主题讲座(三)：人鱼之战与人妖之战：从《白鲸》谈起兼论中外文学中的人与自然之争
《白鲸记》：人与自然的命运共鸣
白鲸记：人与自然的命运共鸣引言《白鲸记》是美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔于1851年发表的一部小说。
这部小说以捕鲸船“埃斯塔丰号”与一只巨型白色座头鲸“莫比·迪克”之间的殊死较量为主线，深入探讨了人类与自然之间的复杂关系。
通过描述船长艾哈伊布·安姆斯特朗与他带领的船员们追逐白鲸的历程，梅尔维尔借此展示了人类对自然的力量和其不可抗拒性。
人类对自然力量的渴望和挑战追逐白鲸的动机在小说中，船长安姆斯特朗将捕杀怀恩海滩上升到了信仰和执念，在他心目中，白鲸代表着神性、毁灭和命运。
他对白鲸的渴望象征着人类对强大力量的追求，并从中得到满足。
挑战自然界所带来的风险随着船员们与白鲸展开殊死搏斗，他们逐渐意识到自然界的强大和不可预测性。
航行在汹涌的海洋上，面对巨大的座头鲸，船员们要付出极大的努力和勇气才能应对自然界的挑战。
自然力量与人类命运的共鸣人类与自然的相互依存关系《白鲸记》揭示了人类和自然之间紧密相连的关系。
船员们追逐白鲸，事实上也是在与自然界相互作用。
他们希望从捕杀白鲸中获得物质利益，但在这个过程中也暴露出了他们对自然力量毫无掌控能力的事实。
人类无法战胜自然等级秩序小说中，作者通过描绘白色座头鲸“莫比·迪克”的无尽险恶以及对安姆斯特朗及其船员造成的灾难性伤害来展示人类无法战胜自然等级秩序的现实。
这使得我们再次认识到尊重和保护自然资源的重要性。
结论《白鲸记》是一部警示人类与自然关系脆弱和不对等的文学作品。
通过描述人类对自然力量的渴望和挑战，以及作为个体和群体面对自然界的无力感，梅尔维尔成功地揭示了人类与自然共存共荣的命运共鸣。
这部小说提醒着我们要尊重和珍视大自然，同时反思我们对自然世界的掠夺行为，并在保护环境方面发挥积极作用。
意识的潜泳——从精神分析角度解读《白鲸》
意识的潜泳——从精神分析角度解读《白鲸》赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（Herman Melville）是19世纪重要的美国作家，他同时还是一位卓越的哲学家和诗人，他以极其敏锐的目光关注着自己生活的时代极其社会变迁。
《白鲸》就是麦尔维尔经过敏锐观察和深入思索后创作出作品，也是美国文学中的一部经典著作。
它叙述了一位捕鲸船船长埃哈伯率全体船员追捕一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸。
莫比·迪克是一个令人心惊胆颤的海中怪物，埃哈伯的一条腿就是被它吞噬掉的，因此他决心捕杀白鲸复仇。
捕鲸船在海上日夜搜寻，终于和白鲸遭遇。
经过3天的追踪，白鲸终于被鱼叉标枪击中，发狂的白鲸撞翻了渔船，船长埃哈伯被鱼叉标枪上的绳索缠住，一起卷入海中。
最后，两败俱伤，船毁人亡，只有船员伊希梅尔生还，向我们讲述这个悲壮的故事。
《白鲸》在它诞生的19世纪不为大众所接受，原因可能在于麦尔维尔的意识较为超前，他对人的意识和无意识的状态研究与弗洛伊德有许多相合之处，时间上却比后者早了将近半个世纪。
本文将运用弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对《白鲸》做出解读，从而更深层次地挖掘主题的意义。
一根据弗洛伊德的理论人格结构由本我、自我、超我三部分组成。
本我即原我，是指原始的自己，包含生存所需的基本欲望、冲动和生命力。
本我是一切心理能量之源，本我按快乐原则行事，它不理会社会道德、外在的行为规范，它唯一的要求是获得快乐，避免痛苦，本我的目标乃是求得个体的舒适，生存及繁殖，它是无意识的，不被个体所觉察。
自我，其德文原意即是指“自己”，是自己可意识到的执行思考、感觉、判断或记忆的部分，自我的机能是寻求“本我”冲动得以满足，而同时保护整个机体不受伤害，它遵循的是“现实原则”，为本我服务。
超我，是人格结构中代表理想的部分，它是个体在成长过程中通过内化道德规范，内化社会及文化环境的价值观念而形成，其机能主要在监督、批判及管束自己的行为，超我的特点是追求完美，所以它与本我一样是非现实的，超我大部分也是无意识的，超我要求自我按社会可接受的方式去满足本我，它所遵循的是“道德原则”。
白鲸 的文学解析
白鲸的文学解析白鲸的文学解析白鲸，是赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的一部伟大作品，被公认为美国文学史上的经典之作。
这部小说以19世纪捕鲸业为背景，讲述了船长亚哈追逐一只白色巨鲸的故事。
然而，除了表面上的冒险和刺激，白鲸在文学上更有深远的内涵和意义。
本文将对白鲸进行文学解析，探究其在象征主义、人性和宿命等方面的意义。
一、象征主义的体现白鲸被赋予了丰富的象征意义，成为整部小说最主要的象征物之一。
首先，白鲸代表了宇宙的奥秘和力量的象征。
它有着强大的力量和无法企及的神秘性，被亚哈视为与上帝对抗的存在，象征着人与宇宙间的不可逾越的冲突。
其次，白鲸还代表了人类无法征服的自然力量。
亚哈对白鲸的追逐是对自然界的挑战和征服的企图，同时也意味着人类对自身潜能和命运不断追求的体现。
二、人性的探讨白鲸在小说中还用以深入探讨人性的本质和复杂性。
通过亚哈对白鲸的执着追逐，梅尔维尔展现了人类欲望的无限膨胀和冲击力。
亚哈投身于对白鲸的追逐，为了满足自己对力量和胜利的渴望，不顾船员的安全和船的毁灭。
这种对欲望的盲目追求使亚哈成为一个病态的人物，同样也揭示了人性中贪婪和自私的一面。
三、宿命的思考白鲸亦让人思考命运和宿命的力量。
亚哈追逐白鲸的决心和坚持，表明了他相信自己有与白鲸交战的宿命。
此外，整个故事中注定的决定性和悲剧性结局也在提醒着人们，命运是无法改变的。
作者通过这样的安排，探讨了人类面对宿命时的挣扎和无奈。
四、结构上的独特之处除了上述主题的探究，白鲸在结构上也具有独特之处。
小说以多线程的方式展开，交织了亚哈追逐白鲸的故事和其他船员们的人生经历。
这种叙事方式不仅使故事更加丰富多样，还给予了读者多角度来审视人性、命运和宇宙的原动力。
同时，小说结构上的多样性也体现了作者对文学形式的创新和探索。
综上所述，白鲸是一部丰富而具有深远意义的文学作品。
通过对象征主义的运用，它展示了宇宙的奥秘和人类无法征服的自然力量；通过对人性的探讨，它揭示了人类对欲望的无限膨胀和自私贪婪的一面；通过对宿命的思考，它让人们思索命运与宿命的力量；通过结构上的独特安排，它挑战了传统的叙事方式，并赋予读者多角度的审视和思考。
《白鲸记》：自然与人性的对立与融合
白鲸记：自然与人性的对立与融合《白鲸记》是美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔于1851年出版的一部文学作品，被誉为美国文学史上最伟大的小说之一。
这部小说以捕鲸船“小金猎人号”船长阿哈布追逐巨型白色座头鲸莫比·迪克为故事主线，探讨了自然与人性之间的对立和融合关系。
1. 自然与人性的对立在《白鲸记》中，自然被描绘成强大、狂暴和无情的力量。
座头鲸莫比·迪克象征着自然界不可战胜的力量。
阿哈布将其视作仇敌，发誓要报复它并征服大海。
作者通过描写苦难、毁灭和死亡来突显自然界的残酷和无情。
另一方面，人性在小说中也被描绘为贪婪、冷血和野心勃勃。
阿哈布不顾其他船员的劝告，埋头追逐座头鲸，并失去了理智。
他将座头鲸视作个人仇敌，而不是自然界的一部分。
其他船员也受到阿哈布的煽动和迷惑，唯利是图地追逐鲸鱼。
2. 自然与人性的融合在《白鲸记》中，作者同时表达了自然与人性可以相互融合的观点。
虽然座头鲸代表着自然界的力量，但它也拥有威严、智慧和神性。
作者通过描写座头鲸的形象赋予它更多的象征意义，使读者对其产生复杂而深刻的情感。
此外，小说中还出现了具有温情和同理心的人物形象。
伊帕赫船长、星子和善良的海员们展现出对自然界及其生物的尊重和情感共鸣。
他们对捕杀座头鲸持谨慎态度，并更加看重与自然和谐共处。
3. 对立与融合之间的反思《白鲸记》通过自然与人性之间的对立与融合关系，引发了大量思考值得我们深入探讨。
首先是人类是否应该对自然界发动战争。
小说中，阿哈布的报复心理和疯狂追逐带来了无尽的苦难和灾难。
这让人们反思人类是否应该妄图征服自然，以及背后可能带来的恶果。
其次是自然与人类之间是否可以实现和谐共处。
虽然座头鲸被描绘成不可战胜的敌人，但在座头鲸的力量里也蕴含着智慧、宿命和神性。
作者通过这样的描写呼吁读者思考我们是否能够与自然相互融合，实现和谐共生。
《白鲸记》通过自然与人性之间的对立与融合关系，深刻探讨了人类与自然界的辩证关系。
从《西游记》和《白鲸》看中西文化核心价值之差异
从《西游记》和《白鲸》看中西文化核心价值之差异摘要:《西游记》与《白鲸》是具有重要哲学意蕴的文学巨著,分别展示出中西文化不同的核心价值取向。
《西游记》展示出的中国传统文化的核心是“和”,以“和为贵”,“和而不同”。
这种集体主义的价值取向,强调个人对社会和他人的责任,具有“主观为他人,客观为自己”的文化特征。
而麦尔维尔的《白鲸》所展示的西方文化的核心价值是“个人的自由”,注重实现个人的人生价值,强调进取精神,具有“主观为自己,客观为他人”的文化特征。
分析比较两种文化核心价值的差异,对面临现代性和后现代问题困扰的当代人具有一定的借鉴意义。
关键词:中西文化;价值观;社会秩序《西游记》与《白鲸》①是世界文坛中具有重要哲学意蕴的文学巨著,分别展示出中西文化不同的核心价值取向。
两部作品虽然产生于不同的时代和文化背景,但却有着诸多的相似之处:两部长篇小说均为浪漫主义风格的文学作品;大量运用象征和比喻手法是两部作品共有的写作特点。
