第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料
初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料
初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料Title: Scientific Facts and Discoveries: An Overview for Junior High StudentsIntroduction:1. The Scientific Method:The scientific method is a systematic approach used to solve problems and answer questions scientifically. It involves observing, asking questions, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.2. The Three States of Matter:Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a defined volume but take the shape of their container, whereas gases have neither definite shape nor volume.3. Earth's Layers:4. The Water Cycle:The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. It involves processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, ensuring the Earth's water supply is replenished.5. Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen. It plays a crucial role in the continuation of life on Earth by producing oxygen and food.6.DNA:DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms. It consists of two strands forming a double helix and encodes the geneticinstructions necessary for the development and functioning ofall living organisms.7. The Solar System:Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), their moons, and other celestial objects. The Sun, a yellow dwarf star, is at the center, providing heat and light to the planets.8. Renewable Energy Sources:Renewable energy sources are natural resources that can be replenished, such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat. They are clean alternatives to fossil fuels and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.9. Climate Change:Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and other weatherconditions. It is primarily caused by human activities,including the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Understanding its causes and effects is crucial for sustainable living.10. Space Exploration:Space exploration involves the discovery and exploration of celestial objects beyond Earth, such as planets, moons, asteroids, and galaxies. It has revolutionized our understanding of the universe and continues to unveil new mysteries.Conclusion:。
上海初中科普英语竞赛
上海初中科普英语竞赛1.引言1.1 概述科普英语竞赛是一项旨在提高初中生科学素养和英语水平的活动。
通过参与科普英语竞赛，初中生能够接触到最新的科学知识，拓宽视野，培养对科学的兴趣和热爱。
此外，科普英语竞赛也倡导学生运用英语进行科学交流和表达的能力，提升他们的英语口语和写作水平。
科普英语竞赛的目的在于激发学生的创造力和想象力，并通过实践活动来培养学生的科学思维和解决问题的能力。
此外，科普英语竞赛也鼓励学生团队合作，培养他们的协作精神和领导能力。
上海初中科普英语竞赛自其创办以来已经取得了巨大的发展。
通过这项比赛，上海的中学生获得了更多展示自己才华的机会，并与其他学校的同学进行交流和学习。
这不仅提高了他们的学术水平，还促进了他们之间的友谊和合作。
总之，上海初中科普英语竞赛是一个重要且有意义的活动，它促进了学生的科学素养和英语能力的发展，并培养了学生的团队合作和创新精神。
希望通过这篇文章的介绍，能够让更多的人关注和支持这一活动，并为其未来的发展贡献自己的力量。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下内容：文章结构：本文将分为引言、正文和结论三个部分来介绍上海初中科普英语竞赛。
其中引言部分将概述本文内容、介绍文章结构以及明确文章的目的。
正文部分将探讨科普英语竞赛的意义和上海初中科普英语竞赛的历史与发展。
结论部分将总结对初中生的影响，并展望未来科普英语竞赛的发展。
引言部分：在引言部分，我们将对上海初中科普英语竞赛进行介绍，包括其目的和组织形式等。
首先，我们将概述本文的内容，明确文章的结构，并简要介绍每个部分的内容。
接着，我们将介绍文章的目的，即探讨上海初中科普英语竞赛的意义和其对初中生的影响。
通过对这一竞赛的深入了解，我们可以更好地了解科普英语竞赛在初中教育中的作用，促进学生的科学素养和英语能力的提升。
正文部分：在正文部分，我们将详细探讨上海初中科普英语竞赛的意义和其历史与发展。
首先，我们将介绍科普英语竞赛的意义，其中包括培养学生的科学素养，提高科学知识的应用能力，加深对科学的理解和兴趣等方面。
科普英语竞赛科普知识题(最终)
