than the mindless, random process of evolution? Far from it. Over billions of years of trial and error, nature has devised effective solutions to all sorts of complicated real-world problems. Take the slippery task of controlling a submersible vehicle, for example. Using propellers, it is incredibly difficult to make refined movements. But Nekton Research, a company based in Durham, North Carolina, has developed a robot fish called Madeleine that manoeuvres using fins instead.In some cases, engineers can spend decades inventing and perfecting a new technology, only to discover that nature beat them to it. The Venus flower basket, for example, a kind of deep-sea sponge, has spiny skeletal outgrowths that are remarkably similar, both in appearance and optical properties, to commercial optical fibres, notes Joanna Aizenberg, a researcher at Lucent Technology's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. And sometimes the systems found in nature can make even the most advanced technologies look primitive by comparison, she says.The skeletons of brittlestars, which are sea creatures related to starfish and sea urchins, contain thousands of tiny lenses that collectively form a single, distributed eye. This enables brittlestarsto escape predators and distinguish between night and day. Besides having unusual optical properties and being very small—each is just one-twentieth of a millimetre in diameter—the lenses have another trick of particular relevance to micro-optical systems. Although the lenses are fixed in shape, they are connected via a network of fluid-filled channels, containing a light-absorbing pigment. The creature can vary the contrast of the lenses by controlling this fluid. The same idea can be applied in man-made lenses, says Dr Aiz enberg. “These are made from silicon and so cannot change their properties,” she says. But by copying the brittlestar's fluidic system, she has been able to make biomimetic lens arrays with the same flexibility.Another demonstration of the power of biomimetics comes from the gecko. This lizard's ability to walk up walls and along ceilings is of much interest, and not only to fans of Spider-Man. Two groups of researchers, one led by Andre Geim at Manchester University and the other by Ron Fearing at the University of California, Berkeley, have independently developed ways to copy the gecko's ability to cling to walls. The secret of the gecko's success lies in the tiny hair-like structures, called setae, that cover its feet. Instead of secreting a sticky substance, as you might expect, they owe their adhesive properties to incredibly weak intermolecular attractive forces. These van der Waals forces, as they are known, which exist between any two adjacent objects, arise between the setae and the wall to which the gecko is clinging. Normally such forces are negligible, but the setae, with their spatula-like tips, maximise the surface area in contact with the wall. The weak forces, multiplied across thousands of setae, are then sufficient to hold the lizard's weight.Both the British and American teams have shown that theintricate design of these microscopic setae can be reproduced using synthetic materials. Dr Geim calls the result “gecko tape”. The technology is still some years away from commercialisation, says Thomas Kenny of Stanford University, who is a member of Dr Fearing's group. But when it does reach the market, rather than being used to make wall-crawling gloves, it will probably be used as an alternative to Velcro, or in sticking plasters. Indeed, says Dr Kenny, it could be particularly useful in medical applications where chemical adhesives cannot be used.While it is far from obvious that geckos' feet could inspire a new kind of sticking plaster, there are some fields—such as robotics—in which borrowing designs from nature is self-evidently the sensible thing to do. The next generation of planetary exploration vehicles being designed by America's space agency, NASA, for example, will have legs rather than wheels. That is because legs can get you places that wheels cannot, says Dr Kenny. Wheels work well on flat surfaces, but are much less efficient on uneven terrain. Scientists at NASA's Ames Research Centre in Mountain View, California, are evaluating an eight-legged walking robot modelled on a scorpion, and America's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is funding research into four-legged robot dogs, with a view to applying the technology on the battlefield.Having legs is only half the story—it's how you control them that counts, says Joseph Ayers, a biologist and neurophysiologist at Northeastern University, Massachusetts. He has spent recent years developing a biomimetic robotic lobster that does not just look like a lobster but actually emulates parts of a lobster's nervous system to control its walking behaviour. The control system of the scorpion robot, which is being developed by NASAin conjunction with the University of Bremen in Germany, is also biologically inspired. Meanwhile, a Finnish technology firm, Plustech, has developed a six-legged tractor for use in forestry. Clambering over fallen logs and up steep hills, it can cross terrain that would be impassable in a wheeled vehicle.Other examples of biomimetics abound: Autotype, a materials firm, has developed a plastic film based on the complex microstructures found in moth eyes, which have evolved to collect as much light as possible without reflection. When applied to the screen of a mobile phone, the film reduces reflections and improves readability, and improves battery life since there is less need to illuminate the screen. Researchers at the University of Florida, meanwhile, have devised a coating