12科技文体翻译
第8章+科技文体的翻译
钢制的工具箱放在仓库里。箱里除 了一些标准工具外，还有下列工具: 一把12英寸长的卷尺、铜线、一些 十公分长的铁钉、两脚插头、保险 丝熔线和一个油壶。如发现工具丢 失，请务必通知车间主任。
原译：The box for the tools, which is made of steel, is kept in the room for stores. In addition to the standard tools, it should contain a ruler for measuring up to 12 inches, some wire made of copper, some nails 10 centimeters long, a number of plugs with 2 pins, some wire for fuses and a can containing oil. If any tools are missing, the manager of the workshop should be told.(original version，73 words)
2．非谓语结构
例1． 大多数金属都是 良导体，而银是最好的 导电金属。
原译：Most metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of the metals that conduct electrire good conductors, with silver being the best.
改译：To our great surprise, the only building that survived the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure.
科技文本翻译
普通科技文体
普通科技文体主要包括两个方面:科普文章 (popular science article)及技术文本(technical document).其语场是传播科技知识,描写生产 过程,说明产品的使用方法等.语旨是内行对外 行(scientist-to-layperson writing).语式是采用自 然语言,用词生动,句法简易,文风活泼,多用 修辞格. 无论是科普文章或是技术文本都有较强的劝导性 (persuasiveness),所以普通科技文体常以简洁的 语言,生动的方式把信息传递给受众.
普通科技文体与专用科技文体
Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach. Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach. 通过对比,发现词汇和句法上的差异是明显的.专用科技 文体用术语表达,普通科技文体常用解释性的文字表示.
科技文体
（7）专业术语性强
• 众所周知，科技文章（科普文章除外）均 有一个专业范围。一般来说，其读者均是 “本专业”的科技人员，至少说是文章是 为“本专业”的读者而写的。 • 专业术语是构成科技理论的语言基础，其 余一具有严谨性和单一性。 • 采用术语写作能使文章更加准确而简洁。
பைடு நூலகம்
专业术语十分密集
• It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of coin is increased indefinitely, or “to infinity”, so the binomial distribution becomes identical with the normal distribution. For each kind of random event there is an underlying distribution. The normal or Gaussian distribution is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory. Many distributions like binomial tend to become more and more like the normal as the number of events or the size of the sample increases.
1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告 和方案； 2. 各类科技情报和文字资料；
•这两项科技英语，在文体学 上统称为科学散文。 (scientific prose)
刘宓庆《文体与翻译》(第2版)配套题库-科技文体的特点及翻译要点【圣才出品】
第六章科技文体6.1 科技文体的特点及翻译要点Practice 1The laptop computer is a small, portable computer that’s light and small enough to hold on your lap. It is smaller than a luggage but larger than a notebook computer. A laptop usually weighs between 8 and 14 pounds, and when folded shut is about the size of a small briefcase. Laptops can be plugged in or run on batteries, although the batteries must be recharged every few hours. Laptop computers use a thin, light weight display screen called a flat-panel display, rather than the cathode ray tube technology of larger personal computers. Laptop displays vary widely in quality. Typically, their display screens show fewer lines than displays on larger computers and can be difficult to read in bright light. Laptops are self-contained units, having their own CPUs, memory, and disk drives. While more expensive than a desktop computer with equivalent computing power, a laptop can be ideal for the on-the-go user who needs a second, portable computer. Laptops aren’t always a suitable replacement for desktop computer, since they can’t be expanded or modified easily should your computing needs change. Also, the display is inferior to standard video graphics array（VGA）displays, although active matrix displays compete well except for size.[人民大学2004研]【参考译文】膝上型计算机是一种小型便携式计算机，重量轻，机型小，可以放在膝上使用。
科技文体翻译(第二版)
常用文体翻译科技翻译Internet最初的中译名多达十几种，分为音译和意译两种。
其中意译名主要在“国际”、“全球”、“电脑”、“计算机”、“资讯”、“交互”、“互联”、“网路”……这些词语的范围内加以选取和组配，多则9个汉字，少则3个汉字，但无论如何选配均有其不足之处。
因为Internet是指由美国国防部ARPA 网演变而来的采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网，是多种互联网中的一种。
因此Internet为专指性专有名词，而internet为泛指性普通名词，泛指各种互联的计算机网络。
所以将Internet翻译为上述泛指性译名是不妥的。
音译主要有“英特网”和“因特网”两种。
“英特网”本可继续采用，但按照新华社的外国人名、地名音译标准in为“因”，ing为“英”；此外，不采用“英特网”的另一个主要原因是为了避免与英特尔公司的“英特网”相混淆。
全国科学技术名词审定委员会经过长期的审议于1997年7 月发布了推荐名“因特网”。
（吴同，1998）科技文体的范畴科技英语（English for science and technology）现在已经成为一种独立的文体。
其具体内容包括：“一、科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；二、各类科技情报和文字资料；三、科技实用手册；四、有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；五、有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词；六、科技发明、发现的报道；七、科学幻想小说等。
”科技英语的特点◆任何作品均有其特定的文体，原文文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。
科技英语亦不例外。
因此，要做好该类文体的翻译实践，就必须了解科技英语的特点。
试比较下面两个例子的文体特点：◆例1"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.""A wonderful job.""Are you going to take it?""I don't think so.""Why not?'"I don't want to."“听说有个很好的工作要你去干。
科技文体翻译
• 谢谢欣赏
•
二、工作原理 数码相机是集光学、机械、电子技术于 一体的产品。它集成了影像信息的转换、存 储和传输等部件，具有数字化存取模式，与 电脑交互处理和实时拍摄等特点。光线通过 镜头或者镜头组进入相机，通过成像元件转 化为数字信号，数字信号通过影像运算芯片 处理后储存在存储设备中。 数码相机的成像元件是CCD或者CMOS， 该成像元件的特点是光线通过时，能根据光 线的不同转化为不同的电子信号。数码相机 最早出现在美国，20多年前，美国曾利用 它通过卫星向地面传送照片，后来数码摄影 转为民用并不断拓展应用范围。
科技文体翻译
Introduction of New Digital Camera
Ⅱ The Working Principle
• Digital Camera is a optical, mechanical, electronic integrated products. It integrates image information conversion, storage and transmission components, with digital access mode, with computer processing and real-time interactive shooting and so on. Light through the lens or lens group into the camera, the imaging device into a digital signal, digital signal through the images stored in the memory chip computing device. Digital camera is the CCD imaging device or a CMOS, the imaging component is characterized by the light through, according to the different light into electronic signals. Digital cameras first appeared in the United States, more than 20 years ago, the United States had to use it to send photos via satellite to the ground, and later converted to civilian use of digital photography and constantly expanding range of applications.
