NSF合同对比
公约与通则比较
《公约》仅在第79条规定了履行障 碍，它通常被人们视为不可抗力而 作为不履行的一项免责事由，而
《通则》则明确地同时规定了不可
抗力和艰难情势两种情况。这样既 可防止当事人滥用免责条款来逃避 合同义务以维护交易安全，又客观 地对待情况的变化。
3、不同之处
• （9）违约方面的规定不同
①关于救济的积累
《公约》在第45，47，61，63款分别予 以了明确规定，《通则》没有关于救济 积累的一般规定，而是假定逻辑一致的 救济手段都可以积累，这种规定较之 《公约》更为全面和灵活。
④关于解除合同
对于解除合同的使用方式、期限、解除的 效果等，《通则》基本都与《公约》一致， 但《通则》对根本违约作了比《公约》更 为详尽的规定，它在条款中规定的判定是 否根本违约的标准，可用来更好地理解 《公约》规定的极其模糊的根本违约这一 概念。
4、总结
• 《公约》与《通则》之间有着紧密联系，是目前最大并且相对 完整地调整国际货物买卖合同关系的国际商事合同规则。 • 《公约》形式稳定、内容明确、在缔约国间具有法律约束力的 优越性。
• 2004年《通则》修订，主要是新增而非修改，增加了有关不一致的行为和合意免除、代理人的 权限、第三人权利、抵消、权利的让与、义务的转移和合同的转让、时效期间的规则，总条款 数则由原来的120条增加到了185条。除了体系更完整、调整范围更广，《通则》在每一条规定 后都附有正式评论，对各该条进行诠释和解释。
特点
3、不同之处
• （2）《公约》与《通则》调整对象和内容不同
• 《通则》的制定晚于《公约》，《通则》在很多条款上都吸收了《公约》的规定，但是除了部 分的内容重合之外，《通则》的内容从广度和深度来说都超过了《公约》。 与《公约》相比， 《通则》的内容则要全面且丰富得多。 • 《公约》的内容是集中和有限的，主要围绕国际货物买卖合同的成立、合同各方权利义务、违 约及救济等内容，而且其中还有些事项因为无法达成一致而没能提供或没能提供明确的解决方 案，需要补缺或者解释。因此，严格地说，《公约》还不是一部完整的、全面的关于国际货物 买卖合同的统一法。
NSF93 挪威协会买卖船合同93版
•1993年挪威格式（NSF＇93）Memorandum of AgreementDated:Hereinafter called the Sellers, have agreed to sell, andHereinafter called the Buyers, have agreed to buyName(船名)：Classification Society/Class(船级)：Built(造船年份)：By(造船厂)：Flag（船旗）：Place of Registration(登记地点)：Call Sign(叫号)：Grt/Nrt(净／毛吨)：Register Number(登记号码)：hereinafter called the Vessel, on the following terms and conditions：Definitions“Banking days” are days on which banks are open both in the cou ntry of the currency stipulated for the Purchase Price in Clause 1 and i n the place of closing stipulated in Clause 8.“In writing” or “written” means a letter handed over from the Selle rs to the Buyers or vice versa, a registered letter, telex, telefax or other modern form of written communication.“Classification Society” or “Class” means the Society referred to in line 4.1. Purchase Price2. DepositAs security for the correct fulfillment of this Agreement the Buyersshall pay a deposit of 10% (ten per cent) of the Purchase Price within banking days from the date of this Agreement.This deposit shall be placed with and held by them ina joint account for the Sellers and the Buyers, to be released in accordance with joint written instructions of the Sellers and the Buyers. Interest, if any, to be credited to the Buyers. Any fee charged for holding the said deposit shall be borne equally by the Sellers and the Buyers.3. PaymentThe said Purchase Price shall be paid in full free of bank charges i son delivery of the Vessel, but not later than3 banking days after the Vessel is materially physically ready fordelivery in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement and Notice of Readiness has been given in accordance with C lause 5.4.Inspectionsa)*The Buyers have inspected and accepted the Vessel’s classification records. The Buyers have also inspected the Vessel at/inon and have accepted the Vessel following this inspection and the sale is outright and definite, subject only to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.b)*The Buyers shall have the right to inspect the Vessel’s classification records and declare whether same are accepted or not within. The Sellers shall provide for inspection of the Vessel at/in . TheBuyers shall undertake the inspection without undue delay to theVessel. Should the Buyers cause undue delay they shall compensate the Sellers for the losses thereby incurred. The Buyers shall inspect the vessel without opening up and without cost to the Sellers. During the inspection, the Vessel’s deck and engine log books shallbe made available for examination by the Buyers. If the Vessel isaccepted after such inspection, the sale shall become outright and definite, subject only to the terms and conditions of this Agreement,provided the Sellers receive written notice of acceptance from the B uyers within 72 hours after completion of such inspection.Should notice of acceptance of the Vessel’s classification records and of the Vessel not be received by the Sellers as aforesaid, the deposit together with interest earned shall be released immediately to the Buyers, whereafter this Agreement shall be null and void.4a) and 4b) are alternatives; delete whichever is not applicable. In the abs ence of deletions, alternative 4a) to