更为重要的是,二者在题材上有着惊人的相似性,即同为探索和实现人生意义之途径的具有深刻哲学内涵的作品。
而正是在这后一个层面上,两部作品展现出了中西在世界观、思维方式、人生观等核心文化价值方面的差异。
通过分析比较两部作品的主题,以及其中充满象征意义的各种冲突及解决冲突的方式,可以发现,吴承恩笔下展示出的中国传统文化的核心是“和”,以“和为贵”,“和而不同”。
这种集体主义的价值取向,讲究宽恕,强调个人对社会和他人的责任,具有“主观为他人,客观为自己”的文化特征。
护送唐僧前往西天取“佛经”的孙悟空,常常实践的却是儒家的入世哲学,一路上行侠仗义,擒妖灭魔,扶助弱小,甚至不惜犯“杀戒”以救人。
表面看似专门弘扬佛教的隐喻,实际蕴含的是儒释道三家融合而形成的人生哲理。
而麦尔维尔的《白鲸》所展示的西方文化,其核心价值是“个人的自由”,注重实现个人的人生价值,强调进取精神,具有“主观为自己,客观为他人”的文化特征。
人性与自然——对《白鲸》的分析英文论文
人性与自然——对《白鲸》的分析摘要:《白鲸》作为一部充满浪漫主义气息和现代精神的预言小说成为梅尔维尔关注和表达人与自然关系的平台。
国内外有很多学者对这部小说中的人与自然的关系进行了研究。
然而，很少人进一步对人性与自然的关系进行阐释。
在《白鲸》中，人性的邪恶与自然的关系构成了人与自然不和谐的一面。
在人与自然的交锋中，人类试图凭借自我意识的膨胀来征服大自然，而自然又并不为人类所摆布，甚至对人类实施还击。
同时，人性的宽容与自然的关系构成了人与自然和谐的一面。
人类要寻求与自然的和谐与统一，就必须保持一颗对自然界宽容的心。
本文进一步分析了人性与自然的关系，同时探讨了影响这种关系的诸多因素。
关键词:人性；自然；《白鲸》；人性与自然的关系Humanity and Nature—An Analysis of Moby-DickAbstract:Moby-Dick, as a predictive fiction with romantic color and modern spirit, becomes the center of the stage for Melville to show his care and express the relationship between humanity and nature. Some researchers at home and abroad have deeply studied the relationship between human beings and nature in the novel. However, few studies clarify the relationship between humanity and nature. In the novel, the inharmonious side of human and nature reflects the relationship between human’s evil and nature. In the fierce battle of them, human beings relying on the swelling self-awareness try to conquer nature. Howev er, nature doesn’t surrender to human beings but retaliates upon them. Meanwhile, the harmonious side reflects the relationship between human’s tolerance and nature. When human beings try to live in harmony with nature, they must be tolerant to nature. This thesis further analyzes the relationship between humanity and nature. In addition, this thesis also explores the factors influencing the relationship between humanity and nature.Key Words: Humanity; Nature; Moby-Dick; Relationship between humanity and natureContents1. Introduction (1)2. An Analysis of nature (1)2.1 The white whale —Moby Dick (1)2.2 The ocean (2)2.3 The Pequod (2)3. An analysis of humanity (3)3.1 Human beings’ evil (3)3.2 Human beings’ tolerance (4)4. An analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature (4)4.1 The relationship between humanity and nature in the 19th century (4)4.2 An analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature (5)4.2.1 Human beings’ evil and nature (5)4.2.2 Human beings’ tolerance and nature (6)4.2.3 Human beings’ suspicion and nature (7)4.3 Factors influencing the relationship (8)5. Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (11)1. IntroductionHerman Melville is one of the greatest American literary naturalists, who was born in a rich family in New York in 1819. After his father died in debt, 11-year-old Melville had to begin to work early. He once worked as a bank clerk, a salesman, a schoolteacher, but all these failed to offer him a decent livelihood. Then he went to sea at twenty, which provided him rich experiences, especially his sailing experiences that furnished him with abundant material for fiction. For a period of some eight years after his return from the sea, he was at most prolific. Melville composes lots of works, such as Typee (1846), Omoo(1847), Mardi(1849), Redburn(1849), White Jacket(1850), Moby-Dick(1851) etc. Among his works, Moby-Dick is one of the greatest masterpieces of the world.Moby-Dick is a very famous novel showing that Ahab, the captain of the Pequod, leads the crew to pursue and kill the white whale. It is also the story of the struggle and harmony of nature and human beings, reflecting the complex relationship between humanity and nature. The others also have touched upon the relationship. For example, Tian Fang, the instructor of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, writes one paper –Melville’s opinion on the relationship between human beings and nature. Wang Yiqun also writes an article entitled On Humanistic Thinking In Moby-Dick.In the novel, the purpose of analyzing humanity and nature is to research the relationship between humanity and nature. The analysis of the relationship in the