inspired by the rough, bristly skin of sharks. It can be applied to the hulls of ships and submarines to prevent algae and barnacles from attaching themselves. At Penn State University, engineers have designed aircraft wings that can change shape in different phases of flight, just as birds' wings do. And Dr Vincent has devised a smart fabric, inspired by the way in which pine cones open and close depending on the humidity, that could be used to make clothing that adjusts to changing body temperatures and keeps the wearer cool.From hit-and-miss to point-and-clickYet despite all these successes, biomimetics still depends far too heavily on serendipity, says Dr Vincent. He estimates that there is only a 10% overlap between biological and technological mechanisms used to solve particular problems. In other words, there is still an enormous number of potentially useful mechanisms that have yet to be exploited. The problem is that the engineers looking for solutions depend on biologists havingalready found them—and the two groups move in different circles and speak very different languages. A natural mechanism or property must first be discovered by biologists, described in technological terms, and then picked up by an engineer who recognises its potential.This process is entirely the wrong way round, says Dr Vincent. “To be effective, biomimetics should be providing examples of suitable technologies from biology which fulfil the requirements of a particular engineering problem,” he explains. That is why he and his colleagues, with funding from Britain's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, have spent the past three years building a database of biological tricks which engineers will be able to access to find natural solutions to their design problems. A search of the database with the keyword “propulsion”, for example, produces a range of propulsion mechanisms used by jellyfish, frogs and crustaceans.The database can also be queried using a technique developed in Russia, known as the theory of inventive problem solving, or TRIZ. In essence, this is a set of rules that breaks down a problem into smaller parts, and those parts into particular functions that must be performed by components of the solution. Usually these functions are compared against a database of engineering patents, but Dr Vincent's team have substituted their database of “biological patents” instead. Thes e are not patents in the conventional sense, of course, since the information will be available for use by anyone. By calling biomimetic tricks “biological patents”, the researchers are just emphasising that nature is, in effect, the patent holder.One way to use the system is to characterise an engineering problem in the form of a list of desirable features that thesolution ought to have, and another list of undesirable features that it ought to avoid. The database is then searched for any biological patents that meet those criteria. So, for example, searching for a means of defying gravity might produce a number of possible solutions taken from different flying creatures but described in engineering terms. “If you want flight, you don't copy a bird, but you do copy the use of wings and aerofoils,” says Dr Vincent.He hopes that the database will store more than just blueprints for biological mechanisms that can be replicated using technology. Biomimetics can help with software, as well as hardware, as the robolobster built by Dr Ayers demonstrates. Its physical design and control systems are both biologically inspired. Most current robots, in contrast, are deterministically programmed. When building a robot, the designers must anticipate every contingency of the robot's environment and tell it how to respond in each case. Animal models, however, provide a plethora of proven solutions to real-world problems that could be useful in all sorts of applications. “The set of behavioural acts that a lobster goes through when searching for food is exactly what one would want a robot to do to search for underwater mines,” says Dr Ayers. It took nature millions of years of trial and error to evolve these behaviours, he says, so it would be silly not to take advantage of them.Although Dr Vincent's database will not be capable of providing such specific results as control algorithms, it could help to identify natural systems and behaviours that might be useful to engineers. But it is still early days. So far the database contains only 2,500 patents. To make it really useful, Dr Vincent wants to collect ten times as many, a task for which he intends to ask theonline community for help. Building a repository of nature's cleverest designs, he hopes, will eventually make it easier and quicker for engineers to steal and reuse them.英语长篇阅读文章2 Lessons from a feminist paradise on Equal Pay DayOn the surface, Sweden appears to be a feminist paradise. Look at any global survey of gender equity and Sweden will be near the top. Family-friendly policies are its norm —with 16 months of paid parental leave, special protections for part-time workers, and state-subsidized preschools where, according to a government website, “gender-awareness education is increasingly common.” Due to an u nofficial quota system, women hold 45 percent of positions in the Swedish parliament. They have enjoyed the protection of government agencies with titles like the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality and the Secretariat of Gender Research. So why are American women so far ahead of their Swedish counterparts in breaking through the glass ceiling?In a 2012 report, the World Economic Forum found that when it comes to closing the gender gap in “economic participation and opportunity,” the United States is ahead of not only Sweden but also Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Sweden’s rank in the report can largely be explained by its political quota system. Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce (68 percent compared to Sweden’s 77 percent), American women who choose to be employed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or professionals. Compared to their European counterparts, they own more businesses, launch more start start-ups, and more often work in traditionallymale fields. As for breaking the glass ceiling in business, American women are well in the lead, as the chart below shows.What explains the American advantage? How can it be that societies like Sweden, where gender equity is relentlessly pursued and enforced, have fewer female managers, executives, professionals, and business owners than the laissez-faire United States? A new study by Cornell economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn gives an explanation.Generous parental leave policies and readily available part-time options have unintended consequences: instead of strengthening women’s attachment to the workplace, they appear to weaken it. In addition to a 16-month leave, a Swedish parent has the right to work six hours a day (for a reduced salary) until his or her child is eight years old. Mothers are far more likely than fathers to take advantage of this law. But extended leaves and part-time employment are known to be harmful to careers — for both genders. And with women a second factor comes into play: most seem to enjoy the flex-time arrangement (once known as the “mommy track”) and never find their way back to full-time or high-level employment. In sum: generous family-friendly policies do keep more women in the labor market, but they also tend to diminish their careers.According to Blau and Kahn, Swedish-style paternal leave policies and flex-time arrangements pose a second threat to women’s progress: they make employers wary of hiring wom en for full-time positions at all. Offering a job to a man is the safer bet. He is far less likely to take a year of parental leave and then return on a reduced work schedule for the next eight years.I became aware of the trials of career-focused European women a few years ago when I met a post-doctoral student fromGermany who was then a visiting fellow at Johns Hopkins. She was astonished by the professional possibilities afforded to young American women. Her best hope in Germany was a government job ––prospects for women in the private sector were dim. “In Germany,” she told me, “we have all the benefits, but employers don’t want to hire us.”Swedish economists Magnus Henrekson and Mikael Stenkula addressed the following question in their 2009 study: why are there so few female top executives in the European egalitarian welfare states? Their answer: “Broad-based welfare-state policies impede women’s representation in elite competitive positions.”It is tempting to declare the Swedish policies regressive and hail the American system as superior. But that would be shortsighted. The Swedes can certainly take a lesson from the United States and look for ways to clear a path for their high-octane female careerists. But most women are not committed careerists. When the Pew Research Center recently asked American parents to identify their "ideal" life arrangement, 47 percent of mothers said they would prefer to work part-time and 20 percent said they would prefer not to work at all. Fathers answered differently: 75 percent preferred full-time work. Some version of the Swedish system might work well for a majority of American parents, but the United States is unlikely to fully embrace the Swedish model. Still, we can learn from their experience.Despite its failure to shatter the glass ceiling, Sweden has one of the most powerful and innovative economies in the world. In its 2011-2012 survey, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the world’s third most competitive economy; the UnitedStates came in fifth. Sweden, dubbed the "rockstar of the recovery" in the Washington Post, also leads the world in life satisfaction and happiness. It is a society well worth studying, and its efforts to conquer the gender gap impart a vital lesson —though not the lesson the Swedes had in mind.Sweden has gone farther than any nation on earth to integrate the sexes and to offer women the same opportunities and freedoms as men. For decades, these descendants of the Vikings have been trying to show the world that the right mix of enlightened policy, consciousness raising, and non-sexist child rearing would close the gender divide once and for all. Yet the divide persists.A 2012 press release from Statistics Sweden bears the title “Gender Equality in Sweden Treading Water” and notes: The total income from employment for all ages is lower for women than for men.One in three employed women and one in ten employed men work part-time.Women’s working time is influenced by the number and age of their children, but men’s working time is not affected by these factors.Of all employees, only 13 percent of the women and 12 percent of the men have occupations with an even distribution of the sexes.Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate toward gendered play. When it came to light last year that mothers, far more than fathers, choseto stay home from work to care for their sick toddlers, Ulf Kristersson, minister of social security, quickly commissioned a study to determine the causes of and possible cures for this disturbing state of affairs.I have another suggestion for Kristersson and his compatriots: acknowledge the results of your own 40-year experiment. The sexes are not interchangeable. When Catherine Hakim, a sociologist at the London School of Economics, studied the preferences of women and men in Western Europe, her results matched those of the aforementioned Pew study. Women, far more than men, give priority to domestic life. The Swedes should consider the possibility that the current division of labor is not an artifact of sexism, but the triumph of liberated preference.In the 1940s, the American playwright, congresswoman, and conservative feminist Clare Boothe Luce made a prediction about what would happen to men and women under conditions of freedom:It is time to leave the question of the role of women in society up to Mother Nature — a difficult lady to fool. You have only to give women the same opportunities as men, and you will soon find out what is or is not in their nature. What is in women’s nature to do they will do, and you won’t be able to stop them. But you will also find, and so will they, that what is not in their nature, even if they are given every opportunity, they will not do, and you won’t be able to make them do it.In Luce’s day, sex-role stereotypes still powerfully limited women’s choices. More than half a century later, women in the Western democracies enjoy the equality of opportunity of which she spoke. Nowhere is this more true than Sweden. And althoughit was not the Swedes’ intention, they have demonstrated to the world what the sexes will and will not do when offered the same opportunities.Today is Equal Pay Day. But as most feminists know by now, the wage gap is largely the result of women’s vocational choices and how they prefer to balance home and family. To close the gap, it won’t be e nough to change society or reform the workplace ––it is women’s elemental preferences that will have to change. But look to Sweden: women’s preferences remain the same.Not only feminists, but also liberal and conservative policymakers should pay attentio n. Sweden is not the “tax and spend” welfare state of old ––while the rest of the world is floundering in debt, Sweden (along with its Nordic neighbors) has been downsizing, reforming entitlements, and balancing its books. The budget deficit in Sweden is about 0.2 percent of its GDP; in the United States, it’s 7 percent. But Sweden’s generous family-friendly policies remain in place. The practical, problem-solving Swedes have judged them to be a good investment. They may be right.Swedish family policies, by accommodating women’s preferences so effectively, are reducing the number of women in elite competitive positions. The Swedes will find this paradoxical and try to find solutions. Let us hope these do not include banning gender pronouns, policing childr en’s play, implementing more gender quotas, or treating women’s special attachment to home and family as a social injustice. Most mothers do not aspire to elite, competitive full-time positions: the Swedish policies have given them the freedom and opportunity to live the lives they prefer. Americans should lookpast the gender rhetoric and consider what these Scandinavians have achieved. On their way to creating a feminist paradise, the Swedes have inadvertently created a haven for normal mortals.英语长篇阅读文章3科学家告诉你：这样学才记得牢The older we get, the harder it seems to remember names, dates, facts of all kinds. It takes longer to retrieve the information we want, and it often pops right up a few minutes or hours later when we are thinking about something else. The experts say that keeping your mind sharp with games like Sudoku and crossword puzzles slows the aging process, and that may be true, but we found three other things you can do to sharpen your memory.随着年龄的增长，我们似乎越来越记不住人名、日期、还有各种事情。
声源定位技术文献综述和英文参考文献
声源定位技术文献综述和英文参考文献声源定位在各个领域都有着广泛的应用，早在20世纪七八十年代，声源定位系统就开始被广泛地研究，尤其是基于传感器阵列的方法。
它的应用使得电话会议、视频会议、可视电话等系统中摄像头和传声器能够对准正在说话的人。
30471声源定位技术在经过几十年的发展后，其检测技术已经有了极大程度的发展和提高。
由最早的基于碳粒子或冷凝器来接收声信号的模式的普通声波检测技术发展到如今基于电路集成化与电子信息化结合的声源检测技术。
现代的声源定位现代技术测量过程简化了，而检测精度提高了。
论文网国外的声波检测技术已经在坦克和武装直升机上得到了广泛的应用，而在这方面，传感器技术、探测技术、微电子技术、信号处理技术以及人工智能技术的飞速发展，均为声源探测技术用于直升机等军事目标的定位、跟踪和识别开辟了新的应用前景，使声源探测技术成为一种重要的军事侦察手段和防空作战中反电子干扰和反低空突防的一种有效途径。
当然国内在这方面的研究也是逐步与国际接轨。
近年来，具有广阔的应用前景和实际意义的声源定位技术已成为新的研究热点，不仅仅是在军事上，许多国际著名公司和研究机构已经在声源定位技术研究与应用上开始了新的角力，许多产品已进入实际应用阶段。
并且已经显示出巨大的优势和市场潜力。
参考文献[1] Oyilmaz,S.Rickard. Blind Separation of Speech Mixtures via Time-Frequency Masking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, XX, 52(7):1830-1847.源自[2] H. Sawada, S. Araki, R. Mukai, S. Makino. Blind extraction of dominant target sources using ICA and time-frequency masking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing , XX, 14 (6): 2165–2173.[3] M.Swartling,N.Grbic´, I.Claesson. Direction of arrival estimation for multiple speakers using time-frequency orthogonal signal separation[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, XX. 833–836.[4] M. S. Brand stein, J.E. Adcock, H.F. Silverman.A closed-form location estimator for use with room environment microphone arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, 1997, 5 (1): 45–50.[5] M. Swartling, M. Nilsson, N.Grbic. Distinguishing true and false source locations when localizing multiple concurrent speech sources[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal ProcessingWorkshop, XX. 361–364.[6] E. Di Claudio, R. Parisi, G. Orlandi. Multi-source localization in reverberant environments by ROOT-MUSIC and clustering[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, XX. 921–924.[7] T. Nishiura, T. Yamada, S. Nakamura, K. Shikano. Localization of multiple sound sources based on a CSP analysis with a microphone array[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, XX. 1053–1056.