apply.5. Notices, time and place of deliverya)The Sellers shall keep the Buyers well informed of the Vessel’s itinerary and shall provide the Buyers with(填上多少天，如15,7，4，3天), and (填上多少天，如1天) days notice of the estimated time of arrival at the intended place of drydocking/underwater inspection/delivery. When the Vessel is at the place of delivery and in every respect physically ready for delivery in accordance with this Agreement, the Sellers shall give the Buyers a written Notice of Readiness for delivery.b)The Vessel shall be delivered and taken over safely afloat at asafe and accessible berth or anchorage at/in(交船港或地区范围)in the Sellers’ optio n.Expected time of delivery(估计交船时间)：Date of canceling(see Clauses 5c), 6b)(iii) and 14))(销约期)：c)If the Sellers anticipate that, notwithstanding the exercise of due diligence by them, the Vessel will not be ready for delivery by the canceling date they may notify the Buyers in writing stati ng the date when they anticipate that the Vessel will be ready f or delivery and propose a new canceling date. Upon receipt of s uch notification the Buyers shall have the option of either cance ling this Agreement in accordance with Clause 14 within 7 runn ing days of receipt of the notice or of accepting the new date a s the new canceling date. If the Buyers have not declared their option within 7 running days of recei pt of the Sellers’ notificati on or if the Buyers accept the new date, the date proposed in t he Sellers’ notification shall be deemed to be the new canceling date and shall be substituted for the canceling date stipulated i n line 61.If this Agreement is maintained with the new canceling date all other terms and conditions hereof including those contained in Clauses 5a) and 5c) shall remain unaltered and in full force and effect. Cancellation or failure to cancel shall be entirely without prejudice to any claim for damages the Buyers may have under Clause 14 for the Vessel not being ready by the original cance lling date.d)Should the Vessel become an actual, constructive or compromised total loss before delivery the deposit together with interest ea rned shall be released immediately to the Buyers whereafter this Agreement shall be null and void.6.Drydocking/Divers inspectiona)**The Sellers shall place the Vessel in drydock at the port of del ivery for inspection by the Classification Society of the Ves sel’s un derwater parts below the deepest load line, the extent of the inspect ion being in accordance with the Classification Society’s rules. If th e rudder, propeller, bottom or other underwater parts below the dee pest load line are found broken, damaged or defective so as to affe ct the Vessel’s class, such defects shall be made good at the Seller s’ expense to the satisfaction of the Classification Society without c ondition/recommendation*.b)**(i) The Vessel is to be delivered without drydocking. However, the Buyers shall have the right at their expense to arrange for a n underwater inspection by a diver approved by the Classification S ociety prior to the delivery of the Vessel. The Sellers shall at their cost make the Vessel available for such inspection. The extent of t he inspection and the conditions under which it is performed shall be to the satisfaction of the Classification Society. If the conditions at the port of delivery are unsuitable for such inspection, the Selle rs shall make the Vessel available at a suitable alternative place nea r to the delivery port.(ii) If the rudder, propeller, bottom or other underwater parts be low the deepest load line are found broken, damaged or defective s o as to affect the Vessel’s class, then unless repairs can be carried out afloat to the satisfaction of the Classification Society, the Seller s shall arrange for the Vessel to be drydocked at their expense for inspection by the Classification Society of the Vessel’s underwater p arts below the deepest load line, the extent of the inspection being in accordance with the Classification Society’s rules. If the rudder, propeller, bottom or other underwater parts below the deepest load l ine are found broken, damaged or defective so as to affect the Ves sel’s class, such defects shall be made good by the Sellers’ at their expense to the satisfaction of the Classification Society without co ndition/recommendation*. In such event the Sellers are to pay also f or the cost of the underwater inspection and the Classification Socie ty’s attendance.