novel reflects human’s evil and tolerance in the realistic society. According to the analysis, we can find the positive side of humanity to harmoniously coexist with nature.2. An Analysis of natureNature means all the things in the universe that are not made by human beings, such as animals, plants, mountains, and rivers. The analysis of nature in the thesis mainly focuses on the white whale—Moby Dick, the ocean and the ship—the Pequod.2.1 The white whale—Moby DickMoby Dick is also called the white whale literally because it possesses a special white back and a huge white head. It is so noble and tranquil that it freely swims in the ocean and shares the sunshine. It has blended into nature admirably and becomes a typical representation of nature. However, Moby Dick is a dreadful whale. It is a white-headed whale with three holes punctured in its starboard fluke, which reminds people of fearsomeness and evil. It represents the devil of nature and receives God’s order to fight against those whalemen who desire to chase, even kill it. Thosewhalemen almost reach a co ncensus on Moby Dick’s destruction. They think that Moby Dick is more curious than other whales living in the ocean. They also believe that once they meet with Moby Dick and try to attack it, they will suffer from such harmful calamity in these assaults which may cause sprained wrists and ankles, broken limbs, or devouring amputations, even death. Moby Dick is also clever. It can estimate accurately what is the best time to assault human beings successfully. Therefore, Moby Dick is the scared, mysterious, invincible and intellectural embodiment of the ocean in nature.2.2 The oceanOur first impression of the ocean is that it is so vast and endless. When sailing in the sea, we feel that we are so tiny. We adore the broad attitude of the ocean with awe from the bottom of our hearts.But the cunning, fierce and unmerciful features of the ocean are substantial. It is cunning because it knows how its dreaded creatures glide under water, unapparent for the most part, and treacherously hide beneath the loveliest tints of azure. Indeed, in order to escape from the human’s chase and protect themselves, the marine creatures have to seek a shelter. The best shelter is beneath the ocean where they can hide. If human beings desire to gain the things they need, they must pay for these, such as hard work, much energy, etc. People should know that seeking the necessary things in the ocean is lengthy and hard work. Meanwhile, the scene of cannibalism and the rule that strong animals prey upon weaker ones hide subtly in the ocean. This kind of feint induces us to think that the ocean is so peaceful, quiet and divine. However, it is really fierce and unmerciful because it dashes the mightiest whales against the rocks, and leaves the whales’ corpses there side by side with the sp lit wrecks of ships. The power of the ocean shows that nature is inviolable and unconquered. But the power is at the cost of destroying the ships randomly and killing the marine animals. Therefore, in the novel, the author wants to show that the ocean is cunning, fierce and unmerciful.2.3 The PequodFrom the frame of the novel, the Pequod is a high generalization and an epitome of the human beings’ society. The firm body and the advanced equipments bestow this ship the strong power. The moment it sails in the ocean, it begins its provocation and invasion to the divine sea. In fact it is the delegate of destroying nature. The whalemen on the ship are connived to pursue and kill the whales. So the Pequod is a direct participator. On the other hand, in this small ship, there is a sharply divided hierarchy. Captain Ahab is the sovereign lord and the sailors are only the slaves in the lower end of the social ladder at the outset. When they set foot on this ship, they have lost their human rights. They have to obe y Ahab’s order so that they devote their ownlives to the whale fishery because their bodies and soul belong to the captain. An unlucky encounter of the Pequod actually reflects the tragic fate of the whalemen. 