[8] R. Balan, J. Rosca, S. Rickard, J. ORuanaidh. The influence of windowing of time delay estimates[C]. Proceedings of Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, XX. 15–17.[9] S. Shifman, A. Bhomra, S. Smiley, et al. A whole genome association study of neuroticism using DNA pooling[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, XX, 13(3): 302–312.[10] S. Rickard, R. Balan, J. Rosca, Real-time time-frequency based blind source separation[C]. Proceedings of International Workshop on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, XX. 651–656.源自[11] K. Yiu, N. Grbic, S. Nordholm, et al. Multi-criteria design of oversampled uniform DFT filterbanks[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, XX, 11(6): 541–544.[12] E. Vincent. Complex nonconvex lp nom minimization for underdetermined source separation[C]. Proc. ICA, XX. 430-437[13] C. Knapp , G. Carter. The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay[J]. IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process, 1987, 24(4): 320–327.[14] T. W. Anderson. Asymptotic theory for principal component analysis[J]. Ann. Math. Statist., XX, 34(1): 122–148.[15] D. Campbell, K. Palomäki, G. Brown. A matlab simulation of shoebox room acoustics for use inresearch and teaching[J]. Comput. Inf. Syst. J., XX, 9(3): 48–51[16] J. Huang, N. Ohnishi, N. Sugie. A biomimetic system for localization and separation of multiple sound sources[J]. IEEE Trans. Instrum.Meas., 1995(44): 733–738.[17] B. Berdugo, J. Rosenhouse, H. Azhari. Speakers’direction finding using estimated time delays in the frequency domain[J]. Signal Processing, XX, 82(1): 19–30.[18] S. T. Roweis. One microphone source separation[J]. Neural Inform.Process. Syst., 793–799.[19] J.-K. Lin, D. G. Grier, J. D. Cowan. Feature extraction approachto blind source separation[C]. Proc. IEEE Workshop Neural NetworksSignal Process, 1997. 398–405.[20] M. Van Hulle. Clustering approach to square and nonsquare blind source separation[C]. IEEE Workshop Neural Networks Signal Processing. 1999. 315–323. :。
仿生文化介绍英文作文
仿生文化介绍英文作文Biomimicry, also known as biomimetics, is a fascinating field that draws inspiration from nature to solve human problems. It's all about looking at how plants, animals, and ecosystems have evolved over millions of years and applying those designs, processes, and systems to human technology and innovation.From the sleek design of bullet trains inspired by the shape of a kingfisher's beak to the development of Velcro based on the way burrs stick to fur, biomimicry has led to some truly groundbreaking inventions. By emulating nature's time-tested patterns and strategies, scientists and engineers are finding sustainable solutions to modern challenges.One of the most exciting aspects of biomimicry is its potential to revolutionize industries such as architecture, medicine, and materials science. For example, researchers are studying the self-cleaning properties of lotus leavesto develop dirt-resistant coatings for buildings, while others are looking at how the structure of bones and shells can inspire stronger, lighter building materials.In addition to its practical applications, biomimicry also fosters a deeper appreciation for the natural world. By studying the intricate ways in which organisms have adapted to their environments, we gain a greater understanding of the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of preserving biodiversity.Overall, biomimicry offers a fresh perspective on innovation, encouraging us to look to the natural world as a model, mentor, and measure for our own designs and systems. As we continue to face complex challenges in the 21st century, the principles of biomimicry have the potential to guide us toward more sustainable, harmonious solutions.。
仿生减阻原理英文
仿生减阻原理英文Biomimetic drag reduction is a principle that draws inspiration from nature to design and create structures that minimize resistance to fluid flow. 仿生减阻原理是一个从自然界中汲取灵感，设计并创建最小化流体阻力的结构的原则。
This principle is based on the observation of various organisms and their ability to move efficiently through air or water. 这个原理基于对各种生物及其在空气或水中高效移动的能力的观察。
By studying the streamlined shapes of fish, birds, and other animals, engineers and designers have been able to develop technologies that reduce drag in a variety of applications. 通过研究鱼、鸟类和其他动物的流线型形状，工程师和设计师已经能够开发出在各种应用中减少阻力的技术。
This has important implications for industries such as aerospace, marine, and automotive, where reducing drag can lead to improved fuel efficiency and performance. 这对航空航天、海洋和汽车等行业具有重要意义，减少阻力可以提高燃油效率和性能。
One of the key ways in which biomimetic drag reduction is achieved is through the use of surface textures inspired by natural structures. 仿生减阻的一个关键方法是利用受到自然结构启发的表面纹理。
力学生物的英文
力学生物的英文Biomechanics is a fascinating field that combines the principles of physics and engineering with the study of living organisms. It explores the mechanical properties and functions of biological systems, providing insights into how living beings move, interact with their environment, and adapt to various challenges.At its core, biomechanics examines the forces and stresses that act on the body, and how the body responds to these forces. This includes understanding the mechanics of muscle contraction, bone and joint structure, and the dynamics of movement. By applying the laws of mechanics, biomechanists can analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of biological processes, from the microscopic level of cells and tissues to the macroscopic level of entire organisms.One of the primary areas of biomechanics is the study of human movement. Researchers in this field investigate the biomechanics of walking, running, jumping, and other physical activities, with the goal of improving athletic performance, preventing