(iii) If the Vessel is to be drydocked pursuant to Clause 6b) (ii) and no suitable drydocking facilities are available at the port of delivery, t he Sellers shall take the Vessel to a port where suitable drydocking fa cilities are available, whether within or outside the delivery range as p er Clause 5b). Once drydocking has taken place the Sellers shall deliv er the Vessel at a port within the delivery range as per Clause 5b) w hich shall, for the purpose of this Clause, become the new port of del ivery. In such event the canceling date provided for in Clause 5b) shal l be extended by the additional time required for the drydocking and e xtra steaming, but limited to a maximum of 14 running days.c)If the Vessel is drydocked pursuant to Clause 6a) or 6b) above(i) the Classification Society may require survey of the tailshaftsystem, the extent of the survey being to the satisfaction of theClassification surveyor. If such survey is not required by the Classification Society, the Buyers shall have the right to require the tailshaft to be drawn and surveyed by the Classification Society, the extent of the survey being in accordance with the Clas sification Society’s rules for tailshaft survey and consistent withthe current stage of the Vessel’s survey cycle. The Buyers shalldeclare whether they require the tailshaft to be drawn and surveyed not later than by the completion of the inspection by theClassification Society. The drawing and refitting of the tailshaftshall be arranged by the Sellers. Should any parts of the tailshaft system be condemned or found defective so as to affect theVessel’s class, those parts shall be renewed or made good at the Sellers’ expense to the satisfaction of the Classification Society without condition/recommendation*.(ii) the expenses relating to the survey of the tailshaft system shall be borne by the Buyers unless the Classification Society requires such survey to be carried out, in which case the Sellers shall pay these expenses. The Sellers shall also pay the expensesif the Buyers require the survey and parts of the system are condemned or found defective or broken so as to affect the Vessel’s Class*.(iii) the expense in connection with putting the Vessel in and taking her out of drydock, including the drydock dues and the Classification Society’s fees shall be paid by the Sellers if the Classification Society issues any condition/recommendation*as a result of the survey or if it requires survey of the tailshaft system.In all other cases the Buyers shall pay the aforesaid expenses,dues and fees.(iv) the Buyers’ representative shall have the right to be presentin the drydock, but without interfering with the work or decisions of the Classification surveyor.(v) the Buyers shall have the right to have the underwater partsof the Vessel cleaned and painted at their risk and expense without interfering with the Sellers’ or the Classification surveyor’swork, if any, and without affecting the Vessel’s timely delivery.If, however, the Buyers’ work in drydock i s still in progress when the Sellers have completed the work which the Sellers are required to do, the additional docking time needed to complete the Buyers’ work shall be for the Buyers’ risk and expense. In the event that the Buyers’ work requires such a dditional time, the Sellers may upon completion of the Sellers’ work tender Notice of Readiness for delivery whilst the Vessel is still in drydock and the Buyers shall be obliged to take delivery in accordance with Clause 3, whether the Vessel is in drydock or not and irrespective of Clause 5b).* Notes, if any, in the surveyor’s report which are accepted by the Class ification Society without condition/recommendation are not to be taken into account.