3. An analysis of humanityGenerally speaking, humanity involves two aspects: one negative side of humanity, such as human beings’ suspicion, cruel and evil, etc; one positive side, such as human beings’ tolerance, kindness, pity, etc. Humanity not only appears between human beings and nature, but al so in the human’s own society. In the novel, human beings’ evil is the typical negative side of humanity and human’s tolerance is the typical positive side.3.1 Human beings’ evilCaptain Ahab is the most typical representative of the wicked quality in this novel. His name, Ahab, has an obvious symbolism. In the Bible, Ahab is a wicked king from Israel. He introduces Paganism to his own country. So we can absolutely find that Ahab’s archetype in the Bible is so wicked. In Moby-Dick, Ahab’s wicked quality is also showed clearly. In the course of whaling, he encounters a cachalot called Moby Dick. When he chases the white whale with his sailors, he suffers a great blow. The white whale devours his leg cruelly. However he makes use of the sperm’s jawbone to burnish an artificial leg. Ahab is hostile to nature after he becomes handicapped from the action of burnishing the artificial leg. He concentrates hatred on Moby Dick. To achieve his purpose of finding and killing Moby Dick, he persists in setting sail with out considering the stockholders’ benefit of the Pequod. When he meets the captains of the other boats sailing on the sea, he refuses to accept their suggestions that he should turn back. He solely wants to chase and kill the white whale. At that time, Ahab has cherished a wild hatred against the whale. Actually the white whale not only brings him bodily woes, but also the intellectual and spiritual exasperations. Therefore the white whale becomes the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies. He crazily chases Moby Dick in order to comfort his injured heart and smooth his wounds. His ruinous deed has pushed him into the abyss of the wicked quality.Ahab doesn’t really care about his crew but ask them to work for him with the temptation of benefits. He prefers to take advantage of them to achieve his dream of chasing and killing Moby Dick. He equates crew’s lives with money in his hand. In his mind, he regards their lives as the slaves and the tools of revenging Moby Dick. This kind of internal s pirit of Ahab’s trampling their lives and controlling their soul shows obviously that his evil in his inner heart has absolutely exposed his real natural instincts.3.2 Human beings’ toleranceHuman beings’ tolerance is manifested in two aspects: human’s tolerance to nature and human’s tolerance to themselves. First, we need to simply know tolerance to nature. In chapter 100, the captain of the Samuel Enderby says that he will not struggle with Moby Dick any longer after his arm is bitten off by the white whale. He even warns Captain Ahab not to get a rise out of Moby Dick. His concession on escaping from the disaster shows human’s tolerant attitude to nature. Th is kind of attitude roots in the instinct of human’s self-protection. The captain of Samuel Enderby knows that if he doesn’t provoke nature, his life affirmatively will not be threatened. This is the most original way for human beings to deal with the relationship between human and nature.In terms of interpersonal tolerance, Melville adequately expresses his thought and opinion. In that period, the white men always discriminate the black men in the American society. But Melville shows the deep friendship between the white man—Ishmael and the cannibal—Queequeg. We may think that this kind of friendship shows that the interpersonal relationship is so equal. In the beginning, Ishmael considers that Queequeg is a cannibal, a devil of killing others. But after noticing Queequeg’s kind and polite action, he changes his opinion and starts to give a high praise for Queequeg. In fact, when Ishmael eliminates his prejudice, he admits that Queequeg has the equal right with him. In Ishmael’s mind, he has broken th e interpersonal discrimination. The interpersonal equal relationship is one kind of tolerance because once we treat anyone equally, we will remove interpersonal estrangement and we can also excuse them although they made the mistake before. 