BIS报告记录
实验五 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳分析(实验报告)
实验五聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳分析小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶生物111班杨明轩1102040128一、研究背景及目的过氧化物酶是以过氧化氢为电子受体催化底物氧化的酶，具有消除过氧化氢和酚类、胺类毒性的双重作用。
它与呼吸作用、光合作用及生长素的氧化等都有关系，在种子萌动以前,它们的过氧化物酶同工酶很少,待幼芽长到0.5 -1 厘米以后,它们的过氧化物酶才得到充分的表达。
这说明植物过氧化物酶同工酶的多寡和有无,与植物不同发育时期,与植物的不同组织、器官的分化形成及特定的生理状态等均有密切关系。
而同工酶是指能催化同一种化学反应，但其酶蛋白本身的分子结构组成却有所不同的一组酶。
大多数基因性同工酶由于对底物亲和力不同和受不同因素的调节，常表现不同的生理功能。
它们存在于生物的同一种属或同一个体的不同发育阶段，或同一发育阶段的不同组织，在细胞发育和代谢调解中起重要作用。
在动、植物中，一种酶的同工酶在各组织、器官中的分布和含量不同，形成各组织特异的同工酶谱，体现各组织的特异功能，这一特点可用于研究物种进化、遗传变异、杂交育种和个体发育、组织分化等。
品种资源工作者借助同工酶分析品种的地理分布与亲缘关系来指导品种资源的收集与鉴定工作。
育种工作者常用同工酶来作为鉴定植物的种间杂交, 特别是远缘杂交的生化指标。
在医学方面，同工酶是研究癌瘤发生的重要手段。
要对同工酶展开研究，首先要实现对它的分离，因此要选择合适的分离技术。
基于“差异转化”的思路，层析和电泳是两种最为常见的大分子分离方法。
但由于二者技术细节上的差异，层析更常用于大分子的分离纯化，而电泳则主要用于大分子的分离检测。
因此在本次实验中，我们采用不连续的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳分析小麦幼苗中的过氧化物酶同工酶。
同时本实验利用电泳现象对过氧化物同工酶进行分离纯化和分析鉴定，通过电泳技术的实际操作体会电泳技术的原理和特点，比较分析电泳技术和其它分离技术如层析技术的不同，进一步学习应用更为广泛和纯化水平更高的分离技术。
BIS外汇市场报告
TriennialCentral Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013: preliminary global resultsMonetary and Economic Department September 2013Queries concerning this release may be addressed to statistics@.This publication is available on the BIS website ().© Bank for International Settlements 2013. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated.This publication presents the preliminary global results of the 2013 BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey of turnover in foreign exchange markets. A separate publication presents the results of turnover in over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives markets (/publ/rpfxf13.htm). Many participating authorities also publish details of their national results, links to which are available on the BIS website (/statistics/triennialrep/national.htm). The preliminary global results for a companion survey on amounts outstanding in OTC derivatives markets will be published in November 2013.The preliminary results of the 2013 Triennial Survey are subject to change. Final global results will be available before the end of 2013. The December 2013 BIS Quarterly Review will include several special feature articles that analyse the results of the 2013 survey.ContentsNotations (2)Abbreviations (2)1.BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey (3)Highlights of the 2013 survey (3)2.Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013 (4)Turnover by currencies and currency pairs (4)Turnover by counterparty (5)Turnover by instrument and maturity (7)Geographical distribution of turnover (8)3.Tables (9)4.Explanatory notes (15)Participating authorities (16)Coverage (17)Turnover data (17)Instruments (18)Counterparties (18)Trading relationships (20)Currencies and currency pairs (20)Maturities (21)Elimination of double-counting (21)Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013 12Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013Notationsbillion thousand million trillion thousand billion e estimated lhs left-hand scale rhs right-hand scale $ US dollar unless specified otherwise … not available . not applicable – nil or negligibleDifferences in totals are due to rounding.The term “country” as used in this publication also covers territorial entities that are not states as understood by international law and practice but for which data are separately and independently maintained.AbbreviationsARS Argentine peso LTL Lithuanian litas AUD Australian dollar LVL Latvian lats BGN Bulgarian lev MXN Mexican peso BHD Bahraini dinar MYR Malaysian ringgit BRL Brazilian real NOK Norwegian krone CAD Canadian dollar NZD New Zealand dollar CHF Swiss franc OTH other currencies CLP Chilean peso PEN Peruvian new sol CNY Chinese yuan (renminbi) PHP Philippine peso COP Colombian peso PLN Polish zlotyCZK Czech koruna RMB renminbi; see CNY DKK Danish krone RON new Romanian leu EUR euro RUB Russian rouble GBP pound sterling SAR Saudi riyalHKD Hong Kong dollar SEK Swedish krona HUF Hungarian forint SGD Singapore dollar IDR Indonesian rupiah THB Thai baht ILS Israeli new shekel TRY Turkish liraINR Indian rupee TWD new Taiwan dollar JPY yen USD US dollarKRW Korean won ZARSouth African rand1. BIS Triennial Central Bank SurveyThe BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey is the most comprehensive source of information on the size andstructure of global foreign exchange (FX) and OTC derivatives markets. By increasing market transparency, the survey aims to help policymakers and market participants to better monitor patterns ofactivity and exposures in the global financial system. It also helps to inform the current discussions on reforms to OTC markets.Foreign exchange market activity has been surveyed every three years since 1989, and OTC interest rate derivatives market activity since 1995.1 The Triennial Survey is coordinated by the BIS under the auspices of the Markets Committee (for the foreign exchange part) and the Committee on the Global Financial System (for the interest rate derivatives part).The latest survey of turnover took place in April 2013. Central banks and other authorities in53 jurisdictions participated in the 2013 survey (see page 16). They collected data from about 1,300 banks and other dealers in their jurisdictions and reported national aggregates to the BIS, which then calculated global aggregates.Highlights of the 2013 surveyTrading in foreign exchange markets averaged $5.3 trillion per day in April 2013. This is up from $4.0 trillion in April 2010 and $3.3 trillion in April 2007. FX swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2013, at $2.2 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $2.0 trillion.The growth of foreign exchange trading was driven by financial institutions other than reporting dealers. The 2013 survey collected a finer sectoral breakdown of these other institutions for the first time. Smaller banks (not participating in the survey as reporting dealers) accounted for 24% of turnover, institutional investors such as pension funds and insurance companies 11%, and hedge funds and proprietary trading firms another 11%. Trading with non-financial customers, mainly corporations, contracted between the 2010 and 2013 