* * 6a) and 6b) are alternatives; delete whichever is not applicable. In the absence of deletions, alternative 6a) to apply.7. Spares/bunkers, etc.The Sellers shall deliver the Vessel to the Buyers with everything belonging to her on board and on shore. All spare parts and spare equi pment including spare tail-end shaft(s) and/or spare propeller(s)/propeller blade(s), if any, belonging to the Vessel at the time of inspection used or unused, whether on board or not shall become the Buyers’ property, but spares on order are to be excluded. Forwarding charges, if any, sh all be for the Buyers’ account. The Sellers are not require d to replace s pare parts including spare tail-end shaft(s) and spare propeller(s)/propelle r blade(s) which are taken out of spare and used as replacement prior t o delivery, but the replaced items shall be the property of the Buyers.The radio installation and navigational equipment shall be included in the sale without extra payment if they are the property of the Sellers. Unused stores and provisions shall be included in the sale and be taken o ver by the Buyers without extra payment. The Sellers have the right to take ashore crockery, plates, cutlery, linen and other articles bearing the Sellers’ flag or name, provided they replace same with similar unmarked items. Library, forms, etc., exclusively for use in the Sellers’ vessel (s), shall be excluded without compensation.Captain’s, Officers’ and Crew’s personal belongings including the sl op chest are to be excluded from the sale, as well as the following add itional items (including items on hire):The Buyers shall take over remaining bunkers and unused lubricating oils in storage tanks and sealed drums and pay the current net marketprice (excluding barging expenses) at the port and date of delivery of the Vessel. Payment under this Clause shall be made at the same time and place and in the same currency as the Purchase Price.8.DocumentationThe place of closing(法律/文件交接地点):In exchange for payment of the Purchase Price the Sellers shall fur nish the Buyers with delivery documents, namely:a) Legal Bill of Sale in a form recordable in (the country in whic h the Buyers are to register the Vessel), warranting that the Vessel is fr ee from all encumbrances, mortgages and maritime liens or any other de bts or claims whatsoever, duly notarially attested and legalized by the co nsul of such country or other competent authority.b) Current Certificate of Ownership issued by the competent authorities of the flag state of the Vessel.c) Confirmation of Class issued within 72 hours prior to delivery.d) Current Certificate issued by the competent authorities stating that the V essel is free from registered encumbrances.e) Certificate of Deletion of the Vessel from the Vessel’s registry or otherofficial evidence of deletion appropriate to the Vessel’s registry at the t ime of delivery, or, in the event that the registry does not as a matter of practice issue such documentation immediately, a written undertaking b y the Sellers to effect deletion from the Vessel’s registry forthwith and f urnish a Certificate or other official evidence of deletion to the Buyers promptly and latest within 4 (four) weeks after the Purchase Price has b een paid and the Vessel has been delivered.f) Any such additional documents as may reasonably be required by the c ompetent authorities for the purpose of registering the Vessel, provided t he Buyers notify the Sellers of any such documents as soon as possible after the date of this Agreement.At the time of delivery the Buyers and Sellers shall sign and deliv er to each other a Protocol of Delivery and Acceptance confirming the date and time of delivery of the Vessel from the Sellers to the Buyers.At the time of delivery the Sellers shall hand to the Buyers the cla ssification certificate(s) as well as all plans etc., which are on board the Vessel. Other certificates which are on board the Vessel shall also be handed over to the Buyers unless the Sellers are required to retain same, in which case the Buyers to have the right to take copies. Other techn ical documentation which may be in the Sellers’ possession shall be pro mptly forwarded to the Buyers at their expense, if they so request. The Sellers may keep the Vessel’s log books but the Buyers to have the ri ght to take