4. An analysis of the relationship between humanity and natureThe relationship between humanity and nature is quite complicated. When human beings invade nature with hatred, they will suffer from retaliation of nature. In the novel, Ahab’s hatred to the white whale brings its revenge. Moreover, when human suspect nature and begin to invade nature, they will be punished by nature. In the novel, when Ahab is still persisting in fighting against nature, he will suffer from punishment of nature. But human also know how to tolerant nature. When human’s tolerance begins to emerge, they will keep a harmonious relationship with nature.4.1 The relationship between humanity and nature in the 19th centuryIn the 19th century, American relying on the advanced equipments and ships became the overlord of the whale fishery. They captured various whales, extracted the sperm oil, cut off the whalemeat and fished out the costly ambergris. They desired toseek more benefits from nature and began to invade nature. Therefore human’s evil dominated in humanity in that period. However, some curious whales, rainstorm and tsunami forced human beings to pay a painful price. In that period, nature began to revenge human’s invasion. The phenomenon ulteriorly aggravated the dreadful relationship between human beings and nature. However, human’s tolerance, the most valuable quality in humanity, appeared in that period. Human realized gradually that if they continued to invade nature, they would be revenged by nature. Human began to seek the essential quality of humanity though human’s evil still played a dominated role.Therefore, in the 19th century, human kept an inharmonic relationship with nature. But a harmonious relationship began to appear.4.2 An analysis of the relationship between humanity and natureThe relationship between humanity and nature has two aspects: the inharmonic relationship and the harmonious one. In the novel, the inharmonic one embodies in human’s hatred to nature and nature’s revenge to human. The harmonious one embodies in human’s tolerance to nature. Therefore, human beings must show their tolerance if they want to keep the harmonious relationship with nature.4.2.1 Human beings’ evil and natureAhab is an opposite role to Moby Dick. In his instinct, his evil almost comes from his hostility to nature. The hostility focuses on his hatred to Moby Dick. He can bare the physical pain, but he cannot tolerant the failure and disgrace which originate from his broken leg. He loses sense absolutely because of the torment of the soul suffering from the bad setback, not the disabled body. In his opinion, human being is a master of the world. Consequently, he is so crazy to take the actions to chase and kill Moby Dick without considering any cost and consequence. In Moby-Dick,it is impossible for Ahab to love Moby Dick. The hatred has congested his whole mind. According to his actions, he has become a determined person not the hesitated one. Hatred inflames his boiling heart and releases his evil. Before he is inflamed by hatred, he only hunts the whales for his own benefit. But now his purpose is to chase and kill Moby Dick.After Ahab is injured physically and mentally by Moby Dick, his view of nature and life is that he will beat it up if the sun insults him. He has been so illiberal that he is hostile to all the things. When the sperm oil leaks into the ocean in the course of chasing the white whale, he is unwilling to undertake necessary remedial work because his brain fills with the hatred to the white whale. He damages his range quadrant deliberately in order to continue to go forward with the goal of chasing and killing the white whale. Hatred shows Ahab’s evil and forces him to depart the way ofhis normal life. Therefore, his extreme hatred and hostility to nature show the evil side of human beings’ losing sense and conscience.On the other hand, the sailors crazily cut down the head of the whale, dissect the abdomen of the whale and peel the whale and scoop the whale oil