工程管理专业英语_3.3
工程管理专业英语
第二段：
Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project.
一般来说，项目管理是区别于一般以任务为导向项目性质的 企业管理。
同样，许多运筹学技术例如线性规划和网络分析现在广泛使 用于许多知识或应用领域。 Hence, the representation in Figure2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves.
在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工 的适当协调控制来实施各项运作。
Development of effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants.
在项目的一开始，这些冲突必须通过必要的权衡或新的备 选方案来解决。
Subsequently, the functions of project management for construction generally include the following:
其次，建设项目管理的功能一般包括以下内容：
项目的特定目标和计划，包括划定范围、编制预算、行程 安排、设置性能要求，和选择项目参与者。
Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor, materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan.
工程管理专业英语
Specialized English for Construction Management
Email:myy_11@
什么是专业英语？
普通英语 (Common or Ordinal English) ——通用、普遍的 基础词汇以及听说读写
科技英语 (English for Science and Technology)
专业英语 (English for Special Science and Technology) □ 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念
、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻 译方法，特别注意客观事实和真理，表达准确(accuracy) 、精炼(conciseness)和正式(f专业性、涉及的面 更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。 □ 专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系，专业英语的学习 需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的 词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。
Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型
□ Field-labor-intensive 现场劳动密集型的 □ Account for 占，说明 □ Fiscal 财政的 □ Skyscraper 摩天大楼 □ Sophistication 老于世故，老练，复杂 □ Oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 □ Footpath 人行道，小路 □ Pipeline 管道，管线 □ Earthmover 重型推土机 □ Crane 起重机
□ human endeavor 人类活动
□ Educational philosophies and practices take shape in the architecture
工程管理专业英语试题(含答案)
《工程管理专业英语》期末试题1一、词汇汉译英1.Project scheduling：项目企划2.individual project：单项工程3.framed structure：框架结构4.buckling：弯曲、翘曲5.foundation settlement：基础沉降6.line of action and the sense of the force：力的作用线和力的指向7.statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构8.Rate of expansion：伸长率9.Simulation: 仿真10.Relative height：相对高度（高差）11.Pavement：人行道12.Bulldozer：推土机13.Dummy：虚工序14.Withdrawal：撤回二、词汇汉译英1.钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete2.抗压强度：compression strength3.恒载：dead loads4.总承包商：general contractors5.预算：budget6.承重墙：bearing wall7.规范、说明书：specification8.水平荷载：vertical load9.流动资金：working capital10.合同管理：contract management11.工程量清单：bill of quantities12.垫层砂浆：bedding mortar13.刚度：rigidity三、典型句子英译汉1、All these loads depend largely on the location of the building, have to be taken by the structural system from all points and manners of application and transferred to the foundations.所有这些荷载，在很大程度上取决于建筑物的位置，这些荷载由结构体系从各个点以各种作用方式传递到基础。
工程管理专业英语翻译
1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2.In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5.In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。
管理学(英语)教学大纲
《管理学（英语）》教学大纲课程编号：课程类型：学科基础课总学时：48讲课学时：实验（上机）学时：学分：3适用对象：工业工程先修课程：无一、课程的教学目标《管理学（英语）》是为工商管理学院工商管理专业国际班本科生开设的专业基础课，本课程通过全英文授课的形式，向学生传授管理学的基本概念、重点理论和一般方法，帮助学生树立和开阔国际化视野，熟悉前沿的现代管理理念，培养较高的管理学科素养，为进一步学习专业管理课程和从事管理工作打下坚实的管理知识基础。
同时，通过本课程的学习，学生将具备较高水平的管理学专业英语阅读能力和运用英语进行管理沟通的能力，进而为将来学习其他管理学相关的双语或全英文课程、出国交流与深造、加入国际化公司工作奠定基础。
二、教学基本要求（黑体，小四号字）教学基本要求应包括：本课程主要教学内容包括管理与组织导论、管理思想史、织的文化与环境、全球环境中的管理、社会责任与管理道德、决策、计划、战略管理、组织结构与设计、管理沟通与信息技术、人力资源管理、变革与创新管理、领导、理解群体与团队、激励员工、控制、运营等。
其中，社会责任与管理道德、决策、战略管理、变革与创新管理、领导、理解群体与团队等内容将采取课堂教授与案例分析方法，以便学生能够灵活掌握这些章节的知识点。
教学方法与手段：运用启发式教学、案例教学等方式，寓教于乐，激发学生的学习热情，强调学生在课堂学习中的自主意识，主张使学生成为课堂的主人，在教学中运用多媒体手段并配合板书，强调学习过程学生的参与。
对实践教学环节的要求：为了保证学生在课后能积极思考，课后需要布置一定量的案例讨论或思考题，并在下节课留出一定课时在课堂讨论，课堂发言和课后作业作为平时成绩之一。
课程的考核方式：建议本课程综合采用多种考核方法，案例分析成绩占总成绩40%，期末考试宜采取闭卷的方式，占总成绩的60%。