copies of same.9.EncumbrancesThe Sellers warrant that the Vessel, at the time of delivery, is free from all charters, encumbrances, mortgages and maritime liens or any other debts whatsoever. The Sellers hereby undertake to indemnify the Buyers against all consequences of claims made against the Vessel which have been incurred prior to the time of delivery.10.Taxes, etc.Any taxes, fees and expenses in connection with the purchase and registration under the Buyers’ flag shall be for the Buyers’ account, wh ereas similar charges in connection with the closing of the Sellers’ regis ter shall be for the Sellers’ account.11.Condition on deliveryThe Vessel with everything belonging to her shall be at the Seller s’ risk and expense until she is delivered to the Buyers, but subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement she shall be delivered and t aken over as she was as the time of inspection, fair wear and tear exce pted.However, the Vessel shall be delivered with her class maintained w ithout condition/recommendation*, free of average damage affecting the Vessel’s class, and with her classification certificates and national certifi cates, as well as all other certificates the Vessel had at the time of ins pection, valid and unextended without condition/recommendation*by Cla ss or the relevant authorities as the time of delivery.“Inspection” in this Clause 11, shall mean the Buyers’ inspe ction a ccording to Clause 4a) or 4b), if applicable, or the Buyers’ inspection p rior to the signing of this Agreement. If the Vessel is taken over witho ut inspection, the date of this Agreement shall be the relevant date.* Notes, if any, in the surveyor’s report which are accepted by the Classi fication Society without condition/recommendation are not to be taken into account./markingsUpon delivery the Buyers undertake to change the name of the Vessel and alter funnel markings.13.Buyers’ defaultShould the deposit not be paid in accordance with Clause 2, the Sellers have the right to cancel this Agreement, and they shall be entitled to claim compensation for their losses and for all expenses incurred togeth er with interest.Should the Purchase Price not be paid in accordance with Clause 3, the Sellers have the right to cancel the Agreement, in which case the depo sit together with interest earned shall be released to the Sellers. If the d eposit does not cover their loss, the Sellers shall be entitled to claim fu rther compensation for their losses and for all expenses incurred togethe r with interest.14.Sellers’ defaultShould the Sellers fail to give Notice of Readiness in accordance with Clause 5a) or fail to be ready to validly complete a legal transfer by the date stipulated in line 61 the Buyers shall have the option of canceling this Agreement provided always that the Sellers shall be granted a maximum of 3 banking days after Notice of Readiness has been given to make arrangements for the documentation set out in Clause 8. If after Notice of Readiness has been given but before the Buyers have taken d elivery, the Vessel ceases to be physically ready for delivery and is not made physically ready again in every respect by the date stipulated in line 61 and new Notice of Readiness given, the Buyer shall retain their option to cancel. In the event that the Buyers select to cancel this Agr eement the deposit together with interest earned shall be released to the m immediately.Should the Sellers fail to give Notice of Readiness by the date stipulated in line 61 or fail to be ready to validly complete a legal transfer asaforesaid they shall make due compensation to the Buyers for their loss and for all expenses together with interest if their failure is due to pro ven negligence and whether or not the Buyers cancel this Agreement.15.Buyers’ representativesAfter this Agreement has been signed by both parties and the deposit h as been lodged, the Buyers have the right to place two representatives on board the Vessel at their sole risk and expense upon arrival at (买方代表上船熟悉地点) on or about (日期).These repre sentatives are on board for the purpose of familiarization and in the cap acity of observers only, and they