surveys, reducing their share of global turnover to only 9%.The US dollar remained the dominant vehicle currency; it was on one side of 87% of all trades in April 2013. The euro was the second most traded currency, but its share fell to 33% in April 2013 from 39% in April 2010. The turnover of the Japanese yen increased significantly between the 2010 and 2013 surveys. So too did that of several emerging market currencies, and the Mexican peso and Chinese renminbi entered the list of the top 10 most traded currencies. Methodological changes in the 2013 survey ensured more complete coverage of activity in emerging market currencies.Trading is increasingly concentrated in the largest financial centres. In April 2013, sales desks in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore and Japan intermediated 71% of foreign exchange trading, whereas in April 2010 their combined share was 66%.1More frequent regional surveys are conducted by local foreign exchange committees in Australia, Canada, London, New York, Singapore and Tokyo. These semiannual surveys are geared towards the structure of local FX markets, and there are some methodological differences compared to the Triennial Survey. For example, the Triennial Survey collects data based on the location of the sales desk, whereas some regional surveys are based on the location of the trading desk.Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013 32. Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013The 2013 Triennial Survey shows a significant pickup in global FX market activity to $5.3 trillion per dayin 2013, up from $4.0 trillion in 2010 (Table 1). With growth in global FX turnover of about 35% at current exchange rates, the 2013 survey results continue the trend of strong turnover growth evidencedin past Triennial Surveys. FX turnover computed at constant exchange rates grew roughly by the same magnitude. The growth in global FX market activity between 2010 and 2013 outpaced the 19% rise from 2007 to 2010 reported in the prior survey, but falls short of the record 72% increase (at current exchange rates) between 2004 and 2007.Turnover by currencies and currency pairsThe currency composition of global FX trading shifted notably between 2010 and 2013, not only among the world’s most actively traded currencies, but also among important emerging market currencies. The Japanese yen stood out as the major currency that saw the most substantial jump in trading activity, whereas the role of the euro as an international currency declined over the period. The Mexican peso and the Chinese renminbi saw the most significant rise in market share among major emerging market currencies.The role of the US dollar as the world’s dominant vehicle currency remains unchallenged. FX deals with the US dollar on one side of the transaction represented 87% of all deals initiated in April 2013, about 2 percentage points higher than three years ago (Table 2 and Graph 1, left-hand panel).Among the major currencies, trading in the Japanese yen jumped the most, rising by 63% since the 2010 survey. Turnover in the USD/JPY pair rose by about 70% in this period (Table 3). As a result, the yen significantly expanded its share in global FX trading by 4 percentage points to 23% in 2013 (Table 2 and Graph 1, left-hand panel). Additional information from the semiannual surveys by regional FX committees suggests that most of the rise in yen trading occurred between October 2012 and April 2013, a period characterised by expectations of a regime shift in Japanese monetary policy, which then took place in April 2013.The international role of the euro, by contrast, has shrunk since the beginning of the euro area sovereign debt crisis in 2010. With an increase of just 15%, trading of the euro expanded by less than the overall market. The euro remains the second most important currency worldwide, but its global market share decreased by almost 6 percentage points to 33%, reaching the lowest value since the introduction of the common currency (Table 2). Trading in the most actively traded euro exchange rate crosses, such as EUR/JPY, EUR/GBP and EUR/CHF, expanded less than that in their USD counterparts (Table 3 and Graph 1, right-hand panel).Among the most actively traded advanced economy currencies, the Australian and New Zealand dollars continued increasing their share in global FX trading (Table 2 and Graph 1, left-hand panel). By contrast, sterling, the Canadian dollar, the Swedish krona and, most notably, the Swiss franc lost ground in global FX trading in relative terms (Graph 1, left-hand panel).The 2013 Triennial Survey further shows a significant rise in the global importance of several major emerging market currencies.2 Turnover in the Mexican peso reached $135 billion in 2013, raising the peso’s share in global FX trading to 2.5%. The Mexican peso has thus become part of the group of the world’s 10 most actively traded currencies, ahead of well established currencies such as NZD and SEK. The Russian rouble also saw a significant increase in market share, making it the 12th most actively traded currency worldwide.2Part of the turnover growth in some emerging market currencies may reflect refinements in the data collection methodology for these currencies (see the explanatory notes on page 20).4Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013Triennial Central Bank Survey 20135The role of the renminbi in global FX trading surged, in line with increased efforts tointernationalise the Chinese currency. Renminbi turnover soared from $34 billion to $120 billion. The renminbi has thus become the ninth most actively traded currency in 2013, with a share of 2.2% in global FX volumes, mostly driven by a significant expansion of offshore renminbi trading.Turnover by counterpartyThe counterparty segment that contributed the most to growth in global FX turnover between 2010 and 2013 was other financial institutions (Table 4 and Graph 2), thus continuing the trend evident in past Triennial Surveys. This category includes smaller banks that do not act as dealers in the FX market (and therefore do not report in the Triennial Survey), institutional investors, hedge funds and proprietary trading firms as well as official sector financial institutions, among others. In the 2010 survey, other financial institutions had for the first time surpassed other reporting dealers (ie trading in the inter-dealer market) as the main counterparty category in the Triennial Survey. Transactions of FX dealers with this group of customers grew by 48% to $2.8 trillion in 2013, up from $1.9 trillion in 2010. Trading activityForeign exchange market turnover by currency and currency pairs 1Net-net basis, daily averages in April, in per cent Graph 121Adjusted for local and cross-border inter-dealer double-counting, ie “net-net” basis. 