in the ocean. For their own benefits, they cruelly destroy and nibble nature. When they hunt the whales, they lose the good quality of humanity and show their evil. During three days of their receiving Ahab’s order to chase Moby Dick, their hatred to Moby Dick and atrocity to nature have not been controlled by themselves. When they find the white whale’s sign of floating on the surface of the sea again and again, they shout crazily in order to tell the other sailors that their evil actions of whaling will start. They rush the white whale with the spear gun without considering their safety. They give up their kindness and become the enemy of nature. Their bodies have been controlled by evil soul. In their mind, bloody slaughter and extreme destruction can force nature to succumb to their strong power.But nature doesn’t succumb to human beings. Human beings will suffer from retribution after they constantly conquer and destroy nature. Even if Ahab orders his crew to chase Moby Dick again and again, the white whale doesn’t surrender but appeal to counterattack. It attacks the boats, wrecks the whaling ship and brings much pain to human beings. It is the symbol of the God’s power and the embodiment of justice. It is so great that it announces to human beings that if they still destroy nature unshakably, they will be buried by divine nature finally. The author wants to tell us that it is difficult for human beings relying on our own stuffless power to win the battle between nature and them.4.2.2 Human beings’ tolerance and natureAs a narrator of the whole story and Melville’s prolocutor, Ishmael appears as a wise man. He figures out the best way to seek the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature. By researching the whales, Ishmael observes that the animals possess special strong vitality and human beings should learn from the whales. In Ishmael’s mind, the whale should be respected and praised by human. Therefore, human should not cruelly kill them. In chapter 65, Ishmael shows that he loathes people who eat the whalemeat. He criticizes that it will be more tolerable for the cannibals than for the civilized and enlightened gourmands who crazily chew the whalemeat. He not only expresses his resentful attitude to the action of eating the whalemeat, but also shows his pity to nature. As far as he concerns, all the creatures are so divine and inviolable. On his travel, he fully appreciates the charm of nature and regards the ocean as a remote and quiet hope. He holds that he possesses a kind of incomparable appetency to nature, which is the most inornate affection for human beings.Not only does Ishmael show his tolerance, but the captain of the Rachel manifests his special tolerance. In the beginning, the captain like Ahab is so crazy to chase Moby Dick. But after his son is missing chasing the white whale, he begins to repent what he has done. He should not show off human beings’ power to nature and he has realized that human beings have no ability to defeat nature. Invading and conquering nature is a mistake from the very beginning. Therefore, he begs Ahab to stop his crazy chase and asks Ahab to help seek his son. This kind of realization comes from the instinct of self-protection. When human beings give up fighting against nature, they show their tolerance and they hope to live in harmony with nature.Starbuck, the chief mate, is also tolerable because he is the first person bravely opposing Ahab’s vengean ce project and showing a pity for the whales. He utmostly takes exception to Ahab because he thinks that Ahab shouldn’t hate Moby Dick. In his mind, attacking the animals that lack of spiritualism is not allowed by the God. It hurts Ahab out of its natural instinct. It is very precious for Starbuck to keep the tolerant attitude in the self-centered human civilization. On the third day of chasing, Starbuck finds that crazy Ahab takes the ultra actions to kill Moby Dick without concerning any consequences. In the end, he is so intolerable that he shouts,“Ahab, stop and turn back. This is the third day, to desist. Moby Dick doesn’t seek you. It’s you to seek the white whale madly.”