shall not interfere in any respect with the operation of the Vessel. The Buyers’ representatives shall sign the Sellers’ letter of indemnity prior to their embarkation.16.Arbitrationa)* This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with English law and any dispute arising out of this Agreement shall be referred to arbitration in London in accordance with the Arbitration Acts 1950 and 1979 or any statutory modification or reenactment thereof for the time being in force, one arbitrator being appointed by each other. On the receipt by one partyof the nomination in writing of the other party’s arbitrator, thatparty shall appoint their arbitrator within fourteen days, failingwhich the decision of the single arbitrator appointed shall apply.If two arbitrators properly appointed shall not agree they shallappoint an umpire whose decision shall be final.b) * This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with Title 9 of the United States Code and the Law of the State of Ne w York and should any dispute arise out of this Agreement, the matte r in dispute shall be referred to three persons at New York, one to be appointed by each of the parties hereto, and the third by the two sochosen; their decision or that of any two of them shall be final, and for purpose of enforcing any award, this Agreement may be made a rule of the Court.c) * Any dispute arising out of this Agreement shall be referred to arbitration at(其他仲裁地)，subject to the procedures applicable there.* 16 a), 16 b) and 16 c) are alternatives; delete whichever is not applica ble. In the absence of deletion, alternative 16 a) to apply.。
nsf93(中文)
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT日期：以下称卖方，同意出售以下称买方，同意购买船名：船级社：建造时间：建造地：船旗国：登记港口：呼号：总吨/净吨注册号此合同的船舶遵循以下条款：定义“银行工作日或工作日或商业工作日”是指在（国家）银行营业的日期和第一条所订立的买船所使用货币的国家，以及第五条所订立的船舶准备就绪通知书的地方，和第八条所订立银行交割的地点。
“书面”系指有卖方或买方公司抬头的挂号信，电传，电报或其他方式的现代通讯方式。
“船级社”或“船级”是第4行所指明的船级社。
1.购船价格2.定金为确保本合同的正确执行，自买卖双方在传真中草签本合同之日或第十七条款中的先决条件取消后起的三个银行工作日内，买方将购船款的10％作为定金支付到卖方所指定的xx银行（地址省略）的联合帐户内。
该定金将保留在上述银行的买卖双方的联名账户中，收到双方联名的书面指示后才会放款。
由此定金而产生的利息，应归入买方。
因保持和建立联合帐户而产生的任何银行费用则由买卖双方平均分担。
3.付款方式上述买船价款，不扣除银行费用，须在交船时支付给在船舶根据本合同条款在各个方面实际备妥并且按照第5条就绪通知书递交后，购船款及其他款项应在不迟于3个银行工作日内，无任何银行费用地递交到卖方指定之银行帐户用来交换为注册中国籍所需要的合理的交船文件。
4.验船a)*买方已检查并接受船舶的船级记录。
买方已在＿＿＿（日期）在＿＿＿（地点）对船舶进行检查。
买方根据该检查已接受船舶，那么船舶买卖关系即告确立，这仅限于此合同的条款。
b)*买方有权检查该船的船级记录，并在＿＿＿（时间）内宣布是否予以接受，卖方应在＿＿＿＿（地方）为买方安排船舶检查。
买方保证检验不应给船舶造成不合理的延误。
如果买方造成了此种延误，则应补偿卖方因此遭受的损失。
在检验期间，船舶的轮机日志和甲板航海日志应提供给买方查阅。
在进行了漂浮检验之后如果船舶被接受，即卖方在买方完成检验后的72小时内收到书面或电传通知，本交易即为确定和无条件的，仅受本合同条款约束。
有关自然科学基金合作协议范本5篇
有关自然科学基金合作协议范本5篇篇1自然科学基金合作协议范本合作协议书甲方：（甲方单位）法定代表人：（甲方代表）地址：（甲方地址）乙方：（乙方单位）法定代表人：（乙方代表）地址：（乙方地址）鉴于：1. 甲方是（甲方单位）的法定代表人，有权签署本合作协议；2. 乙方是（乙方单位）的法定代表人，有权签署本合作协议；3. 甲、乙双方为了开展（项目名称）的合作，达成以下协议。
第一条项目描述1.1 甲、乙双方为了（项目目的），合作开展（项目名称）研究计划，本协议自签署之日起生效。
1.2 本合作协议约定的项目内容包括但不限于：（具体项目内容）。
第二条甲方责任2.1 甲方负责组织、领导和管理本项目，保证项目进度和质量，确保项目能够按时完成。
2.2 甲方应当为本项目提供必要的场地、设备和人员支持，确保项目能够顺利进行。
2.3 甲方应当保护乙方的合法权益，确保乙方在项目中的权益得到有效保障。
第三条乙方责任3.1 乙方应当认真参与项目研究工作，按照项目计划完成任务，并积极配合甲方的工作。
3.2 乙方应当遵守本合作协议的约定，保守项目信息的机密性，不得擅自泄露项目资料。
3.3 乙方应当按照项目计划的要求，提交相关的研究成果报告，确保项目顺利完成。
第四条合作机制4.1 甲、乙双方应当建立项目的沟通机制，定期召开项目会议，共同研究和解决项目中的问题。
4.2 甲、乙双方应当建立项目的监督机制，对项目进度和质量进行监督，确保项目达到预期目标。
4.3 甲、乙双方应当建立项目的奖惩机制，对项目成果进行评估，对表现优秀的成员进行表彰奖励。
第五条资金支持5.1 本项目的资金支持由甲方承担，具体金额为（金额）。
5.2 甲方应当按照项目计划的进度，定期拨付资金给乙方，确保项目的正常运转。
5.3 乙方应当按照项目计划的要求，合理使用拨付的资金，确保项目的顺利开展。
第六条知识产权6.1 本项目的研究成果归属于甲、乙双方，各方均可以合法使用、转让和转化这些研究成果。
PMP合同理解与选择
PMP项目管理考点-合同类型PMP项目管理考点-合同类型 FP T&M CPF,CPPC CPFF CPIF FPIF甲方（买方）受利最大到最小的合同类型依次为:FP-->FPIF-->CPIF-->CPFF-->CPF或CPPC1.Fixed-price or lump-sum contracts(固定总价或总包合同)简称FP这是买方（甲方）最能受益的合同类型。
不管乙方开销多大，甲方付的钱是固定不变的。
2.Time and Material(T&M) contracts(时间与材料合同)简称T&M乙方干多少单位的活，甲方就出多少单位的钱。
比如同声翻译和他的客户签的合同，比如我们签的劳动合同。
都是这样类型的合同。
3.Cost-reimbursable contracts(费用偿还合同)这种合同又有三种类型a.Cost-Plus-Fee contracts(成本加酬金合同)或Cost Plus Percentage Of Cost contracts(成本加按百分比合同)简称CPF,CPPC这种合同美国法律已经明文规定在任何商业合同里都禁止使用该合同。
还是用我的PMP老师举的例子吧。
夏天到了大家都要吃冷饮，如果公司里大家都不想出去到外面买冷饮吃，那大家都吃不到冷饮了。
这时候如果有位同事跳出来说:我去帮大家买冷饮，不过要给我跑腿费，毕竟我要在这么炎热的天气下为大家做事。
然后大家说：你去买冷饮，如果你买回来，大家除了给你买冷饮花的钱之外，再给你买冷饮花的钱的10%作为你的跑腿费。
这样好不好？然后他也答应了，等他一出门一想如果我只买一块钱一根的冰棍，公司一百人我也就花一百块，那10%也就十块钱，这样我也太不合算了。
这位聪明的家伙肯定立马去买哈根打斯去了，假设一根哈根达斯20块钱，那他除了买冷饮花的钱之外，还能赚200块的跑腿费，利润可是一块钱一根的冰棍的20倍啊。