三、各教学环节学时分配（黑体，小四号字）教学课时分配4.3 Doing Business Globally.4.4 Managing In A Global Environment.四、教学内容Chapter1Introduction to Management and Organizations1.1 Who Are Managers?▪Explain how managers differ from non-managerial employees.▪Describe how to classify managers in organizations.1.2 What Is Management?▪Define management.▪Explain why efficiency and effectiveness are important to management.1.3 What Do Managers Do?▪Describe the four functions of management.▪Explain Mintzberg’s managerial roles.▪Describe Katz’s three essential managerial skills and how the importanceof these skills changes depending on managerial level.▪Discuss the changes that are impacting manager’s jobs.▪Explain why customer service and innovation are important to the manager’s job.1.4 What Is An Organization?▪Explain the characteristics of an organization.▪Describe how today’s organizations are structured.1.5 Why Study Management?▪Discuss why it’s important to understand management.▪Explain the universality of management concept.▪Describe the rewards and challenges of being a manager.教学重点、难点：本章重点讲授管理的基本概念、职能，管理者的类型、角色和技能，管理学科与其他学科的关系。
工程管理方法英文作文
工程管理方法英文作文英文：Project management is an essential part of any successful project. There are various methods andtechniques that can be used to manage a project effectively. In my experience, I have found that the Agile methodology and the Waterfall methodology are two of the most popular and effective methods.The Agile methodology is a flexible and adaptive approach to project management. It involves breaking a project down into smaller, more manageable tasks, and then prioritizing them based on their importance. The team works in short iterations, typically two to four weeks, and atthe end of each iteration, they deliver a working productor feature. This approach allows for more frequent feedback and collaboration between the team and stakeholders, which helps to ensure that the project stays on track and meets the needs of the stakeholders.The Waterfall methodology, on the other hand, is a more structured and sequential approach to project management.It involves breaking a project down into distinct phases, such as planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. Each phase must be completed before the next one can begin, and there is little room for changes or adjustments once a phase has been completed. This approach is best suited for projects with well-defined requirements and a clear scope.In my experience, I have found that the Agile methodology is best suited for projects that are complex and require a high degree of flexibility and collaboration. For example, when I was working on a software development project, we used the Agile methodology to manage the project. We were able to deliver a working product every two weeks, which allowed us to get frequent feedback from the stakeholders and make adjustments as needed. This approach helped us to stay on track and deliver a successful product.On the other hand, I have also used the Waterfall methodology for projects that have well-defined requirements and a clear scope. For example, when I was working on a construction project, we used the Waterfall methodology to manage the project. We were able to break the project down into distinct phases, such as planning, design, construction, and final inspection. This approach helped us to stay organized and ensure that each phase was completed before moving on to the next one.中文：工程管理是任何成功项目的重要组成部分。
工程管理专业英语(3)
Rights and obligations of Employer
Appoint the Engineer[3] Give the Contractor right of access to the site[2.1] Permits, Licences or Approvals[2.2] Financial arrangements[2.4] Employer’s claims[2.5] Termination by employer[15]
If the Employer intends to make any material change to his financial arrangements, the Employer shall give notice to the Contractor with detailed particulars.