injuries, and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities or impairments. By understanding the biomechanical principles that govern human movement, scientists can develop better trainingmethods, design more effective prosthetic devices, and optimize the design of sports equipment.Beyond human movement, biomechanics also plays a crucial role in understanding the structure and function of other living organisms. For example, biomechanists study the locomotion of animals, such as the swimming of fish or the flight of birds, to gain insights into the evolutionary adaptations that have enabled these creatures to thrive in their respective environments. Similarly, biomechanics is essential for understanding the mechanical properties of plant tissues, which are essential for their growth, survival, and reproduction.In the field of medicine, biomechanics has numerous applications. Orthopedic surgeons use biomechanical principles to design and develop more effective prosthetic limbs, joint replacements, and other medical devices. Biomechanics also contributes to the understanding of injury mechanisms, allowing for the development of better protective equipment and rehabilitation strategies. Additionally, biomechanics plays a role in the design of medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide valuable information about the structure and function of the human body.The applications of biomechanics extend beyond the realm of human health and performance. In the field of engineering, biomechanics isincreasingly being used to inspire the design of innovative technologies. Researchers are studying the remarkable abilities of various organisms, such as the adhesive properties of gecko feet or the efficient flight patterns of birds, to develop biomimetic solutions for a wide range of engineering challenges. These bioinspired designs have the potential to revolutionize fields like robotics, materials science, and energy production.As the field of biomechanics continues to evolve, it is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, drawing on expertise from fields such as biology, physics, computer science, and mathematics. This collaborative approach allows for the development of more comprehensive and sophisticated models of biological systems, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the natural world.In conclusion, biomechanics is a dynamic and rapidly advancing field that has far-reaching implications for our understanding of living organisms and our ability to engineer innovative solutions to complex problems. By unraveling the mechanical principles that govern biological systems, biomechanists are paving the way for new breakthroughs in fields as diverse as medicine, sports science, and engineering. As we continue to explore the fascinating world of biomechanics, we can expect to witness even more remarkablediscoveries and applications that will shape the future of our understanding of the natural world.。
从自然界得到启示发明的东西英语作文
从自然界得到启示发明的东西英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Inspiration from Nature: Inventions Inspired by the Natural WorldIntroduction:Nature has always been a source of inspiration for human beings. The complexity, beauty, and efficiency of the natural world have sparked ideas that have led to groundbreaking inventions and innovations. From the wings of birds inspiring the design of airplanes to the structure of spider silk leading to advancements in material science, nature has provided a wealth of lessons for those willing to observe.From Bees to 3D Printing:One of the most famous examples of inventions inspired by nature is the development of 3D printing technology. The concept of 3D printing was inspired by the way bees construct their hives. Bees build their hives layer by layer, creating intricate structures with remarkable efficiency. This observation led to theidea of using layers to build objects in a similar way, giving rise to the revolutionary technology of 3D printing.The Lotus Effect and Self-Cleaning Surfaces:Another example of nature-inspired innovation is the development of self-cleaning surfaces based on the lotus effect. The leaves of the lotus plant are known for their ability to repel water and dirt, keeping them clean and dry even in muddy environments. Scientists have studied the microstructure of lotus leaves to design coatings and materials that mimic thisself-cleaning effect, leading to the development of products such as self-cleaning glass and fabrics.Shark Skin and Speed:The skin of sharks is covered with tiny scales called dermal denticles that reduce drag and turbulence as the shark swims through water. This unique texture inspired the design of swimsuits for competitive swimmers, leading to faster speeds and improved performance in the water. The biomimetic design of these swimsuits has revolutionized the sport of swimming and demonstrated the power of nature-inspired innovation.Conclusion:In conclusion, nature is a rich source of inspiration for invention and innovation. By observing and studying the natural world, scientists and engineers have developed solutions to complex problems and created technologies that have transformed industries and improved our lives. From the flight of birds to the resilience of plants, nature continues to provide valuable lessons that drive progress and spark creativity in the world of design and engineering. By looking to nature for inspiration, we can continue to discover new possibilities and unlock the true potential of human ingenuity.