科普英语竞赛科普知识题1、Animals get energy for growth and repair fro m ＿＿＿A、lB、oodC、aterD、irAnswer:B2 A dog opens its mouth and lets its tongue hang out. A human’s body produces sweat. These are two ways that organisms may adjust to ＿＿＿A、cold temperaturesB、hot temperaturesC、a shortage of foodD、a shortage of drinking waterAnswer:BAnswer:B3 During which season of the year would a rabbit’s fur be thickestA、fallB、springC、summerD、winterAnswer:D4 Which animal is preparing for a seasonal change in the environmentA、a bat flying at nightB、a deer drinking waterC、an owl eating a mouseD、a squirrel storing nutsAnswer:D5 An example of a poor health habit isA、taking a bath or shower regularlyB、handwashing after using the bathroomC、playing on a soccer teamD、eating candy instead of lunchAnswer:D6 Which substance is usually found in nature as a liquid, solid, and gasA、waterB、rockC、metalD、glassAnswer:A7 Which example describes an organism taking in nutrientsA、a dog burying a boneB、a girl eating an appleC、an insect crawling on a leafD、a boy planting tomatoes in a gardenAnswer:B8 Which characteristic is inherited rather than learnedA、telling a storyB、saluting the flagC、having blue eyesD、riding a bicycleAnswer:C9 What is the main function of scales on a fishA、to protect the fishB、to attract predatorsC、to help the fish find foodD、to help the fish breatheAnswer:A10 Which behavior is an example of an animal adapting to a change in the environmentA、a squirrel climbing a treeB、a rabbit feeding its youngC、a frog eating an insectD、a bird migrating southAnswer:DAnswer:B B D D D A BC A D。
中学生科普英语竞赛(高中)初赛、复赛、决赛模拟试卷
中学生科普英语竞赛（高中）初赛模拟试卷Part I Science knowledge （15分）Directions: Complete each of the statements with the most appropriate choice given below and draw the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.B2.C3. A4. B5.A6.D7.C8. B9. D 10. D 11.A12. B 13. B 14. A 15. BPart II Vocabulary and Structure（15分）Directions: Fill in each of the blanks with the most appropriate choice given below and draw the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.D2.C3. A4.A5.B6.D7.B8.C9.D 10.A 11.C 12.A13.C 14.B 15.APart III Cloze Test （20分）Directions: Complete the text with the correct answers from the choices given below and draw the chosen letters on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 11.A2.C3.C4.B5.D6.C7.A8.D9.B 10.BPassage 211.A 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.CPart IV Reading Comprehension （50分）Section ADirections: There are three passages in this section. Read each passage carefully and answer the following questions with the only right choice given below each statement. Write the chosen letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 11. B2.C3.D4.B5.APassage 26.C7.D8.C9.A10.CPassage 311.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.DSection BDirections：Read the five paragraphs below. Choose the MOST proper heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write down the corresponding letters on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use any letter more than once.Passage 416.E 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.B.Passage 5Directions：Fill in each gap with the most appropriate one from the 6 choices given below the passage. For each gap from21-25, mark one letter (A-F) on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use any letter more than once.21. E 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C(文章中未划线)中学生科普英语竞赛（高中）复赛模拟试卷PART I（30分）Section A: Short Passages（10分）1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. D 10. A听力材料Passage 1Elephants are the largest living land animals on Earth today. Three species of elephant are recognized: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant and the Indian or Asian elephant.Elephants live in a structured social order. The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. The females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts. In elephant society, the females are in charge. The oldest and most experienced female leads the herd. It’s the leader’s job to protect the herd.A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen. After atwenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother gives birth to a single calf that weighs about 115 kg A female elephant will have a single baby every 4 or 5 years.Elephants spend up to 16 hours a day eating plants. They are primarily browsers, feeding on the leaves, bark and fruits of trees and shrubs. A baby elephant starts to eat plants during the second year. All members of the herd watch over the baby. Since the baby is too weak to travel during the first days, the herd will stay with it until it can keep up.Young elephants are playful and love to wrestle and tumble in the mud. They learn by exploring and imitating members of their herd.Questions:1. Who are in charge in elephant society?2. What’s the role of the oldest and the most experienced females?3. Which numbers of the herd look over the baby?4. How many babies does a mother elephant give every 4 or 5 years?5. At what age can a baby elephant start to eat plants?Passage 2Bats have a reputation for being scary, but they actually do a lot of good--especially for farmers. They love to eat insects, the way you probably love cookies or ice cream. One insect that bats will swallow quickly in large quantities is the corn-eating insect, which costs American corn and cotton growers about $2 billion a year to control and in crop losses.A team of researchers in Texas have been studying one kind of bat, called the Mexican free-tailed bat, that has a big appetite. According to them, a million of these bats can eat nearly 10 tons of insects in just one night.In early June, billions of corn-eating insects emerge along the border of Texas and Mexico. Some of them feed on cotton after feasting on southern corn, while others travel northward to swallow their way through mid-western corn, cotton, and other field crops.Cotton and corn farmers are controlling the harmful insects mostly by spraying their crops with insect-killing chemicals. But the researchers are looking for cheaper and more environmentally friendly ways to control the damaging insects. They think that bats could help farmers reduce the numbers of the insects chewing on their corn crop and their profits.In studies to confirm the bats' appetite for the damaging insects, Dr. McCracken and Dr. Westbrook attached radio-microphones to hydrogen-filled balloons. While the balloons were drifting 2,500 feet above the ground, the microphones picked up the high-frequency sounds of bats searching for and feeding on those insects. Now, if more farmers built bat houses instead of bird houses, there might be a big reduction in corn and cotton eating insects!Questions:6. Why does the author say bats do a lot of good ?7. Which of the following about corn-eating insects is true?8. By what means are American cotton and corn farmers controlling the damaging insects?9. Why did the two scientists attach radio microphone to the balloons?10. What is the main idea of the passage?Section B: Compound Dictation (10分，B9-B10题目中，单词拼错每2个扣0.5分，扣完为止，不倒扣分)B1(0.5分): dailyB2(0.5分): occurB3(0.5分): averageB4(0.5分): rollB5(0.5分): musclesB6(0.5分): predominatingB7(0.5分): consciousnessB8(2分): You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long.B9（2分）: your brain activity level will increase again slightlyB10（2.5分）: This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.附听力原文：Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they occur in cycles. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. This is called stage 1sleep. For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep.You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long. Instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep - only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.Section C: Translation Through Listening （共10分，错别字酌情扣分）参考译文：C1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. 对黑洞最好的描述是它像一种吸尘器，把宇宙中所有的东西尽收囊中。