to the extent (that)在法律文件中的用法: 只要，如果; 在…范围/限度内; 就……来说; 在……方面，在这个意义上
Permits, Licences or Approvals[2.2]
The Employer shall (where he is in a position to do so) provide reasonable assistance to the Contractor at the request of the Contractor:
这一金额可在合同价格和付款证书中列为扣减额。 雇主应仅有权按照本款， 从付款证书确认的金额 中抵消或扣除，或另外向承包商提出索赔。
Termination by Employer[15]
(a) fails to comply with Sub-Clause 4.2 [Performance Security] or with a notice under Sub-Clause 15.1 [Notice to Correct], (b)abandons the Works or otherwise plainly demonstrates the intention not to continue performance of his obligations under the Contract, (c) without reasonable excuse fails: to proceed with the Works and to comply with a notice (d) subcontracts the whole of the Works or assigns the Contract without the required agreement, (e) becomes bankrupt or insolvent (f) gives or offers to give (directly or indirectly) to any person any bribe, gift, gratuity, commission or other thing of value, as an inducement or reward: any action in relation to the Contract, or any person in relation to the Contract
工程管理复试英语自我介绍
工程管理复试英语自我介绍英文回答：I am thrilled and honored to be here today to introduce myself and share my qualifications for the Master's program in Construction Management. My name is [Your Name], and I am from [Your Country]. I hold a Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from [Your University], where I graduated with honors.My passion for construction management stems from my deep-seated desire to contribute to the built environment and create structures that enhance the lives of individuals and communities. Throughout my undergraduate studies, I delved into the technical aspects of construction,including structural analysis, construction methods, and project management. This solid foundation equipped me with the analytical and problem-solving skills necessary to excel in the field.Beyond my academic pursuits, I have gained invaluable practical experience through internships andextracurricular activities. I worked as a project engineer intern at [Company Name], where I assisted in the design and construction of various infrastructure projects. This hands-on experience provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the construction process, from concept to completion.Furthermore, I am actively involved in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) as a student chapter leader. Through this platform, I have organized events, participated in industry workshops, and engaged with professionals in the field. These experiences have fostered my leadership skills, networking abilities, and commitment to the industry.My research interests lie at the intersection of construction management and sustainability. I amparticularly fascinated by the potential of green building practices to reduce environmental impact and promote occupant well-being. I believe that the constructionindustry has a pivotal role to play in creating a more sustainable future, and I am eager to contribute to this important endeavor.I am confident that my academic background, practical experience, and passion for construction management make me an ideal candidate for this program. I am eager to delve deeper into the complexities of construction management, expand my knowledge, and develop the skills necessary to become a transformative leader in the industry. I am particularly interested in exploring the program's focus on project management, engineering principles, and sustainability.I believe that the University of [University Name] is the perfect environment for me to pursue my academic and professional goals. The program's renowned faculty, state-of-the-art facilities, and strong industry connections provide an unparalleled platform for growth and development.I am excited about the prospect of collaborating with my peers, learning from industry experts, and contributing to the advancement of the construction field.Thank you for your time and consideration. I am eager to learn more about your program and the opportunities it offers to aspiring construction professionals like myself.中文回答：大家好，很荣幸今天在这里自我介绍，并分享我申请土木工程硕士项目的资格。
(完整版)工程管理专业英语词汇短语