2As two currencies are involved in each transaction, the sum of shares in individual currencies will total 200%. The share of currencies other than the ones listed is 12.2% for 2013 and 13.7% for 2010. 3 Turnover for 2010 may be underestimated owing to incomplete reporting of offshore trading. Methodological changes in the 2013 survey ensured a more complete coverage of the indicated currencies.Source: BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey. For additional data by currency and currency pairs, see Tables 2 and 3 on pages 10-11.6Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013with these counterparties expanded most strongly in FX options (82%), outright forwards (58%) and the spot market (57%).Trading with other reporting dealers rose at a similar rate as the aggregate foreign exchangemarket between 2010 and 2013, whereas transactions with non-financial customers contracted significantly over the past three years.The 2013 survey provides a breakdown of the heterogeneous counterparty category otherfinancial institutions to shed more light on the contribution of various financial FX end users to global trading activity. The new figures indicate that non-reporting banks, ie smaller and regional banks that serve as clients of the large FX dealing banks but do not engage in market-making in major currency pairs, account for roughly 24% of global FX turnover (Graph 2). Other quantitatively significant financial players include institutional investors as well as hedge funds and proprietary trading firms, with a share in global FX turnover of about 11% for each group (Table 5).3 By contrast, trading by official sector financial institutions such as central banks and sovereign wealth funds accounted for less than 1% of global FX market activity in April 2013.Inter-dealer trading grew by 34% to $2.1 trillion in 2013, up from $1.5 trillion in 2010. The shareof inter-dealer trading in global FX transactions stood at 39% in 2013, and hence remained roughly constant over the past three years.43The category of hedge funds and proprietary trading firms also includes counterparties that specialise in algorithmic and high-frequency trading. For a definition of the different counterparty categories, see the table on page 19.4The relative importance of inter-dealer trading in the global FX market has decreased by almost 25 percentage points since 1998 (Table 4), as increased concentration and market share has allowed dealers to match larger quantities of customer trades on their own books by internalising trades. Moreover, heavy investment in IT infrastructure by top-tier dealers in recent years has facilitated the warehousing of inventory risk, reducing the need to offload accumulated inventory quickly in the inter-dealer market.Foreign exchange market turnover by counterparty 1Net-net basis, daily averages in AprilGraph 22001–20132013Breakdown of other financial2 Adjusted for local and cross-border inter-dealer double-counting, ie “net-net” basis. 2 For definitions of counterparties, see page 19. 3Proprietary trading firms.Source: BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey. For additional data by counterparty, see Tables 4 and 5 on pages 12-13.Dealers’ FX transactions with non-financial customers decreased substantially between 2010 and 2013, from $532 billion in 2010 to $465 billion in 2013. Non-financial customers – a group that includes corporations, governments and high net worth individuals, among others – accounted for merely 9% of global FX turnover in 2013. Since the 1998 Triennial Survey, the share of non-financial customers has decreased by 8 percentage points. With the exception of currency swaps, where the share of non-financial customers expanded slightly, the declining role of non-financial customers in FX turnover is evident across all relevant instrument categories, most notably spot and forwards (Table 4).Foreign exchange trading has become more locally concentrated since 2010, reversing the trend of the surveys since 1998 (Table 4). The share of cross-border FX transactions fell considerably, from 65% in 2010 to 58% in 2013 – the lowest level since the 2001 survey. The decrease in the share of cross-border deals is also evident in other OTC markets, such as the market for interest rate derivatives, but does not necessarily mean that trading activity has become less international. The increasing concentration of FX trading in large financial centres documented below suggests that a rising proportion of trading takes place between counterparties located in these centres, although they could be headquartered elsewhere.5New data collected in the Triennial Survey show that 16% of dealers’ global FX transactions were conducted via a prime brokerage relationship with their clients (Table 5). A much smaller fraction (3.5%) of global FX volumes in 2013 was driven by trades of dealers with retail customers, either via electronic margin trading platforms or through so-called retail aggregators.Turnover by instrument and maturityTrading activity moved up across all main FX instrument categories. As turnover growth was fairly evenly spread across instruments, categories’ shares in total turnover remained roughly in line with those of the previous survey (Graph 3).Spot market trading grew by 38% to $2 trillion per day in April 2013, contributing about 40% to the rise in global FX market activity between 2010 and 2013. While again a significant driver of the rise in global FX turnover, growth in this market segment was more moderate compared to its 48% increase between 2007 and 2010.6FX swaps remained the most actively traded FX instrument in 2013, but at 27%, the growth in trading did not keep pace with that of the overall market.7 Their daily