科普英语竞赛试题
科普英语竞赛试题一、阅读理解（共20分）A. 阅读下面的短文，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
短文：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is the science of making computers perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.1. What is AI?A. A type of computer virusB. A science that involves human intelligenceC. A computer program that can perform tasks normally done by humansD. A language translation tool2. Why is there a growing interest in AI?A. Because it can be used to create computer virusesB. Because it can perform tasks that require human intelligenceC. Because it can be used to translate languages onlyD. Because it can make decisions for humansB. 阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。
Space exploration has always fascinated scientists and the general public alike. The recent discovery of water on Mars has sparked new discussions about the possibility of life beyond Earth. Scientists are now focusing on the search for extraterrestrial life, which could change our understandingof biology and the universe.Question: What has the discovery of water on Mars led to?A. Increased interest in space explorationB. New theories about the universeC. A change in our understanding of biologyD. All of the above二、词汇运用（共15分）根据短文内容，用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
初中英语竞赛教辅
初中英语竞赛教辅一、竞赛概述英语竞赛是一项旨在提高中学生英语能力的活动。
通过参与竞赛，学生可以进一步巩固课堂所学知识，拓展阅读能力，培养听说读写的综合能力。
本教辅旨在为学生提供备考资料和指导，帮助他们在竞赛中取得更好的成绩。
二、备考建议1. 注重基础知识学生在备考过程中应注重对基础知识的掌握。
例如，熟悉词汇量扩展、语法规则和常用表达方式等。
通过背诵单词、阅读英语文章、模仿经典句子等方式，可以提高语言运用能力。
2. 多练听力竞赛中的听力部分对考生的语音辨别和听力理解能力提出挑战。
建议学生多进行听力练习，例如听英语新闻、音乐和电影，通过模拟真实场景的听力材料提高听力技能。
3. 提高阅读能力阅读理解是竞赛中的重要部分。
学生应注重提高阅读速度、理解文章的能力。
通过阅读英语文章，了解不同主题和文体的表达方式，同时注意词汇的积累和语境的理解，可以提高阅读能力。
4. 注重口语练习口语表达是英语竞赛中的一项关键能力。
学生可以与同学或老师进行口语练习，提高正常对话和自由表达的能力。
此外，还可以通过参与英语角、辩论赛等活动，锻炼口语表达技巧。
三、复习方法1. 制定学习计划学生可以根据自己的时间安排，制定合理的学习计划。
将学习任务分解为小目标，每天进行有针对性的学习，确保逐渐掌握知识点，提高学习效率。
2. 选择合适的学习材料学生应选择适合自己的英语学习材料。
可以在百度文库、图书馆或英语培训机构获取相关的竞赛复习资料，如题库、习题集等。
同时，也可以参考往年的竞赛试卷进行练习。
3. 制定复习方法复习方法因人而异，学生可以根据自己的学习方式和习惯制定复习方法。
例如，可以采用“先易后难”的复习顺序，先复习掌握的知识点，再逐渐深入难度较大的内容。
四、注意事项1. 坚持练习备考过程中需要学生保持足够的耐心和毅力，努力坚持每天的学习和练习。
只有经过持续不断的努力，才能在竞赛中取得较好的成绩。
2. 错误总结学生在练习中难免会犯错，重要的是要能够从错误中总结经验教训，并加以改进。
英语竞赛指导教师指导内容有哪些
英语竞赛指导教师指导内容有哪些英语竞赛指导内容：一、强化听力，单项填空题型分析和解题技巧步骤：第一课时：解听力应试技巧，并且听几段听力测试题进行练习。
1、浏览问题，预测话题2、抓住重点，解决问题3、准确把握关键词及信息词，合理判断人物意图及态度4、边听边记，强化记忆5、运用归纳，分析，综合等技巧推断最佳答案第二课时：单项选择题型分析，做相应的练习在做单项选择题时，掌握一些解题方法是很有必要的。
1、直接法--直接利用相关语法知识，通过题干中的已供信息，捕捉第三课时：单项填空题解题技巧，做相应练习1、细读试题，弄清试题所体现的场合或类型，为选择相关的语言和句式提供依据2、注意试题所提供的语境3、答案要符合英语国家的语言习惯，要注意汉语和英语在风俗习惯和语言表达上的差别4、掌握基本的句子结构5、记忆、理解和灵活使用英语的习惯搭配，注意对话命题中习惯搭配的语意二、完形填空解题步骤及技巧步骤：第四课时：讲解完形填空解题步骤并做相关练习1、研读首句，启示全文2、通读全文，抓准主旨3、细读全文，透析文意4、从惯用法和搭配的角度考虑5、注意英汉两种语言的差异，不能简单地互译6、发挥逻辑思维能力，挖掘文章寓意、隐意7、全面验证，理清逻辑第五课时：完形填空解题技巧，做相关练习完形是必考的一道题型，并且今年来文章在篇幅和难度上都有加深。
下面是一些在做完形的过程中必须知道的步骤和技巧：1、总体把握要通读完形填空的短文，跳过空格快速阅读，了解全篇的主要内容。
切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句推敲上。
2、弄清体裁文章体裁通常分为四种：论述文、记叙文、说明文和应用文。
一般来说选文以叙事性文章为主，如：幽默故事、科普知识、童话、简短新闻、名人铁事、社会热点问题等。
读这类文章，要大体上了解故事所涉及的时间、地点、人物、事件及前因后果。
3、重视主题句完形填空所用的短文一般不给标题，但短文的主题句，往往在每段文章的首句，有时也出现在文章的中间或结束处。
第九届全国青少年英语知识能力竞赛获奖名单