国电南瑞NSF3200光伏发电功率预测系统-技术规范书120904
1总体要求 (2)2系统功能要求 (3)2.1技术规范 (3)2.1功能要求 (4)3系统功能技术要求 (4)3.1数据功能技术要求 (4)3.1.1数据采集功能 (4)3.1.2 数据统计功能 (4)3.1.3 数据分析、处理功能 (4)3.2功率预测功能 (5)3.2.1 预测的时间 (5)3.2.2 系统启动 (5)3.2.3 其它 (5)3.3 界面要求 (5)3.3.1展示界面 (5)3.3.2操作界面 (6)3.3.3统计查询界面 (6)3.3.4其他要求 (6)3.4实时气象数据采集系统 (6)3.4.1系统功能 (6)3.4.2采集器单元 (6)3.4.3测量设备 (7)13.4.4供电系统 (7)3.4.5通讯系统 (8)3.4.6数据采集和处理 (8)4进度要求 (8)5报价要求 (8)6预期目标 (8)7系统技术参数 (9)7.1短期功率预测功能 (9)7.2超短期功率预测功能 (9)7.3人机界面功能 (9)7.4信息上报功能 (9)8通信要求 (10)9质保和售后服务 (10)9.1质保期 (10)9.2售后服务 (10)10交货日期 (11)1总体要求投标人应具备招标公告所要求的资质，具体资质要求详见招标文件的商务部分。
本规范书对光伏发电功率预测系统应用功能、管理、文档资料以及验收等方面提出了技术要求。
本技术规范应用范围是光伏电站的光伏发电功率预测系统。
1本招标文件提出的是最低限度的技术要求，并未对一切技术细节做出规定，也未充分引述有关标准和规范的条文，投标人应提供符合本技术规范引用标准的最新版本标准和本招标文件技术要求的全新产品，如果所引用的标准之间不一致或本招标文件所使用的标准如与投标人所执行的标准不一致时，按要求较高的标准执行如果投标人没有以书面形式对本招标文件技术规范的条文提出差异，则意味着投标人提供的设备完全符合本招标文件的要求。
如有与本招标文件要求不一致的地方，必须逐项在“技术差异表”中列出。
二手船买卖合同1993年挪威格式(中英文)
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENTNORWEGIAN SALE FORM 1993二手船买卖合同1993年挪威格式（NSF＇93）译注：国际上二手船的合同,称之为Memorandun of Agreement 可译称协议备忘录,简称M.O.A.,目前国际上通行的有两种标准版：一种是挪威标准,另一种是日本标准.两种二手船舶买卖合同的标准略有不同,日本的标准版本略为偏向于卖方的益处,尽管两种都是标准的条款,然而经过买卖双方的谈判、增加、删减或修改之后,最后也“面目全非”,因此采用何种条款问题都不大,最终双方签署的M.O.A,将是双方获得一致,都可以接受的并且受到有关法律保护的正式文件。
由于二手船买卖涉及的方面很多,交易金额高,买方风险大,因此,二手船买卖的双方通常会选择标准合同文本作为合同谈判的基础.国际上二手船买卖合同通常称之为协议备忘录,即Memorandum of Agreement,简称M.O.A.目前国际上使用最多的就是挪威买卖格式,尤其以采用1993年版本的最多.另外也有其他的国际二手船买卖的标准格式,如1985年伦敦船舶买卖格式,即the London Ship Sale Contract, 1985,1999年的日本船舶买卖格式,即Nipponsale,1999,不过二手船交易双方使用这两种版本的较少.日本标准版本比较偏向卖方的利益.国内的二手船交易双方通常也是参照挪威买卖格式的中文译本而订立的.通常,合同文本由卖方提供.因此买方应该熟悉二手船买卖标准版本的内容,以便对卖方提供的合同文本进行合适的修改.Dated:Hereinafter called the Sellers, have agreed to sell, and 此合同的卖方同意出售Hereinafter called the Buyers, have agreed to buy 此合同的买方同意购买Name：名称Classification Society/Class：船级：Built：建造年份： By：造船厂Flag：船旗 Place of Registration)：注册地：Call Sign：呼叫号： Grt/Nrt：总/净吨 Register Number：注册号hereinafter called the Vessel, on the following terms and conditions：此合同的船舶遵循以下条款：Definitions定义"Banking days" are days on which banks are open both in the country of the currency stipulated for the Purchase Price in Clause 1 and in the place of closing stipulated in Clause 8."In writing or "written" means a letter handed over from the Sellers to the Buyers or vice versa, a registered letter, telex, telefax or other modern form of written communication."Classification Society" or "Class" mean the Society referred to in Line 4.“银行日”是指第一条下购买价格的币种可以交易的并在第八条约定的地点附近的银行对外营业的日数。
挪威船舶买卖合同
挪威船舶买卖合同篇一：二手船标准合同文本挪威船舶买卖合同二手船标准合同文本挪威船舶买卖合同（ＮＳＦ８３）＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（下称卖方）与＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（下称买方）就有关＿＿＿＿＿＿（船名）船的买卖事宜达成协议，于＿＿＿＿年＿＿月＿＿日正式订立本合同。
船级：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
建造年份及厂家：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿年由＿＿＿＿＿＿船厂建造。
悬挂旗帜：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
呼号：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
登记号：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
登记地点：＿＿＿＿＿＿。
登记吨位：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
本合同的条款如下：１.船价船价为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
２.保证金为了确保全合同的严格履行，买方应在合同签订日后的＿＿＿＿个银行工作日内支付金额占买价百分之十保证金。
该保证金应存入＿＿＿＿银行所开立的买卖双方的共同帐户上，如有利息应归买方。
开立保证金帐户的费用应由买卖双方均等负担。
３.付款在船舶移交时，上述买价应由＿＿＿银行以＿＿＿支付给＿＿＿＿银行。
该买价不负担银行手续费。
上述付款不行迟于移交工作已准备就绪及卖方已给予买方书面或电传通知后的三个银行工作日。
４.船舶检查买方有权查阅船上的船级记录，并在＿＿＿（时间）内宣布是否予以承认。
卖方应在＿＿＿＿（地方）为买方安排船舶检查。
买方不得因船舶检查而延误船期，否则，买方应向卖方赔偿由此引起的损失。
买方在检查处于漂浮状态的船舶时，不可将其拆解开，也不可给卖方造成费用上的负担。
在检查过程中，船舶的轮机日志和航海日志应提供给买方查阅。
经检查，凭卖方在船舶漂浮检查后四十八小时内收到买方的书面或电传通知为准，一旦船舶获得认可，卖买关系即告确立。
卖方如果未能按上述要求收到买方关于船舶船级记录的认可通知，保证金应立即释放，本合同宣告无效。
５.交船时间和地点船舶应在＿＿＿进行交接。
移交时间/解除合同日期：＿＿＿年＿＿月＿＿日。
卖方应及时地将船舶动态、船舶预计进坞时间和地点告知买方。
交船前，倘若船舶发生全损或推定全损，本合同宣告无效，保证金应立即释放给买方。
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关于SALESFORM 2012 对SALESFORM 1993修改条款的理解“挪威买卖格式”(Norwegian Sale Form , NSF)是适用于二手船买卖的标准合同范本，并且在二手船交易中被广泛使用，历经66、83、87、93、12五次修改，对买卖双方的权利义务规定很完备具体。
本文主要针对最新修改的SALESFORM 2012(以下简称NSF12)与目前还在广泛适用的SALESFORM 1993(以下简称NFS93)的修改条款发表自己的一些理解：前言前言中第一部分是买卖双方以及所购买船舶的基本信息的填写，并没有太大修改，这只是增加了一些细节。
如：NSF93中的“名称”(Name)在NSF12中被修改成了“船名”(Name of vessel), 并增加了“IMO编号”(IMO Number)，使交易的船舶更为明确，避免因船名相同而造成不必要的麻烦。