volume of $2.2 trillion accounted for 42% of all FX-related transactions (Table 1 and Graph 3), 2 percentage points less than in 2010. Turnover of currency swaps also grew at a similar rate (26%); with a turnover of $54 billion per day, this instrument continued to account for a small share of the overall market.Trading activity increased more strongly in other parts of the FX OTC derivatives market, in particular forwards and FX options. Trading volumes of outright forwards trended up to $680 billion in 2013 from $475 billion in 2010, a 43% increase. The share of forwards in overall FX trading edged up slightly, by 1 percentage point to 13%, the highest since the survey began. Trading of FX options increased the most, by more than 60%. Taken together, the rise in turnover of FX forwards and options accounted for almost a quarter of global FX turnover growth between 2010 and 2013.5See the companion BIS publication on OTC interest rate derivatives turnover in April 2013 (/publ/rpfxf13.htm).6The surge in spot trading documented in the 2010 survey was attributed at the time to the increased use of algorithmic trading and execution strategies and the rising participation of specialised high-frequency trading firms in the foreign exchange market (M King and D Rime, “The $4 trillion question: what explains FX growth since the 2007 survey?”, BIS Quarterly Review, December 2010, /publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1012e.pdf).7FX swaps are heavily used by banks to raise liquidity across money markets denominated in different currencies.Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013 78Triennial Central Bank Survey 2013The 2013 survey shows a tendency towards slightly longer maturities of FX swaps and outrightforwards. For instance, 56% of outright forwards initiated in April 2013 had a contractual maturity between 7 days and one year, compared to 52% in the prior survey (Table 4). Turnover in FX swaps and forwards with maturity beyond one year also expanded strongly, albeit from a very small base.The vast majority of trading of FX instruments (including spot transactions) continues to beconducted over the counter. OTC turnover by far exceeds the trading volume of standardised FX products on organised exchanges (Table 1). As a result, the common market practice of reading speculative positioning in currencies from open interest on exchanges remains risky and subject to inaccuracy.Geographical distribution of turnoverForeign exchange market activity has become ever more concentrated in a handful of global financial centres (Table 6). The vast majority of global FX trading in 2013 has occurred via the intermediation of dealers’ sales desks in five jurisdictions: the United Kingdom (41%), the United States (19%), Singapore (5.7%), Japan (5.6%) and Hong Kong SAR (4.1%).The share of centres in global FX trading has further risen since the last survey. While the topfive financial centres in 2010 (which included Switzerland and excluded Hong Kong) accounted for roughly 71% of global foreign exchange trading (Table 6), the share of the top five global FX trading centres moved up by 4 percentage points to 75% in 2013. The United Kingdom, the United States and Singapore expanded their share the most, with turnover growth of 47%, 40% and 44%, respectively. Singapore overtook Japan as the world’s third major FX trading centre in 2013. By contrast, trading activity fell by 13% in Switzerland and by 5% Australia.Foreign exchange market turnover by instrument 1Net-net basis, daily averages in AprilGraph 32001–2013201020131Adjusted for local and cross-border inter-dealer double-counting, ie “net-net” basis.Source: BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey. For additional data by instrument, see Table 1 on page 9.3. Tables4. ExplanatorynotesThe format of the foreign exchange turnover part of the Triennial Central Bank Survey was refined and clarified in 2013. Below is a summary of the main changes:∙ A more detailed counterparty breakdown is available for “other financial institutions”.∙The list of currencies for which comprehensive and internationally consistent data are collected has been expanded. In addition to the eight major currencies, 16 other widely traded currencies have been singled out where reporting across jurisdictions has been harmonised to enhance the quality of the data. The list of currency pairs for which data are collected has also been expanded.∙Dealers were requested to report information on their deals with clients via prime brokerage relationships. Data on retail-driven transactions were also collected.∙Additional information on turnover of non-deliverable forwards was requested from reporting dealers, with separate identification of six emerging market currency pairs.∙Execution methods have been clarified to disentangle methods from counterparties, and to distinguish more clearly between electronic and voice execution.∙Reporting dealers have been asked to provide complementary information on algorithmic and high-frequency trading in spot FX as well as on centrally cleared OTC derivatives transactions.Notwithstanding these changes, the data collected for the 2013 survey are largely comparable to those of the previous survey in 2010.Participating authoritiesCentral banks and other authorities in 53 jurisdictions participated in the 2013 Triennial Survey. The same authorities participated in the 2010 survey.Argentina Central Bank of Argentina Korea Bank of KoreaAustralia Reserve Bank of Australia Latvia Bank of LatviaAustria Central Bank of the Republic ofAustria Lithuania Bank of LithuaniaLuxembourgCentral Bank of LuxembourgBahrain Bahrain Monetary Agency Malaysia Central Bank of MalaysiaBelgium National Bank of Belgium Mexico Bank of MexicoBrazil Central Bank of Brazil Netherlands Netherlands BankBulgaria Bulgarian National Bank New Zealand Reserve Bank of New ZealandCanada Bank of Canada Norway Central Bank of NorwayChile Central Bank of Chile Peru Central Reserve Bank of PeruChina People’s Bank of China Philippines Bangko Sentral ng PilipinasState Administration of Foreign Exchange Poland National Bank of PolandPortugalBank of PortugalChinese Taipei Central Bank of China Romania National Bank of Romania Colombia Bank of the Republic Russia Central Bank of