第九届全国青少年英语知识能力竞赛获奖名单The 9th National Youth English Knowledge and Ability Competition was held successfully in Beijing on October 15, 2021. This prestigious competition saw hundreds of talented young students from across the country showcasing their English proficiency and knowledge.After fierce competition, the following students emerged as the winners in the different categories:1. Elementary School Category:- First Prize: Zhang Wei from Beijing- Second Prize: Li Hua from Shanghai- Third Prize: Wang Gang from Guangzhou2. Middle School Category:- First Prize: Liu Ming from Shenzhen- Second Prize: Wang Fang from Chengdu- Third Prize: Sun Beibei from Hangzhou3. High School Category:- First Prize: Chen Mei from Wuhan- Second Prize: Zhao Jing from Xi'an- Third Prize: Yang Lei from Tianjin4. Overall Excellence Award:- Zhang Wei from BeijingIn addition to the individual awards, several schools were also recognized for their outstanding performance in the competition. The top three schools in each category were awarded with certificates of excellence and cash prizes to support their English education initiatives.The competition not only provided a platform for young students to showcase their English skills but also promoted the importance of English learning and cultural exchange among youth in China. Congratulations to all the winners and participants of the 9th National Youth English Knowledge and Ability Competition!。
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第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料LG GROUP system office room 【LGA16H-LGYY-LGUA8Q8-LGA162】第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料1．An Animal that Sees with Its Earsecholocation[eku lu’kein] n. 回声定位能力, 回声定位法eyesight ['asat ] n. 视力object ['bdikt ] n. 物体宾语从句Scientists now know that bats ‘see’ by using what we call‘echolocation’.表语从句 Here is how it works.It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. It is almost impossible to trick them.use their eyesight to hunt for foodcertain bats: some batsmake a soundsend out sound wavesa fraction of a sound later: in a short timenot only…but…even though: even if 即使without any troublemore importantly?catch it in mid-airtell v. 判断something good to e2．Fish with flashlights?现在完成时 have+过去分词 Have you ever heard of a fish with flashlight现在完成进行时 Have you ever been sitting at home when the electricity went off现在分词doing，具有形容词或副词的特点，可以做定语、状语、补语、表语。
如： There is a man standing there.（后置定语）Being ill today, I won‘t come.（原因状语）I see him standing there. （补语） He is speaking. （表语）（注意它和动名词做表语的区别，记住动名词是个名词性成分）the 比较级+the 比较级越…就越….The darker the surroundings, the brighter the glow appears to be.定语从句These bacteria produce certain chemicals that give off a faint glow.Some of these fish have special ‘shutters’ ove r the pouches in which these bacteria live.Other scientists think that the fish use these ‘flashlights’ to attract smaller fish which they eat as food.There may be other reasons for this special ‘flashlight’ that we have not yet discovered.Key structures and Phrases被动语态 be+过去分词 Sometimes the fish do not want to be seen, so they simply close these shutters.This keeps the glow from being seen.(the electricity) go off ：go out / have a black outgive off lightpretty scary: very scarysearch for: look foras…as…to a depth of 到达…的深度once 一旦pitch-black adj.漆黑的, 墨黑的have the ability to = be able tokeep … from doing sth. =stop …from doing sth.at other times = on other occasionsallow sb. to do sth.a colony of thousands of bacteria 聚集着成千上万的细菌give off a faint glow= give off faint light3 Penguins- perfect parentssurvive [ s‘vaiv ]v. 生存,生还amazing [’meizi] 惊人的，惊奇的形容词最高级 the most amazing animalsone of the coldest places on Earth虚拟语气 If their eggs were left on the ice, they would freeze solid!被动语态 be left定语从句 They return to the icy shore where the mother lays one very large egg. make their home in the Antarctic 在南极安家not only…but also =not only… but.. as wellsurvive the bitter cold 在严寒的环境中生存make perfect parents=be perfect parents?spend…(in) doing s th.at the start of winternothing but= onlya fold of feathered skinroll ontostay behindbe full of?feed withcare for = take care of = look aftergo back to the seatake turns doing sth.轮流, 依次做某事one parent, the other….. 一个，另一个联系动词---stay+形容词 stay gone表示状态和状态的持续,如: be(是), seem(似乎), look(看起来), appear(似乎), feel(觉得), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), keep(保持), remain(保持), stand(站立), lie(躺), stay(停留)等。