Part1market demand 市场需求facility 设施the speculative housing market 投机性住宅市场the real estate developer 房地产开发商government agency 政府机构public project 公共项目project management 项目管理the conceptual planning stage 概念规划阶段feasibility 可行性in-house 内部的，内业的the project life cycle 项目生命周期from cradle to grave 从开始到结束knowledge domain 知识领域construction industry 建筑业spectrum 波普，光谱，范围residential housing construction 房屋住宅建设subcontractor 分包商institutional and commercial building construction 办公与商业用房建设specialized industrial construction 专业化工业项目建设infrastructure and heavy construction 重大基础项目建设architectural and engineering(A/E)firm 建筑与工程设计公司consortium 财团，株式会社preliminary design 初步设计general contractor 总承包商on site quality inspection 现场质量监督litigation 法律诉讼shop drawings 施工图constructability 可建造性，可施工性value engineering 价值工程construction contract 施工合同design/construct firm 设计、施工公司turnkey 交钥匙（承发包）模式facility maintenance 设施维护Part2project integration management 项目综合管project scope management 项目范围管理project time management 项目时间管理project cost management 项目成本管理project quality management 项目质量管理project human resource management 项目人力资源管理project communications management 项目沟通管理project risk management 项目风险管理project procurement management 项目采购管理contractual relationships 合同关系changes 工程变更claims 施工索赔mega-projects 巨型项目“functional”organization “职能式”组织“project”organization “项目式”组织suborganizations 次级组织strong matrix-type suborganization 强矩阵式次级组织interpersonal influence 人际间影响力formal authority 正式的授权reward and/or penalty power 奖励和/或惩罚的权利matrix organization 矩阵式组织hierarchical structure 层级结构Part3job-site productivity 工作现场生产率non-productive activities 非生产性工作temporary work stoppage 临时性工作暂停union activities 工作活动performance analysis 绩效分析base labor productivity 基准劳动生产率labor productivity index 劳动力生产指数non-local labor 非当地用工productive labor yield 劳动力产出requisitions 询价purchase orders 订购单subcontracts 分包合同shipping and receiving documents 装船与接收文件invoices 发票bulk materials 大众材料standard off-the-shelf materials 现货材料fabricated members or units 预制构件或单元semi-processed state 半成品状态pre-processed 预加工的pressure vessels 压力容器field assembly 现场装配skilled craftsmen 熟练技工crawler mounting 履带式底盘claim shell 抓铲挖土机`dragline 拉铲挖土机backhoe 反铲挖土机shovel 正铲挖土机bulldozer 推土机rotary-percussion drills 旋转冲击钻bituminous 沥青Part4economic evaluation 经济评价the planning horizon 规划期cash flow profile 现金流量图minimum attractive rate of return(MARR) 最低收益率sensitivity or uncertainty analysis 敏感性或不确定性分析annual benefit 年收益annual cost 年费用net annual cash flow 年净现金流量opportunity cost 机会成本social rate of discount 社会贴现率profit measure利润指标值private corporations 私营股份制公司public agencies 公共机构net future value(NFV) /净终值net present value(NPV) 净现值equivalent uniform annual net value (NUV)等额净年值capital recovery factor 资金回收因子benefit-cost ratio(BCR) 收益-费用比profitability index 盈利指数saving-to-investment ratio(SIR) 存款投资比率absolute numerical measure 绝对指数internal rate of return(IRR) 内部收益率marginal efficiency of capital 边际资本收益return on investment(ROI) 投资收益payback period(PBP) 投资回收期profit maximization利润最大化public sector 公共领域basic principle 基本原理nonnegative 非负的budget constraint 预算限制incremental analysis 追加分析internal rate of return method 内部收益率法Part5Word Bank-financed projects 世界银行融资贷款项目foreign bidders 海外投标人civil works 土木工程I nternational Competitive Bidding(ICB) 竞争性国际招标Limited International Bidding 有限国际招标National Competitive Bidding 国内竞争性招标International Shopping 国际订购Direct Contracting 直接签约General Procurement Notice 通用采购公告prequalification 资格预审bidding documents 招标文件domestic contractors 国内承包商instructions to bidders 投标人须知conditions of contract 合同条件specifications of drawings 技术规范与图纸bill of quantities 工程量清单payment terms 支付条件minutes of the conference 会议纪要pre-bid conferences 标前会议site visits 现场踏勘substantially responsive 实质性响应the lowest evaluated cost 经评审的最低造价Part6the sealed bids 密封的投标报价construction company 建筑公司marketing strategy 市场营销策略long-term goals 长期目标client relationships 客户关系short-term goal 短期目标direct costs estimate 直接费估算mark-up 涨价溢价company or head office overheads 公司或总部管理费unrealistic bids 不切实际的报价owner-contractor agreement 业主与承包商之间订立的合同standard form of agreement 标准合同形式American Institute of Architects(AIA) 美国建筑师协会bonus and penalty clauses 奖励与惩罚条款lump-sum agreement 总价合同changer order 变更单written authorization 书面授权unit-price agreement 单价合同quantity takeoff 工程量清单cost-plus-fee agreements 成本加酬金合同equity partners 股权伙伴rental rates 出租比例percentage fee 百分百酬金合同fixed fee 固定酬金合同changes 工程变更contract award 合同授予changes clause 变更条款publicly financed project 公共融资项目extra work 附加工作the prime contractor 主承包商Part7the International Federation of Consulting Engineering 国际咨询师联合会the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Constructions FIDIC施工合同条件the General Conditions （FIDIC）通用条件the Particular Conditions （FIDIC）专业条件the Appendix to Tender （FIDIC）投标附录arbitration 仲裁，裁决Dispute Adjudication Board（DBA）争议仲裁委员会Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction 土木工程施工合同条件Conditions of Contract for Electrical and Mechanical Work 机电安装工程合同条件Conditions of Contract for Design-Build and Turnkey设计-建造于交钥匙合同条件Client/Consultant Model Services Agreement 