the RussianFederationCzech Republic Czech National BankDenmark Danmarks Nationalbank Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Estonia Bank of Estonia Singapore Monetary Authority ofSingaporeFinland Bank of Finland Slovakia National Bank of SlovakiaFrance Bank of France South Africa South African Reserve Bank Germany Deutsche Bundesbank Spain Bank of SpainGreece Bank of Greece Sweden Sveriges RiksbankHong Kong SAR Hong Kong Monetary Authority Statistics SwedenHungary Magyar Nemzeti Bank Switzerland Swiss National BankIndia Reserve Bank of India Thailand Bank of ThailandIndonesia Bank Indonesia Turkey Central Bank of the Republic ofTurkeyIreland Central Bank of IrelandIsrael Bank of Israel United Kingdom Bank of EnglandItaly Bank of Italy United States Federal Reserve Bank of NewYorkJapan Bank of JapanCoverageThe Triennial Survey of foreign exchange turnover covers spot transactions, outright forwards, foreign exchange swaps, currency swaps, currency options and other foreign exchange transactions with exposure to more than one currency.The basis for reporting was in principle the location of the sales desk of any trade, even if deals entered into in different locations were booked in a central location. Thus, transactions concluded by offices located abroad were not reported by the country of location of the head office, but by that of the office abroad (insofar as the latter was a reporting institution in one of the other 52 reporting countries). Where no sales desk was involved in a deal, the trading desk was used to determine the location of deals.The survey collected turnover data for both proprietary and commissioned business of the reporting institutions. Commissioned business refers to reporting institutions’ transactions as a result of deals as an agent or trustee in their own name, but on behalf of third parties, such as customers or other entities.Turnover dataTurnover data provide a measure of market activity, and can also be seen as a rough proxy for market liquidity. Turnover is defined as the gross value of all new deals entered into during a given period, and is measured in terms of the nominal or notional amount of the contracts.No distinction was made between sales and purchases (eg a purchase of $5 million against sterling and a sale of $7 million against sterling would amount to a gross turnover of $12 million). Direct cross-currency transactions were counted as single transactions (eg if a bank sold $5 million of Swiss francs against the Swedish krona, the reported turnover would be $5 million); however, cross-currency transactions passing through a vehicle currency were recorded as two separate deals against the vehicle currency (eg if a bank sold $5 million of Swiss francs against euro first and then used the euro to purchase krona, the reported turnover would be $10 million). The gross amount of each transaction was recorded once, and netting arrangements and offsets were ignored.OTC derivatives transactions that are centrally cleared via central counterparties (CCPs) were reported on a pre-novation basis (ie with the original execution counterpart as counterparty). Any post-trade transaction records that arise from central clearing via CCPs (eg through novation) was not reported as additional transactions.As in the previous foreign exchange Triennial Surveys, turnover data were collected over a one-month period, the month of April, in order to reduce the likelihood that very short-term variations in activity might contaminate the data. The data collected for the survey reflected all transactions entered into during the calendar month of April 2013, regardless of whether delivery or settlement was made during that month. In order to allow comparison across countries, daily averages of turnover were computed by dividing aggregate monthly turnover for the country in question by the number of days in April on which the foreign exchange and derivatives markets in that country were open. The number of trading days ranged from 19 to 22 in April 2013, with the exception of Saudi Arabia (30 days).Transactions are reported to the BIS in US dollar equivalents, with non-dollar amounts generally converted into US dollars using the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the trade.。
生物指示剂-BI评价方法
利用重复BIs 评价隔离器的生物净化效果—Garrett Krushefski如果你陷入了了灭菌的世界，你无疑很熟悉意想不到的阳性生物指示剂和随之而来的问题。
如果你陷入的灭菌工作与环境压力下的气态过氧化氢(VHP)有关，那么这个问题会导致失眠。
其他灭菌过程，如压力下的饱和蒸汽与预真空空气去除，具有穿透能力。
同样的情况也不适用于环境压力气体处理过程。
由于VHP的穿透能力有限，孢子在载体表面的呈现至关重要。
此外，孢子中任何碎片的存在也会导致孢子在VHP暴露下存活下来，否则就会被杀死;在各种出版物（欧洲药物科学杂志）中被称为“凶猛（难以杀灭）的BI”的概念。
1.2那么，如果在循环鉴定和/或再认证研究中出现了不希望的、意外的生长阳性Bl，该如何进行呢?一旦BI被培养成肉汤并获得生长阳性结果，就不可能确定生长是由于孢子呈现的缺陷还是由于预期周期杀伤力的偏差。
当只有一个BI用于每个测试位置,不幸的答案“现在该怎么办?”的问题往往涉及昂贵的重新测试循环, 8.1节的51号PDA技术报告3表明,重新运行周期的不同很多BI或重新运行的周期重复或一式三份BI在相同的位置可能是必要的。
”这一期的孢子新闻将讨论使用三倍Bls的概念，不是作为在VHP循环中得到意外的生长阳性Bl的反应，而是作为一种主动措施。
在之前引用的出版物中，James Drinkwater引用的一个案例研究表明，即使是质量最高的不锈钢载体，其失败率也只有0.3%左右。
因此，如果Rogue BIs是一个我们必须学会经历的项目，那么尽管有不可行的情况，为什么不做好准备面对这种不可避免的情况？在每个测试位置使用多个Bls的原因是，我们需要每个BI作为其相邻的统计副本。
我知道读者可能会对此表示怀疑，好像我们有一家BIs 制造商支持一项政策，表面上将BI的消费量提高了3倍。
然而，事实并非如此。
验证技术人员可以识别出30或40个最难消毒的位置，并且在每个挑战位置使用三倍的Bls，而不是在整个隔离器中监视100个分散的位置，，因此每个周期消耗90或120 Bls。
bis研究报告
bis研究报告
根据您的要求，这是一个关于BIS（国际清算银行）的研究报
告摘要：
BIS（国际清算银行）是世界最古老的国际金融机构之一，成
立于1930年，总部位于瑞士巴塞尔，并拥有六个地区办事处。
BIS的目标是促进国际金融合作和稳定，并提供中央银行之间
的金融服务。
该研究报告主要探讨了BIS的角色和职责，以及其在国际金
融体系中的地位。
首先，BIS作为一个国际金融机构，促进了
不同国家之间的合作，特别是在货币和金融政策方面。
通过组织各种国际会议和研究活动，BIS为中央银行提供了一个平台，可以交流经验、分享最佳实践和合作解决共同面临的问题。
其次，BIS的职责之一是监督和评估全球金融体系的稳定性和
系统性风险。
通过收集和分析全球金融数据，BIS能够提供相
关研究和报告，以帮助各国政策制定者制定适当的监管政策和风险管理措施。
此外，BIS还提供风险管理、支付和结算以及
研究和分析等服务，以支持中央银行和其他国际金融机构的运作。
最后，研究报告还探讨了BIS在全球金融体系中的地位。
作
为一个有着多个成员国的国际组织，BIS在国际金融治理中发
挥着重要的角色。
它的决策和政策影响着全球金融市场和经济。
然而，BIS的权力和影响力也受到一些挑战，包括大国之间的
利益冲突以及对其决策的执行力和有效性的质疑。
总而言之，BIS作为一个国际金融机构，在促进国际金融合作、监督全球金融体系的稳定性和提供金融服务等方面发挥着重要的作用。
然而，随着全球金融体系的变化和发展，BIS面临着
一些挑战，需要不断适应和调整自身的角色和职责。
BIS监测的临床意义及新进展
国人术中知晓Ⅰ期研究
中国人的术中知晓发生率为0.41%
国人术中知晓Ⅱ期研究
全凭静脉麻醉下BIS监测在术中知晓预防中的作用 ——前瞻性大样本，多中心，随机，双盲，对照研究
结果：共收集到5228份有效病例，其中BIS组2919例对照 组 2309例。BIS组有4例（0.14%），对照组有15例明确 知 晓（0.65%）病例，术中知晓发生率下降达78%。 两组间明确知晓发生率有显著统计学差异（P=0.002， OR=0.21，95%置信区间：0.07～0.63）。
2 Cases
BIS
n=1,227
”应用肌松的全麻研究建议：BIS监测 是降低高危患者术中知晓率的保证“
1Ekman A, Et al. Reduction in the Incidence of Awareness Using BIS Monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2004; 48 (1): 20-6.