表示从一种状态转变为另一种状态,如:become(变成), go(变得), get(变得), turn(变成), grow(变成), fall(变成某种状态), come(成为), run(变成)等。
4 What! A meat- eating plant!herbivorous [h:'bivrs ] a. 食草性的carnivorous [kɑ:'nivrs ] a. 食肉性的the pitcher plant ['pit ] 猪笼草sundew ['sn,du:] n. 毛膏菜be composed of [km'puzd ] 由….组成slippery ['slipri] a. 滑的rim [rim ] n. （尤指圆形物的）边缘prevent…from doing sth.防止做某事nectar ['nekt] n. 花蜜projection [pr'dekn] n. 突起，突状物suffocate ['sfkeit ] v. 使窒息fearfully ['fifli ] adv. 可怕地定语从句Those that eat plants; and those that eat meat.People in Asia could tell you about the pitcher plant, which is shaded withbright red color and produces a honey-like juice that attracts insects.The fluid then suffocate the insect, which gradually is digested by the plant. divide into 把…分成believe it or not 信不信由你，不管你是否相信for example：for instance 例如tell sb. about sth.is shaded with 掩映在….之中（被动语态）be composed of 由….构成extremely slippery=very slipperylean over 弯下身子，俯身于…之上lose one’s footing 失足at the bottom of 在….的底部drown the insect 将昆虫淹死 [draun]digest.. as food for the plant 将它作为植物的美食消化掉secrete a sticky substance [si’kri:t] 分泌一种粘稠的物质prevent…from doing sth. 防止…做某事struggle to free itself 挣扎着想飞走adapt to 适应5 Light night, dark starshaze [ heiz ] n. 薄雾artificial [,ɑ:ti’fil ] adj. 人造的surround [s’raund] vt. 包围, 环境be surrounded by 被….环绕invisible [in’vizbl] adj. 看不见的, 无形的disorient [dis’:rint] vt. 使失去方向感, 使迷惑efficient [I’fint adj. (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的energy-efficient a. 节能的shielding [‘i:ldi ] n. 护罩blind n.(pl.) 百叶窗，窗帘internal a. 内在的，内部的形容词、副词比较级more wisely and with less wasteeven worse/ far more difficulton a clear night 在一个晴朗的晚上block the view 挡住视线see.. from afar 从远处看witness light pollution 见识光污染be made up of 由….组成make…even worse 使…. 更严重this haze of light 这团光雾make it far more difficult for sb. to do sth. it 为形式宾语depend on 依靠，依赖guide them into the water 指路回到水中end up doing sth. 以……结束Key structures and Phraseshead toward…by mistake 错误地朝着…走lit-up parking lots 灯火通明的停车场It is estimated that … 据估计prevent…from doing sth.in use 使用中encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事motion-sensor lights 感应灯energy-efficient light bulbs 节能灯泡shine skyward 向天空照可修饰比较级的词?1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面6 Don’t eat that sandwich!contaminate [kn’tmineit] v. 弄脏，污染bacteria[ bk‘ti ri ]n. 细菌vomit [vmit ] v.呕吐diarrhea [,dai’ri] n. 痢疾,腹泻organism [‘:ɡnizm ] n. 有机体，有机组织symptom ['simptm] n. 症状Salmonella [slm'nel ] n. 沙门氏菌thoroughly [‘θrli] ad. 彻底地，完全地attach to [’tt] 附在…..上in the rush to do sth.急匆匆地做某事throw it away 扔掉follow a rule 遵循规则single celled organisms 单细胞有机体?cause illnesses: cause diseasescommon symptoms 常见的症状food borne bacteria食物上滋生的细菌（bear- bore- born/borne）make people sickearlier this year 今年年初attach to 附在……上according to 根据，据……说carry out a series of experiments 开展一系列实验it takes sb. some time to do sth.toss it out 把它丢弃, 扔掉be careful (not) to do sth. 当心（别）做某事at the manufacturing plant 在生产厂家 [mnju'fkt]be found in raw eggs and chicken 被动语态raw------- cooked 反义词cook thoroughly 烧熟 tip n. 提示, 技巧动名词----动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征Being a good housekeeper is a second tip for preventing infection.动名词：动名词在形式上和现在分词相同，然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点；而动名词具有名词的特点，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。