篇2Inventions Inspired by NatureThroughout history, human beings have looked to the natural world for inspiration when it comes to solving problems and creating new technologies. From the way a bird flies to the structure of a plant’s leaves, nature has provided countless examples of efficient and innovative designs that have inspired some of the most groundbreaking inventions in human history.One of the most well-known examples of an invention inspired by nature is the airplane. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were inspired by the way birds soared effortlesslythrough the sky, and they studied the anatomy and motion of birds in order to design their first successful aircraft. By mimicking the shape of a bird’s wings and the way they move, the Wright brothers were able to create the first powered, controlled, and sustained flight in 1903.In recent years, scientists and engineers have continued to look to nature for inspiration in developing new technologies. For example, the field of biomimicry studies how nature has solved complex problems over millions of years of evolution, and then applies those solutions to human design challenges. One famous example of biomimicry is Velcro, which was invented by Swiss engineer George de Mestral in 1941 after he observed how burrs stuck to his dog’s fur.Another example of an invention inspired by nature is the development of bullet trains in Japan. The design of the front of the train was inspired by the beak of the kingfisher bird, which dives into water with minimal splash and noise. By mimicking the shape of the kingfisher’s beak, en gineers were able to reduce the noise and energy consumption of the trains, making them faster and more efficient.In the field of architecture, architects have also been inspired by nature in designing buildings that are more sustainable andenergy-efficient. For example, the Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe, was inspired by termite mounds, which use natural ventilation systems to regulate temperature and humidity. By mimicking the design of termite mounds, the Eastgate Centre is able to maintain a comfortable indoor climate without the need for air conditioning.In conclusion, nature has provided endless inspiration for human beings when it comes to solving problems and creating new technologies. From the design of airplanes to the development of bullet trains, the natural world has shown us time and time again that the most innovative solutions are often right in front of us. By studying and learning from nature, we can continue to make groundbreaking discoveries and create a more sustainable future for generations to come.篇3Drawing Inspiration from Nature to InventIntroductionNature has always been a source of awe and inspiration for humans. From the intricate patterns on a butterfly's wings to the efficient structure of a spider's web, the natural world is full of wonders that have inspired humans to create innovativeinventions. In this essay, we will explore how inventors have drawn inspiration from nature to create useful and groundbreaking technologies.BiomimicryBiomimicry is the practice of emulating nature's designs and processes to solve human challenges. One famous example of biomimicry is the invention of Velcro, which was inspired by the way burrs stick to clothing. In the 1940s, Swiss engineer George de Mestral noticed how burrs clung to his dog's fur and realized that he could create a similar fastening system using tiny hooks and loops. The result was Velcro, a hook-and-loop fastener that has become a staple in clothing and other products.Another example of biomimicry is the invention of the Shinkansen bullet train in Japan. Engineers looked to the kingfisher bird for inspiration when designing the train's nose cone. The kingfisher has a long, narrow beak that minimizes turbulence when diving into water, allowing it to catch fish with minimal resistance. By modeling the train's nose cone after the kingfisher's beak, engineers were able to reduce noise and energy consumption, making the Shinkansen one of the fastest and most efficient trains in the world.Innovations Inspired by NatureMany other inventions have been inspired by the natural world. For example, the development of solar panels was inspired by photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. By studying how plants capture and store solar energy, scientists were able to create a technology that harnesses sunlight to generate electricity.Another example is the creation of self-healing materials, which mimic the way living organisms repair themselves after injury. By studying how the human body heals wounds and grows new tissue, researchers have developed materials that can repair themselves when damaged, reducing the need for costly repairs and replacements.Future ImplicationsThe practice of drawing inspiration from nature to invent new technologies has far-reaching implications for society. By learning from the natural world, scientists and engineers can create more sustainable and efficient solutions to pressing challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion. By mimicking nature's designs and processes, we can not only solve human problems but also protect and preserve the delicate balance of the natural world.ConclusionIn conclusion, nature has long been a source of inspiration for human invention. From Velcro to solar panels, biomimicry has led to some of the most groundbreaking technologies of our time. By continuing to draw inspiration from the natural world, we can create a more sustainable and harmonious future for generations to come.。
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Figure 1 - Schematic of Repair Mechanism
Proc. SPIE Vol. 4512 151
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concrete structural bridge components, sponsored by the National
Academy of Science Research Council.