（6）避免手术病人麻醉过深造成不良影响
利用BIS可能达到最佳麻醉深度：
有资料表明麻醉药可能存在神经毒性作用，特 别对发育中的大脑。衰老的神经元或缺血神经元 也易受麻醉药毒性作用影响。
A prospective observational study of 1064 adult patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery
BIS组比常规组病人 拔管时间提早36%
Standard Practice BIS-Titrated
BIS组比常规组病人 离开PACU时间提早15%
正确认识BIS的应用价值
• 监测麻醉与镇静深度？Yes • 预测术中体动？ No • 预测镇痛水平？ No • 预测血流动力学反应？ No
BIS与TCI2
18%
4%
Control BIS Titrated
Control
BIS Titrated
SICU patients (n=57): Infusions of sedatives & paralytics Control: Sedatives titrated to vital signs and comfort BIS: Sedatives titrated to BIS 70-80 (post-stimulation)
麻醉深度
BIS
1、吸入麻醉药 MAC 呼末麻醉气体浓度 ETAG 2、效应室浓度 Ce 血药浓度 Cp
1、Avidan MS, et al. Anesthesia Awareness and the Bispectral Index. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1097. 2、Ellerkmann RK, et al. Spectral entropy and bispectral index as measures of the electroencephalographic effects of propofol. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 102: 1456
BIS最常用，反应意识情况
BIS<60，防止术中知晓，esp.TIVA
其他意识水平监测：CSI，MLAEP, Narcotrend …
BIS的临床应用-监测麻醉深度
BIS与镇静评分的相关性好， OAA/S，Ramsay
可区分浅、深镇静（BIS<80） 区别浅、中度镇静能力有限 不同镇静水平时，与丙泊酚用量、血药浓度有非常好的相关性 丙泊酚稳定于一定值，BIS也可敏感反应疼痛刺激的强弱 七氟烷>异氟烷>氟烷
医学量表大全
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use表名称mRS评分Barther 指数NIHSS评分简明智力测试评分表汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）神经一科汉密尔顿抑郁量表神经一科Barther 指数神经一科NIHSS评分神经一科mRS评分神经ICU科NIHSS评分神经ICU科mRS评分神经ICU Barthel指数神经ICU汉密尔顿抑郁量表风湿科HAQ健康调查表类风湿关节炎28个受累关节评价表Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数评分表系统性红斑狼疮临床SLEDAI积分表腹膜透析患者评估表患者一览表腹膜炎原因评估记录导管及透析液相关并发症登记表MSTS与软组织肿瘤术后评分-上MSTS与软组织肿瘤术后评分-下神外KPS评分表描述神外GCS评分表描述烧伤评分表关节外科膝关节手术评分表-KSS关节外髋关节手术评分表-HarrisBI评分表描述入院评估性别关联注肺表抢救记录02整形表格首程下肢周围神经检查表宫颈Bishop评分表NDI指数Bishop宫颈评分小儿危重病例评分表结一结核菌素试验观察表结三结核菌素试验观察表结核菌素试验观察表结二结核菌素试验观察表汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）中医症候评分（抑郁）中医症候评分（睡眠）中医证候评分汉密顿抑郁量表HAMDBerg平衡量表MBS评价表标准吞咽功能评价量表(SSA)二便失禁程度评价表简易智能量表(MMSE)排便评价表汉密尔顿抑郁量表肿瘤科FACT_L4.0量表肿瘤科FLIC生活质量表肿瘤科程度评分产科入院记录表格日常查房加OGTT表格OGTT表格上肢周围神经检查表产房V宫颈Bishop评分表健康调查表SF-36多胎妊娠归档表评分表GCS评分表描述02表格首程-创面治疗病房神经系统检查评分-神外足月新生儿行为神经评分表-儿科简明精神病症状评定量表脑血管病评分表儿科一般外表MRS评分表GCS评分表Fischer评分法DVT表BI评分表DRS评分表阿氏评分表白内障质量评分表格拉斯昏迷评分表慢性病（健康状况）评分表压疮危险评分表Barthel_指数Glasgow-Pittsburgh昏迷量表OGTT表格-老干部科OGTT表格-糖尿病专科阿帕奇评分表产科-产前观察表功能检查表颈椎JOA评分协和评分表压疮评分表腰椎JOA评分MMSE量表NIHSS评分表军人白内障申请表快速血糖记录表神内二MMSE量表神内二NIHSS评分胎动计数表未成年人使用中药剂量表肿瘤科出院记录带表格肿瘤科入院记录带表格重症肌无力病变严重程度绝对评分FACT-L40量表中文版1FACT-L40量表中文版2SF—36健康问卷合并颈残疾指数评分颈性眩晕症状与功能评估量表颈椎病观察表-基本信息颈椎病观察表-体格检查颈椎病观察表JOA功能评分颈椎病观察表中医临床征候疼痛评分膝关节HSS评分膝关节WOMAC评分表腰椎病观察表-基本信息腰椎病观察表-体格检查腰椎病观察表JOA功能评分（疗后）腰椎病观察表JOA功能评分（疗前）腰椎病观察表中医临床征候影像学评分（X线、CT、MRI检查）肿瘤三科7天再入院情况说明表肿瘤三科PS评分标准肿瘤三科SCL-90症状自评量表肿瘤三科病案复印申请表肿瘤三科乏力量表肿瘤三科贵重抗生素使用申请表肿瘤三科生命质量核心量表EORTC QLQ-C30肿瘤三科疼痛量表肿瘤三科限制使用抗菌药物分级应用审批表肿瘤三科中华生存质量量表肿瘤三科中医健康状况量表肿瘤一科PS评分标准肿瘤一科病案复印申请表肿瘤一科贵重抗生素使用申请表肿瘤一科生命质量核心量表EORTC