客户/咨询师服务协议Conditions of Subcontract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction 土木工程分包合同条件Guides to the Use of the Different FIDIC Conditions of Contract 各种FIDIC合同条件应用指南Amicable Settlement of Construction Disputes 施工争端友好解决方式Insurance of Large Civil Engineering Projects 大型土木工程保险The Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build （FIDIC）安装与设计-建造合同The Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects （FIDIC）EPC/交钥匙项目合同条件The Short Form of Contract （FIDIC）简短格式合同The Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Works （FIDIC）疏浚与防洪工程合同格式priced contract with activity schedule 总价合同priced contract with bill of quantities 单价合同target contract with activity schedule 目标总价合同target contract with bill of quantities 目标单价合同cost reimbursable contract 成本补偿合同performance bond 履约保函parent company guarantee 母公司担保advance payment 预付款retention （工程)留置权bonus for early completion 工期提前奖delays damages 误期损害surety 担保financial loan 商业贷款insurance policy 保险政策in breach of contract 合同违约bid bond 投标担保justification （正当的）理由labor and material bond 劳动力与原材料担保lien bond 留置权担保comprehensive general liability insurance 综合责任险professional liability insurance职业责任险workers’compensation insurance 工人补偿险builder’s risk fire insurance 施工方火灾险Part8construction planning 施工计划the choice of technology 施工技术的选择the definition of work tasks 工作任务的定义the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks 所需资源和各项工作持续时间的估算reasoning backward 逆向推理normative problem 规范性问题cost control 成本控制schedule control 进度控制critical path scheduling procedures 关键线路进度控制程序job shop scheduling procedures 工作现场进度控制程序work breakdown 工作分解manufacturing terminology加工制造业术语resource allocations 资源分配fore-runner 先行者laborious and tedious process 复杂和枯燥的过程general models 通用模型databases and information systems 数据库和信息系统the storage and recall of the activities工作活动的存储于记忆manpower 人力，劳动力the duration of the activity 工作活动的持续时间placing concrete on site 现场浇筑混凝土placing forms 支设模板installing reinforcing steel 绑扎钢筋pouring concrete 浇筑混凝土finishing the concrete 混凝土养护removing forms 模板拆除position forms on the cleaning station 在清理场所码放的模板hierarchical structure 层级结构work breakdown structure 工作结构分解precedence relations 先导顺序关系structural integrity结构整体性design drawings 设计图纸milestone events 里程碑事件lag 时间间隔computer based simulation 基于计算机的模拟excavation equipment 开挖机械\Part9critical path method(CPM) 关键路线发predecessor/successor activities先导/后续工作resource constraint 资源约束artificial precedence constraint 人为先导关系约束activity-branch network 双代号网络图dummy activity 虚工作earliest time schedule 最早时间进度latest time schedule 最迟时间进度float 时差，机动时间maneuvering room 可调整的余地free float 自由时差independent float 独立时差total float 总时差inter-relationships 相互关系graphical presentations of project schedules 项目进度的图形表达network diagrams 网络图time-scaled network 时标网络bar or Gantt chart 横道或甘特图horizontal axis 横轴，横坐标vertical axis 纵轴，纵坐标S-curves S型曲线resource graphs 资源图uncertainty associated with the actual durations与实际持续时间相关的不确定性regulatory approval 行政许可adverse weather 不利的天气contingency allowance 应急准备probabilistic perspective概率的角度independent random variables 相互独立的随机变量random fluctuations 随机波动positive correlations正相关over-optimistic 过于乐观的Part10e-construction 工程返工personal injuries 人身伤害conformance 遵守，服从re-evaluation of design decisions设计决策的重要评估tunneling methods 隧道开掘方法actual site conditions 现场的实际状况roadway rehabilitation 公路路面返修quality assurance 质量保证n-site inspections 现场监督检查US Occupational Safety and Health Administration（OSHA）美国职业安全与健康署violation of existing standard 违反现行规范标准employee participation in quality control 质量控制的员工参与statistical methods 统计方法batches of materials 材料批implicit assumption 隐含的假设total quality control 全面质量控制zero defects goal 零缺陷目标quality circles 质量环“optimum”proportion “最佳”的比例non-destructive techniques 非破坏性技术x-ray inspection of welds 焊接的X光检测exhaustive or 100% testing 全数或100%检测lot 母体，总体sampling by attributes 特征抽样sampling by variables 变量抽样direct costs 直接成本indirect costs 间接成本construction accidents 工程事故insurance premiums 保险赔偿unsecured railings 未经保护的围栏on-board electronics面板电子元器件asbestosis 矽肺，石棉肺sewer line 排污管道four lane street 四车道道路Part11construction yard and warehouse management information 施工仓储管理信息concrete pumps 混凝土泵warehouse clerks 仓储管理员daily rental charge 日租金tedious manual task 繁琐的手工作业application programs 应用程序duplicate 复制verbal description 文字描述warehouse inventory database 仓储清单数据库relational data model 关系数据模型data dictionary 数据字典numerical code 数据编码redundancy 冗余aggregate 集料，骨料external models of the information 外部信息模型algebraic theory 代数理论projection 映射advantages of distributed processing 分散式处理的优点dynamic changes in information needs 信息需求的动态变化untidy information 凌乱的信息information flow 信息流preprocessor system 预处理系统independent systems 独立系统geometric information 图形信息。