93合同中的“船级”(Class) 被改为了“入级标志”(Class Notation)。
此外，NSF12将船舶的“建造年份”(Year of Build)以及“造船方/船坞”(Builder/Yard)表示得更清楚，而非NSF93中的“Built”和“By”。
第二部分是对合同中一些术语的定义。
NSF12新增了以下术语的定义：1、“买方指定船旗国”是指______（船旗国国名）。
2、“船级”指上文所提及的入级标志。
3、“船级社”指上文所提及的船级社。
4、“保证金”应与条款2（保证金）含义相同。
5、“保证金持有人”是指______（列明保证金持有人名称及住所），如果不填写，则指卖方的银行，且该银行按照协议持有和释放保证金。
6、“合同双方”指卖方和买方。
7、“购价”指在条款1（购价）中船舶的价格。
8、“卖方账户”指卖方银行中的_____（列明银行账户细节）9、“卖方银行”是指_____（列明银行名称，支行及细节），如果不填写，则指卖方向买方指明的，接受购价余款的银行。
1、购价（Purchase Price）NSF12与NFS93相比增加了购价说明：购价是___（以文字和数字列明货币和数目）。
2、保证金（Deposit）保证金用以确保合同的正确履行，在NSF93中，条款要求买方支付购价10%的保证金，支付期限由合同双方约定，而在NSF12中，买家则是寄存保证金，且数目可以自行约定，如果不填写则默认为购价的10%。
保证金需寄存在保证金持有人为合同双方所设的含利息的账户中。
此外，保证金需在以下日期之后的三个银行交易日内寄存：（1）合同双方签署合同，并且双方通过e-mail或电传交换过原件，并且（2）保证金持有人以书面形式向合同双方确认账户已开启。
由于有了保证金持有人，NSF93中关于“保证金归置于买卖双方共同开设的账户”的约定被删除了。
相对应的，NFS12中增加了约定：持有和释放保证金的费用由合同双方分担。
合同双方要没有拖延地向保证金持有人提供所有必需的文件以开设和维持账户。
此款项的修改使保证金的数目变得灵活可浮动，可以减轻买方的购船压力，也可以用来增强卖方的安全感。
另外，引入保证金持有人可使保证金置于一个使双方认为更安全可靠的地方，使交易更显公平。
3、支付船价（Payment）此条款中，NSF12删去了“购价应全额支付，除去银行手续费”（The said Purchase Price shall be paid in full free of bank charges to）以及“船舶应按合同的条款和条件在每个方面都适于交付”（the Vessel is in every respect physically ready for delivery in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement），并将付款条款修改成：在船舶交付时，但不得迟于在船舶准备就绪通知书依照条款5发布后的三个银行交易日内：（1）保证金应释放给卖家；且（2）购价余款和所有其他在交船时，买方按合同应向卖方支付的所有费用应全额支付到卖方的账户，除去银行手续费。
这实际上使得保证金（deposit）起到了在交船前作为担保，交船时作为预付款的作用。
4、船舶检验（Inspection）在此条款的（b）项中NSF12规定卖方应使船舶在_____（列明地点/范围）, ______（列明日期/期间）时限内可以得到检验。
（available for inspection at/in______(state place/range) within________(state date/period)），而（provide for inspection of the Vessel）删去了NFS93规定得“为船舶提供检验”5、交船时间和地点及通知书（Time and place of delivery and notices）此条款中，NSF12在（a）项中作了添加和改动：船舶应在安全可行的，由卖方选择的______（列明地点/范围）泊位或锚地被交付和接收船舶准备就绪通知书在_____（日期）之后发放提供。
销约日期（见条款5(c),6(a)(iii)和14）：______（b）项中，NSF12作了如下增加：卖方应让买方知晓船舶的行程路线，并向买方提供船舶准备就绪通知书的发放日期及交船地点的通知，该通知提前20,10,5和3天发放。
当船舶在交船地点并已实质上按合同约定适合交船时，卖方应给买方书面的船舶准备就绪通知书。
（c）项中NSF12将所有的7个工作日（7 running days）改为了3个银行交易日（three (3) Banking Days）此外，NSF12将销约及销约不能（Cancellation, failure to cancel）的规定增列为（d）项，并将此规定适用于“接受新销约日期”（acceptance of the new Cancelling Date）的情况。
6、潜水员检查/船舶进坞（Divers Inspection/Drydocking）NSF12中把原先NSF93中的（b）项内容提到了（a）项中：（i）买方可以选择自费安排船级社安排的潜水员在交船前进行水下检查。
这项选择需在卖家依照合同条款5（b）所通知的准备好交船的日期的前9天公布。
卖方需承担花费和费用来使船舶能够得到这种检查。
这项检查不能因不正当理由迟延，并需要船级社检察员在场，检查员由卖方安排，报酬由买方支付。
买方代表有权利在潜水员检查时以观察者的身份出席，只要他不干扰船级社检查员的工作和决定。
后一段中，NSF12将“交船港”（the port of delivery）改为了“交船地”（the place of delivery），并规定当交船地不适合这项检查时，由卖方“承担花费和费用”（at their cost and expense）使船舶到能接受检查的地点，并增加规定，销约日应随地点的转移所需时间而延长。
卖方在水下检查完成前不得发放船舶准备就绪通知书。
在（ii）中，NSF12作出了新的规定：尽管没违反合同，如果船级社在进干船坞检查前没有要求改正先前提到的缺陷，卖方可以带着缺陷交付船舶，但购价要扣除为实施使船级社认可，所预计的直接消费，在此之后买方没有关于缺陷和修理的任何权利。
预计的直接修理花费应为信誉良好或离交船港邻近的两所独立船厂的修理报价的平均值，两份报价分别由买卖双方在作出批注日后的两个银行交易日内提供，除非双方另有约定。
如果合同双方的任一方没有在期限内获得报价，则另一方的报价为直接修理费的唯一依据。
卖方在估价未成立前不得发放船舶就绪通知。
在（b）项中，NSF12将NSF93的（a）作出了修改：卖方应将船开进交付港的干船坞以让船级社检查最深载重线下的水下部分，检查应符合船级社的规定。
如果船舵，螺旋桨，船底或其他水下部分有破损缺陷，影响船舶分级，则卖方应承担费用来弥补这些缺陷，以使船级社认可不作批注。
这种情况下卖方还需支付船舶进出干船坞的费用，包括干船坞的费用和船级社的收费。
如果尾轴系统有问题或缺陷，影响船舶分级，则卖方还需支付相关费用。
以上除外的情况下，一切费用由买方承担。
7、备件，燃油等（Spares, bunkers and other items）此条款中，NSF12对NSF93作出如下删减：卖方所拥有的有无线电装置和导航设备应被包括在买卖中，无需额外费用。
卖方有权将陶器，盘子，餐具，亚麻品和其他有卖方民称标记的物品带上岸，如果他们以不带标记的同种物品替代。
买方在交船港交船日支付净市场价（除去驳运费用）(excluding barging expenses)NSF12又作了如下增加：专属于卖方的图书室，工作室以及船长，官员和船员的个人物品，包括衣物杂用品箱在内不在交易范围内，也没有补偿。
船上的受雇于或由第三方拥有的以下物品不包括在交易内：_________ 在检查时船上的受雇于或由第三方拥有的物品以上未列明的，应由卖家在交船前自费替换或采购。
在买方可接管的燃料中增加液压用油（hydraulic oils）和润滑脂（greases）。
还增加了支付要求：（a）发票或付款凭单上的实际净价（除去驳运费(excluding barging expenses)）或（b）目前在交船日和交船港的市场净价（除去驳运费(excluding barging expenses)），若不行则用按最近的港口的油价。
以此来支付所接管的燃料量。
（for the quantities taken over）另外还作出说明：（a）和（b）可以择一选用，任一项都可删去，不作选择则默认应用（a）项。
8、交船文件（Documentation)此条款中NSF12对NSF93作出了大量的修改。
首先在（a）项中作出了增加。
在（i）中，增加“卖据记载买方指定船旗国，船舶所有权的移交和船舶无抵押贷款的声明”（the Buyers’ Nominated Flag State, transferring title of the Vessel and stating that the Vessel is free from all mortgages）增加（ii）：为了执行、交付和履行合同所有必要的公司、股东和其他卖方已实行的行为的证明；（iii）卖方指定一名或多名代表代表卖方履行合同的委托书，该委托书经公证人证明无误并合法或经旁注的（视情况而定(as appropriate)）；（iv）由船旗国主管机关在交船日发布的证书或注册副本，用以表明卖方对船的所有权及船舶无登记的留置权人和抵押权人，主管机关应将这些文件和交给买方的原件在交船后尽速送至会和处；（v）船级声明或船级维持证书（取决于船级社(depending on the Classification Society)），交船前三天发布以证明船舶已入级且无批注；（vi）没作改动。