QLQ-C30肿瘤一科特殊使用抗菌药物分级应用审批表肿瘤一科中医症候调查表髋关节Harris评分跌倒高危因素评估与预防宣教儿科血尿糖监测表重症科血尿糖监测表1住院病历评价表住院质量评估表-耳鼻喉产科入院记录（表格）儿科量表测查登记表简明精神病症状评定量表康复科量表测查登记表快速血糖检测记录表老年科量表测查登记表量表测查登记表临床心理科量表测查登记表特诊科护士观察量表评定记录单特诊科量表测查登记表综合一科量表测查登记表综三护士观察量表评定记录单领取皮肤压力伤追随表申请表-ICU病房病人入院护理评估-肝胆外科医疗组不可避免皮肤压力伤追随观察表-肝胆外科医产前观察表-产科医疗组催产素引产观察表-产科医疗组手术安全核查表-肝胆外科医疗组院内外皮肤压力伤追随观察表-肝胆外科医疗WHOQOL-HIV生存质量量表肺结核生活质量量表慢性肝病问卷（CLDQ）住院WHOQOL-HIV生存质量量表住院慢性肝病问卷（CLDQ）GMFM66项量评定表东直门医院特殊手术审批表妇科特种检查、治疗、贵重药品审批表骨科表面置换髋手术同意书骨科髋部浅表感染手术同意书骨科髋关节表面手术同意书关节活动度检查表冠心病患者生存质量量表冠心病急性心肌梗患者症状观察表冠心病西雅图心绞痛量表冠心病心绞痛患者症状计分表冠心病心力衰竭患者症状计分表冠心病心律失常患者症状计分表肌张力检查评价表急诊ICU科Glasgow昏迷量表急诊ICU科Marshall的MODS量表急诊ICU科NIHSS卒中量表脑病不良反应报表脑病科Ashworth痉挛评定量表脑病科Glasgow昏迷量表脑病科NIHSS卒中量表脑病科汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）脑病科简短精神状态量表（MMSE）脑病科日常生活活动能力量表（Barthel）脑病科生活能力量表脑病科中风病患者临床结局评价量表脑病科中风入院患者登记表普外科体表肿物切除术手术知情同意书肾病科DRS量表肾病科糖尿病患者随访表肾病科糖尿病控制状况评价量表肾病科糖尿病视网膜病症状分级量表肾病科糖尿病者生存质量特异性量表肾病科糖尿病症状分级量化表肾病科糖尿病症状跟踪量化表特种检查、治疗、贵重药品审批表新症状分析表血瘀证量表针灸科Glasgow昏迷量表_01针灸科NIHSS卒中量表_01针灸科汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD） _01针灸科简短精神状态量表（MMSE）_01针灸科日常生活活动能力量表（Barthel）_01针灸科生活能力量表_01针灸科中风病患者临床结局评价量表_01针灸科中风入院患者登记表-01中医兼症观察表主要肌肉肌力检查评价表病人用血记录表_外二普通防御方式问卷焦虑自评量表外一普通病人用血记录表外一普通献血办公室、血液中心地址电话表中医失眠症状分型量表Ashworth评分表Berg平衡量表DRS量表HAMD汉密尔顿抑郁量表糖尿病患者随访表糖尿病控制状况评价量表糖尿病视网膜病症状分级量表糖尿病者生存质量特异性量表糖尿病症状分级量化表糖尿病症状跟踪量化表体重指数分级量化表五态人格测验表西雅图心绞痛量表心绞痛主症量表心律失常主症量表心衰主症量表肿瘤FACT—L4.0生活质量量表肿瘤FLIC生活质量量表肿瘤疼痛程度评分标准吞咽功能评价量表(SSA) 二便失禁程度评价表广安门医院新进药品申请表患者治疗满意度调查问卷简易智能量表(MMSE)焦虑量表(HAMA)临床达标指数综合评价脑卒中专用生活质量l量表SSQOL生存质量量表生活自理能力评定Barthel指数BI卒中患者运动功能评估量表(MAS)MBS评价表手术风险评估表特殊使用抗菌药物审批表-儿科西住院病人健康教育评价表催产素引产观察表-妇产科西Barthel指数(BI)记分法Brunnstrom偏瘫运动功能评价表格拉斯哥昏迷评分量表汉密顿焦虑量表(14项)汉密顿抑郁量表(24项)简易精神状态测试(MMSE)量表美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)褥疮危险度评分CHA手术安全核对表PICC带管出院患者导管情况评估及宣教-肿瘤跌倒高危因素评估与预防宣教-肿瘤静脉营养观测表-儿科压疮危险因素评估情况登记-神二引产观察记录表-f引产观察量表助产机构内《出生医学证明》首次签发登记表足月新生儿行为神经评分表--儿科儿科入院评估表手术麻醉前评估_耳鼻喉术前手术评估引产术后观察记录表_产二重大（致残）手术审批表产程观察记录表-妇科二化疗观察表-妇二化疗总表-妇二产科入院记录-表格健康体检表-传染血尿糖监测表-ICU引产胎心情况表-妇科高值耗材审批表」CU病房胎龄评估纪录糖尿病病人血糖观察表_内分泌住院病历质量评价表-骨外二住院质量评估表-妇科PICC带管出院患者导管情况评估及宣教病历评分表病人入院护理评估产科引产胎心情况记录表产前观察量表跌倒高危因素评估与预防宣教-中医感染科特殊使用类抗菌药物审批表感染科应用三联以上抗菌药物审批表骨外一血尿糖监测表评估表引产胎心情况表-医生NDI指数NDI指数量表NDI指数量表-骨二SRS-22脊柱侧凸患儿问卷调查表SRS-22脊柱侧凸量表UFS-QOL-生活质量调查评分表（肿瘤）化疗观察表-妇二产科入院表格产科引产术后观察表创伤登记表创伤登记表新版妇科肿瘤化疗观察表妇科肿瘤化疗总表骨二NDI指数骨二SRS-22脊柱侧凸患儿调查表骨二健康调查简表SF-36 骨二颈椎手术病人登记表骨科手术记录表格关节登记表脊柱侧凸登记表脊柱骨折登记表脊柱后凸登记表脊柱占位登记表健康调查表SF-36健康调查简表SF—36颈椎病瘫痪量表颈椎手术病人登记表巨乳表格病历面瘫表格病历男乳表格病历其他病种登记表其它关节登记表绒癌-预后评分标准手术患者术前术后护理访视表手术记录表格-骨一膝关节登记表小乳表格病历胸椎管狭窄症登记表腰椎退行性变登记表注射隆乳表格病历紫杉醇化疗反应观察表髋关节登记表622听力记录表入院记录表格-产科1血尿糖监测表眼科情况检查表-眼科(25-48)门诊随访预约及更换短管记录表(49-72)门诊随访预约及更换短管记录表(73-96)门诊随访预约及更换短管记录表ICU出入量监测表ICU生化指标监测表ICU危重监测表MSTS与软组织肿瘤术后评分-上MSTS与软组织肿瘤术后评分-下巴氏指数膀胱肿瘤临床路径表单本院神经科ICU入量监测表本院神经科ICU血气分析记录表本院神经一科NIHSS评分病人压疮评估情况登记表(耳鼻喉)产房V宫颈Bisshop评分表出口处评估表1导管并发症登记表耳入院护理评估表风湿内科病人压疮皮损情况报告表风湿内科入院护理评估表腹膜透析患者评估表腹膜炎原因评估记录妇产科病人压疮皮损情况报告表妇产科患者跌倒风险评估表高血压血管-入院护理评估高血压血管-血尿糖监测表宫颈Bishop评分表关节外膝关节评分关节外髋关节评分呼吸科入院患者护理评估表患者一览表良性前列腺增生临床路径表单量表-MMSE量表-MoCA量表-MoCA操作说明量表-改良Rankin量表量表-格拉斯哥昏迷量表量表-工具性日常生活活动量表量表-汉密尔顿焦虑量表量表-汉密尔顿焦虑量表使用说明量表-汉密尔顿抑郁量表（24项版）量表-汉密尔顿抑郁量表使用说明门诊随访预约及更换短管记录表内科-入院护理评估内科-血尿糖监测表评分表评分表-ABCD2评分神经二科NIHSS评分神经科ICU_NIHSS评分神经科ICU入量监测表神经科ICU血气分析记录表神经五科患者跌倒风险评估表神经一科NIHSS评分肾癌临床路径表单肾结石临床路径表单输尿管结石临床路径表单外科-PICC带管出院患者导管情况评估及宣教外科-血尿糖监测表压疮评估情况登记表（风湿内科）意外事故报告表营养观察表住院患者跌倒风险评估表（耳鼻喉）住院情况登记表ICU手术麻醉前评估ICU住院患者术前手术评估放化四术前评估股骨干骨折临床路径表单GMFM66项量评定表—骨伤科交班报告表药品不良反应报表_妇科手术前讨论记录表-妇科_药品不良反应事件报告表-神内APACHE评分表cs量表表格测试HAMA汉密尔顿焦虑量表SPIEGEL 