工程管理专业英语相关翻译
1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。
这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。
许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。
2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。
Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。
in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。
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5.a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine. 保持机器移动性和稳定性的运载工具或底盘。 6. a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units. 包含动力和控制单元的可旋转舱面或转盘。 7. a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation. 在操作中提供特殊功能服务的前置附加装置。
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Drilling and Blasting 钻孔和爆破 25. Rock excavation is an audacious task requiring special equipment and methods. 岩石开挖是一项艰难的工作，需要特殊的设备和方法。 26. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness. 这项工作的难以程度依赖于要开挖的岩石类型的物理性质。 例如粒径大小、软弱位面、风化度、脆度和硬度。 27. The task of rock excavation includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting. 岩石开挖任务包括松散、装载、拉动和压实。 28. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling, blasting or ripping. 松散操作只是针对岩石开挖的，通过钻孔、爆破或者（人工） 劈凿实现。
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29.Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills, rotary drills, and rotary-percussion drills. 钻孔设备的主要类型包括冲击钻、旋转钻和旋转冲击钻。 30.A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on the upstroke. 冲击钻的工作原理是在其旋转式依靠冲击力刺入和切削岩石，在它向 上挑的时候并不切削岩石。 mon types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is handheld and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. 普通形式的冲击钻包括一个手提钻和为了便于移动而安装在固定框架 或货车或爬行器的其他部分。 32.A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface. 旋转钻的工作原理是使岩石表面旋转位移。 33. A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting movements to provide a faster penetration in rock.. 旋转冲击钻是结合了两种切削mounting for all machines in Figure 3-3 is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged surfaces at a job site. 图3-3中所示机器的底盘形态都是履带式底盘，尤其适用 于在地面比较崎岖的施工现场爬行。 9. Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for their operation. 其他底座的类型包括卡车式底盘和轮子式底盘，在施工现 场具有更大的移动性，但是它们运行需要比较好的路面情 况。
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Excavation and Loading 开挖和装载 3.One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 3-3. 用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图 3-3所示的各种机器。 4.The crane-shovel consists of three major components: 起重式挖掘机由三个主要的部分组成：
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带吊钩的起重机
蛤壳/抓铲
索斗铲/拉铲
反铲挖土机
铲子/正铲
打桩机
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12. A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab. 拖拉机包括一个履带式底盘和一个不可转动的驾驶舱组成。 13. When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor, the assembly is called a bulldozer. 当把推土板安装到拖拉机的前段时，这样的装置就叫做推 土机。 14. When a bucket is attached to its front end, the assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader. 把铲斗连接在它的前段，这样的装置就成了装卸机或者叫 铲斗式装卸机。 15. There are different types of loaders designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and moisture contents. （目前）已经有不同种类的装卸机被设计出来用以有效地 处理不同重量和水分含量的材料。
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Compaction and Grading 压实和平整场地 19. The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. 压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生跟高的密度。 20.The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration. 在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震 动力。 21. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction. 可能达到的压实度取决于土质、土的含水量、所压实土层的 厚度以及压实的方法。
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16. Scrapers are multiple-units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork. 铲运机由拖拉机式卡车和刮板式铲斗多个部分装备结合而 成，易于完成土方工作的装卸和拖运。 17. Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three axle scrapers, twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers, elevating scrapers, and push-pull scrapers. 铲运机的主要型号包括单引擎双轴或三轴铲运机、双引擎 全驱动轮的铲运机、升运式铲运机、推拉式铲运机。 18. Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistance, maneuverability stability, and speed in operation. 每一种型号运行时的滚动阻力、机动稳定性以及速度方面 各具特色。
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10. The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/or the revolving deck. 转盘包括一个容纳人操作底盘和/或转盘的驾驶室。 11. The types of front end attachments in Figure 3-3 might include a crane with hook, claim shell, dragline, backhoe, shovel and pile driver. 图3-3中前置的附加装置大致包括：带吊钩的起重机、蛤壳、 索斗铲、反铲挖土机、铲子和打桩机。