第十二章科技文体翻译教案
课堂实战练习：
产品能量值是加工产品所消耗的总能量，它由加工过程中所用的能源、原材料、劳动力、以及能源和原材料的运输能供的能值所组成。
Energy value of a product,being the total amount of energy consumedin the production of the product, consists ofenergy valuescontributed bymaterials,labours and energies consumed during the processing, as well as the energy values provided by the transportation of energy resources and matters.
E.g.2.
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
在本句中of displacement of water by solid bodies是名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement这一事实。
Cutting tools should be inspected carefully prior to use.
6、自动生产线工作正常。
The automatic production line is found in proper operation.
10科技英语的翻译
10. Translation of EST科技英语的特点与翻译科技英语一般是指科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案等文字资料的书面英语。
科技英语文体通常有如下几个特点。
I. 词汇特点plot plan建筑总图Damping 阻尼Resistance力学“阻力”电学“电阻”Resistance to heat 耐热性Resistance to wear 耐磨性Hydroxide氢氧化物Easequantitative easing量化宽松货币政策Isotope同位素Carrier邮递员-邮政业航空母舰–军事搬运工–运输业载体–化学带菌者、媒介物—医药学底盘—车辆制造载波–无线电托架、传导管—机械2.非专业词汇科技文体除使用专业词汇和术语外，还大量使用普通词汇，这时，普通词汇词义多样，用法灵活。
Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。
Whichever the two two-way switches（双路开关）are left, one of the wires is “alive” and the other is dead.无论两个双路开关合在那一边。
两根导线中总有一根是带电的，一根是不带电的。
Such a ring of conductors is called an electric circuit.导体的这样一个环路称为电路。
II. 词法特点科技英语的一个明显特点是名词化倾向，即广泛使用名词词组，简化句子结构，追求言简意赅的效果。
oil pump 油泵network information centre 网络信息中心test -tube baby 试管婴儿the automation of information management andoffice automation信息管理和办公室管理的自动化room temperature 室温Power generation 发电The problem is now under intensive study.这个问题目前正在广泛研究之中。
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科普文章举例
达尔文的《物种起源》选段
It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.
Another well-known statistical distribution is the Poisson distribution. If we are dealing with the frequency of occurrence of events which occur at random in time and space, we should expect the Poisson distribution to play some part in the calculation.
ST Translation
科技文体的一般特征
(1) 无人称（Impersonal) (2) 语气正式 (Formal in Mode of Speech) (3) 陈述客观、准确(Objective and Accurate in
Statement) (4) 语言规范 (Standard in Language) (5) 文体质朴 (Unadorned in stylistics) (6) 逻辑性强 (Strict in Logic) (7) 专业术语性强 (Concentrated in Technical Terms)
机械专业术语意义
孔环 吊钩 开度 喷嘴 手柄，指针 厚薄规 支座 冒口，刀架
语言特征都不是绝对的。
现代科普英语出现了与上述文体特征并行 的趋势，即强调摆脱科技文体的因袭文风 (EST Stereotype)，力求洗刷科技文章的枯涩 与沉闷感(Dullness and Heaviness)。
（1）无人称
绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。 这 主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学发现 或科技实事。 尽管科技活动系人类所为，但由于科 技文章所报告的主要是这种科技的结果或自然规律， 而不是报告这些结果或自然规律是由谁发现或完成 的，因此，科技文章往往没有人称。
无人称不是绝对的；总的来说，人称句在科技文 章中的比例很小。
(7) 专业术语性强
专业术语十分密集
It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of coin is increased indefinitely, or “to infinity”, so the binomial distribution becomes identical with the normal distribution. For each kind of random event there is an underlying distribution. The normal or Gaussian distribution is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory. Many distributions like binomial tend to become more and more like the normal as the number of events or the size of the sample increases.
(美学修辞手段：隐喻、拟人、排比等) 这是科技文体的变异，但并不是科技文体特征的
主流。
科技文章的句法特征
（１）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性， 汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文” 而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语； 英语中则常使用The author thinks that…/The authors have investigated …/This paper illustrates…等句式。
(From BBC, Scientifically Speaking)
借用人体器官名称的专业术语
英语
eye ear mouth nose hand finger foot head neck body hair tooth
日常用语意义
眼 耳 口 鼻 手 手指 脚 头 颈 身体 头发 牙齿
（5）文体质朴
在修辞手段上，科技文章以交际修辞为主 （Dominated in communicative rhetoric), 文风质朴、描述准确，不像文学文 体那样富于美学修辞（Aesthetic rhetoric) 手段和艺术色彩。
主要表现在语言的统一性（Unity)和连贯 性(Coherence)强，语句平衡匀密，简洁而 不单调，语句长而不累赘、迂回。