(Melville 2002: 465). At that time, he has clearly realized that he himself makes an unforgiven mistake to nature and he is the tool of Ahab’s invading nature. Although he does lots of wrong things before, now he knows that he should not destroy the balance between human beings and nature. His confession to nature adequately proves that his hu manity’s tolerance has persuaded him to give up his whaling actions.In the novel, Melville mainly wants to show the opinion: human beings can get along well with nature and they can keep a harmonious relationship with nature. But keeping the harmo nious relationship must be based on human beings’ tolerance to nature.4.2.3 Human beings’ suspicion and natureAttitude of human beings’ suspecting nature focuses on the human beings’ excessive confidence. They believe that the purpose of God’s creating h uman beings as the sapiential and creative creature is to permit them to dominate the whole world. Therefore when Ahab gets a chance to stop his plan on the way of chasing Moby Dick and go back, he gives up the chance and believes that he can defeat the white whale on the basis of his excessive confidence.When the Pequod chases the white whale, it meets with many whale catchers, who definitely warn and persuade the crew to cease their actions for Moby Dick thathas a preternatural power and will punish those people fighting against it. But Ahab still suspects the power of nature. To make his attitude clear, he relies on the radical utterance to beat the drum for human’s invincibility. He also takes full advantage of lure of the benefits to make the crew believe that nature is bound to be defeated. The suspecting attitude is based on the human beings’ self-centered thought.On the other hand, they suspect nature because they think that nature is savage, uncivilized and ignorant. With the development of science and technology, human beings’ civilization also develops endlessly. Therefore human’s mind changes frequently. In the beginning, human beings adore nature with awe. They believe that nature creates all the creatures and controls the whole world. However, nowadays, human’s mind has swelled crazily. They believe that nature may be defeated and conquered. Meanwhile, human beings not only get access to nature but also can change it. The crankiness departs from the original orbit and shows one side of lacking of sense and conscience.After human beings’ suspicion to nature appears, they have a strong desire to conquer nature. When human begin to take the destructive actions to nature, nature also resists human’s invasion. To defeat the white whale, Ahab insist s on making his evil plan. In the end, nature becomes angry so that the ship sinks and all the crew are killed except for Ishmael. In fact, nature’s power is so great that human cannot manage to defeat it. Human’s attitude to nature determines nature’s att itude to human beings. So human will be punished by nature if they make suspicion to nature and start conquering nature.4.3 Factors influencing the relationshipThere are three factors influencing the relationship: first, to get economic benefits, human beings hold out their evil hands to raven nature, which is reflected in the selfish desire of human beings. Therefore, in the whale fishery, human beings have the same idea: in order to cut down the whale’s head, dissect the whale’s abdomen, peel the whale and scoop the whale oil, they are willing to spend much money and time in preparing the ships, purchasing the equipment and employing the crew without complaining. But human beings’ rapacity is endless. Nature begins to counterattack. For instance, the inv aders’ ships are broken. The invaders themselves are also punished by nature.Second, when human beings are punished by nature, disequilibrium of their inner mind will cause them to assault nature again and again. Therefore the inconsistent relationship between nature and human beings will last forever.Third, human beings have realized that the harmonious relationship between human and nature comes from human’s tolerance. If human really