Most failures in composites affect strength, stiffness, and life span of
break. This is the ideal situation in that the agent of environmental degradation, namely loading, is the stimulus to release the repair
chemical. Currently, outdoor field test are being carried out on full-scale
seawater as the pressure increased. It was thus self-repairing. 3) The idea for sensing and repair was to mimic nerve initiating fibers which
take off electrical charges as ions flow through a nerve. 4) When the pier was no longer in use, the absence of pressure allowed the charged ions in the structure to lose their electrical attraction and dissolve back into the seawater to be recycled.
Several designs were developed in which hollow fibers filled with chemicals released those healing chemicals into matrices over time.
These systems of fibers and chemicals respond to environmental stimuli and repair whenever and wherever cracking occurs. To repair cracks, adhesive-filled hollow brittle fibers are put in the matrix. The adhesive chemicals are released from the fibers when the matrix cracks, due to overloading, and thus the fibers containing the healing chemicals also
capable of adapting and changing with the environment. Self-repairing materials in which the environmental agent which causes deterioration, namely overloading is the signal for the release of a healing chemical.
materials. The material deteriorates over time because micro-cracks develop and lead to all the other damages, larger crack growth and fatigue. In order to be self -repairing, a healing chemical is stored in hollow fibers or beads
Application of These Rules in Our Research Projects
1.
The first research project was an attempt to emulate this model of nature.
The Office of Naval Research sponsored a project of making in-situ building materials in the ocean from the chemicals in seawater. This project emulated the complete biological paradigm over time of selfgrowth and positioning, adaptation and repair, and recycling. 1) Calcium
Phone: 333-1913, e-mail: c-dry @
Nature builds by 1) use of local, inexpensive, available often recycled
materials which 2) are self-ordering or growing by attributes shared between
In general, materials capable of passive, smart self-repair consist of several parts: (1) an agent of internal deterioration such as dynamic loading which induces cracking, (2) a stimulus to release the repairing chemical, (3) a fiber or bead, (4) a coating or fiber wall which can be removed or changed in response to the stimulus, (5) a chemical carried inside the fiber, and (6) a method of hardening the chemical in the matrix in the case of cross-linking polymers or a method of drying the matrix in the case of a monomer.
the material and environment, 3) repair themselves, 4) sense and adapt to
changes in the environment daily, seasonally, and yearly; 5)
easily
disintegrate and recycle back into the material sink when their usefulness is at an end; and 6) do not harm the environment, but perhaps enhance it or resolve problems.
Time Release in Smart Materials
After developing several examples of time release in smart materials, Dry [i], who has a patent on time release in a variety of matrices, drew up the following list of attributes desirable for a successful design optimization of such a system for different applications.
embedded in the polymer matrix. When the composite cracks, the crack progresses cracking the repair fiber or bead see Figure 1 . The healing chemical flows into the crack and the crack faces are rebonded. Also the fiber can be rebonded to the matrix and or delaminations repaired with the
2. Self-repairing concrete and polymers were developed as step two of the
150 Complex Adaptive Structures, William B. Spillman, Jr., Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4512 (2001) © 2001 SPIE · 0277-786X/01/$15.00
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