量表阿森斯失眠量表贝克（beck）抑郁自评量表贝克焦虑量表表格查询表面置换髋手术同意书-骨伤科并发症量表病历复印申请表病人压疮皮损情况报告表不寐中医证候问卷产后观察记录表_产科产科入院记录表格产科-引产胎心情况表创伤Cooney腕关节评分创伤HSS肩关节评分系统创伤HSS肘关节评分创伤Mangled肢体严重损伤评分创伤PRWE评分创伤UCLA评分创伤Weber评分创伤Wright髋关节问卷创伤髌骨骨折的功能评分创伤骸关节问卷创伤踝关节评分标准创伤活动能力评分催产素静脉点滴记录表_产科催产素引产观察表-妇科第一次来访调查表肺癌.622听力记录表妇科入院评估单-妇四高值耗材审批表_耳鼻喉个案记录表冠心病急性心肌梗患者症状观察表-心血管汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)汉密顿抑郁量表HAMD呼吸内科入院患者护理评估表患者跌倒风险评估表患者入院护理评估单-ICU急救病人用血审批表-风湿内科急危重病人基本情况登记表急诊ICU科Glasgow昏迷量表-EICU急诊ICU科NIHSS卒中量表-EICU 简短精神状态量表(MMSE)焦虑自评量表(SAS)精神状态简易速检表颈椎JOA评分巨乳表格病历-创面髋部浅表感染手术同意书-骨伤科髋关节表面手术同意书-骨伤科雷夫奴尔引产观察表美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分蒙哥马利抑郁量表（MADRS）面瘫表格-创面男乳表格病历-创面脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准盆腔炎性疾病后遗症- 局部体征评分盆腔炎性疾病后遗症-中医症候评分匹兹堡睡眠质量指数调查表日常生活活动能力量表入院记录-表格入院评估单床旁-普内入院评估单-呼吸一烧伤入院记录（图表）神经内科-血糖监测表肾内科-特殊血液净化记录表生活能力量表生命质量量表手术风险评估表-ICU术前评估单—肛肠科术前生理功能状况评估表胎龄评估记录糖尿病患者随访表-内分泌特种检查治疗贵重药品审批表-皮肤科体表肿物体表肿物切除术手术知情同意书-普外科统筹病种认定申请表小乳表格病历-创面心内_应用三联以上抗菌药物审批表眩晕程度分级评分表血尿糖监测表-耳鼻喉科腰椎病治疗前Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）问卷表医院感染病例登记表医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）抑郁自评量表抑郁自评量表（SDS）郁证中医症状改善评定量表中风病患者临床结局评价量表中医症候问卷（焦虑抑郁）种症肌无力严重程度MGAF评分重症监护室生理状态及健康评分表住院病历-表格仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。
水凝胶调查报告
水凝胶调查报告一、引言1．水凝胶（Hydrogel）的定义以水为分散介质的凝胶。
具有交联结构的水溶性高分子中引入一部分疏水基团而形成能遇水膨胀的交联聚合物。
是一种高分子网络体系，性质柔软，能保持一定的形状，能吸收大量的水。
凡是水溶性或亲水性的高分子，通过一定的化学交联或物理交联，都可以形成水凝胶。
这些高分子按其来源可分为天然和合成两大类。
天然的亲水性高分子包括多糖类（淀粉、纤维素、海藻酸、透明质酸，壳聚糖等）和多肽类（胶原、聚L-赖氨酸、聚L-谷胺酸等）。
合成的亲水高分子包括丙烯酸及其衍生物类（聚丙烯酸，聚甲基丙烯酸，聚丙烯酰胺，聚N-聚代丙烯酰胺等）。
2．水凝胶的用途作为一种高吸水高保水材料，水凝胶被广泛用于多种领域，如：干旱地区的抗旱，农用薄膜、建筑中的结露防止剂、调湿剂、石油化工中的堵水调剂，原油或成品油的脱水，在矿业中的抑尘剂，食品中的保鲜剂、增稠剂，医疗中的药物载体等等。
值得注意的是，不同的应用领域应该选用不同的高分子原料，以满足不同的需求。
二．水凝胶方面近五年的文章发表情况1．Nature以hydrogel为主题进行搜索，找到近五年的文章，数据统计如下：2010年34篇2009年83篇2008年73篇2007年76篇2006年53篇2．中国学术期刊网络出版总库：（关键词：水凝胶）2010年20篇2009年186篇2008年167篇2007年161篇2006年135篇3．中国博士学位论文全文数据库：（关键词：水凝胶）2009年8篇2008年9篇2007年4篇2006年9篇4．中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库：（关键词：水凝胶）2009年32篇2008年22篇2006年48篇2006年19篇从统计数字来看，近年来对水凝胶的研究越来越多。
10年截止到3月份，国内外都各有大量的文章出现，从整个趋势看，水凝胶又是今年的研究热点，值得我们关注。
三．不同水凝胶的制备的研究1．红薯淀粉水凝胶制备以红薯淀粉为原料，以4-二甲基氨基吡啶为催化剂，于水相中经过醋酸酐酯化处理制备红薯淀粉水凝胶。
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测试环境温度27度
色度坐标和色温有要求
谐波和PF有要求
功率偏差15% 光通量偏差10%（不确定）
Rated lifespan寿命：光维持率到70%的寿命
90V-110V能正常启动
功率不能超额定功率15%，一致率97.5%
色温有要求光度坐标有要求
CRI测试时刻是在点了四分之一的测试时间（6000H），要比标注的时间好
光维持量~测试时刻，25%的测试时间（6000H）那个点，有10%，20%，30%三个等级-10度到50度来回点一小时，5个来回
标20,000h寿命，开关测试10,000次，以此类推
两种测试后，灯还要再能亮15min
测试温度45度，6000H过后，还要在环境温度下，点15min
谐波要求看不懂，但只挑一个测
功率因素最小值0.9
一个灯无线电频率干扰测试
有几项测试，给了允许不通过限额。