stop to invadenature, they will not be revenged by nature and get along well with nature.5. ConclusionMoby-Dick, as a predictive fiction with romantic color and modern spirit, becomes a terrace of Melville’s caring and expressing the relationsh ip between human beings and nature. Facing the fierce battle between them, nobody can get benefits. People want to conquer nature relying on the swelling self-awareness. Nature doesn’t surrender to human beings but retaliates upon them for justice. Therefore, human beings must control their desire sanely and make the self-reflection. So long as keeping a tolerant mind, human beings will live in harmony with nature.Bibliography[1] Brodhead, Richard H. New essays on Moby-Dick [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press,2007.[2] Levine, Robert. Herman Melville [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language EducationPress, 2005.[3] Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick [M]. London: Wordsworth Editions Limited Corporation，2002.[4] Roberts, James L. Notes On Moby –Dick [M]. Washington D. C.: Lincoln Nebraska Press,1966.[5] Wang Ling, Tian Li. Selected Readings In American Literature[M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiCommunication University Press, 2004.[6] 陈秋红.《白鲸》象征意义的文化阐释[J]. 外国文学研究, 1997,(2): 96-99.[7] 荆晶. 敬畏生命—生态批评下视域的《白鲸》[J]. 比较文学与世界文学研究, 2007,(3):140-142.[8] 田芳. 梅尔维尔眼中的人与自然[J]. 天津市经理学院学报,2005,(2): 95-96.[9] 王诺. 欧美生态文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2003.[10] 汪义群. 论《白鲸》中的人道主义思想[J]. 外国文学研究,1991,(4): 45-49.[11] 杨东. 谈《白鲸》中象征手法的应用[J]. 黑龙江教育学院学报, 2006,(3): 95-96.AcknowledgementsAt the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my profound thanks to those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Gao, who has given me the valuable suggestion on my writing. From the bottom of my heart, I appreciate that he teaches me the writ ing skills. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offer me references and information on time. I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff in my University and especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.。
白鲸记人与自然的对抗与和谐
白鲸记人与自然的对抗与和谐白鲸记：人与自然的对抗与和谐白鲸源于英国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的同名小说《白鲸记》，被誉为世界文学之巅。
小说以捕鲸船“小白鲸号”为背景，通过船长亚哈追寻复仇的故事，揭示了人与自然之间的对抗与和谐。
本文将从人类对自然的野蛮剥削、白鲸作为自然的象征以及和谐共生的展望等三个方面，阐述《白鲸记》中人与自然之间的关系。
一、人类对自然的野蛮剥削亚哈船长作为主要人物，是原本被白鲸巨兽“莫比·迪克”伤残的人，为了复仇而展开对抗。
他患上了反常的狂热与痴迷，将白鲸“莫比·迪克”视为他与自然的对手。
亚哈船长驾驶着小白鲸号在无尽的大海中追逐莫比·迪克，无论船员们的生命如何，他都不顾一切，只为夺取复仇机会。
这种对自然的野蛮剥削与不顾一切的追求，让阅读者深感人类对自然的傲慢和无度。
二、白鲸作为自然的象征在《白鲸记》中，白鲸被视为自然界的象征。
它充满了神秘、力量与智慧，是傲慢自大的人类无法征服的存在。
白鲸莫比·迪克重伤了亚哈船长，使他变成了复仇的疯狂者。
然而，莫比·迪克本身并不是凶恶与邪恶的象征，反而是人类对自然所做出的种种不公与残忍的回应。
它以强大的实力展示了自然界的威严和平衡，默默承载着人类的罪行。
三、和谐共生的展望《白鲸记》中也映射出了人与自然和谐共生的展望。
小说中的一个角色，南海的萨尔斯伯里教士，与白鲸有着深厚的联系。
他视白鲸为一种圣灵存在，宣导着人们应当尊重自然、爱护自然。
他试图挽救亚哈船长，使他放弃对白鲸的追杀，并帮助他寻求与自然共处的可能性。
这一角色在作品中不仅代表着人与自然和谐相处的理念，同时也是向读者传递出对人类对自然现象进行反思的呼唤。
在亚哈船长被莫比·迪克深深伤害后，他已经变得疯狂而执着。
他用自己的行动证明，人类与自然之间的对抗是无法避免的，但作品中也包含了对和谐共生的希冀。
萨尔斯伯里教士引导着读者思考，人类是否应该停止无度的剥削与掠夺，回归与自然的和谐共生。
论麦尔维尔《白鲸》中人与自然的关系
摘要：人与自然, 谁为胜者, 是人类自古以来就一直在探讨的问题。
虽然人类的生存离不开大自然的恩赐, 但是, 在人类沙文主义谬误思想的驱使下, 大自然却一直被人类看做是征服的对象。
只有在生态学理论诞生以来, 人类才开始重新审视两者之间的关系。
5白鲸6作为生态批评的一部力作, 从人类悲剧的视角出发, 揭示了人与大自然是同一矛盾体中的两个方面, 人与大自然之间并非是对抗性的关系, 人类只有增强生态意识, 保持生态平衡, 与大自然保持和谐相处的关系, 才能最大程度地受惠于大自然。
从这个意义上讲, 在两者之间的对抗中并没有真正意义上的胜利者, 而只存在两者之间的相互依存关系。
关键词：白鲸; 人与自然; 生态批评; 悲剧较量; 和谐家园人与自然的关系是文学创作与研究的重要范畴, 早在19 世纪中叶, 美国作家赫尔曼#麦尔维尔就在小说5白鲸6 中揭示了这一关系。
当此全球化时代, 这部作品在展现人与自然关方面愈发显示出其生态意义的重要性。
一、人与自然作为两种力量象征的认识演变白鲸体现了麦尔维尔对人与自然作为两种力量象征的传统观念的反驳。
人与自然的关系研究属于生态批评的范畴, 其主旨在于探讨人与自然之间的关系究竟是和谐统一, 还是彼此矛盾和互为异己。
在人与自然关系的认识史上, 经历了由二元对立到二者统一的变化过程。
在远古时期, 由于人类自身体能低下和认识能力等方面的局限, 人类对大自然并没有亲切感, 而是敬畏感。
在人与自然之间, 人是主体, 大自然是客体, 两者之间是征服与被征服的关系。
甚至当社会发展到现代阶段, 人类在认识论上的这一观念仍然没有发生实质性的变化,所以, / 向大自然开战、/ 人定胜天一直是人类对大自然关系上所持的谬误态度, 因而把人类自我摆到了超越自然的位置上, 形成了以人类自身利益为中心的/ 人类沙文主义。
白鲸与麦尔维尔的其他作品相同, 取材于他的航海经历, 从表层意义上看, 这是又一部海洋探险小说, 叙述的是亚哈船长指挥下的捕鲸船佩阔德号远航捕鲸的故事, 而佩阔德号远航的目的当然是捕杀鲸鱼, 以猎取鲸油为其经济效益。
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——王小波
《白鲸》 ：一个人的报复与一群人的战斗 白鲸》
人与自然的变奏： 人与自然的变奏：从屈服到征服到报复 仇恨与狡黠：人类与自然 自然的永恒战斗 仇恨与狡黠：人类与自然的永恒战斗 一个人与一群人：个体悲剧到群体命运（ 一个人与一群人：个体悲剧到群体命运（性 格悲剧与命运悲剧的史诗融合） 格悲剧与命运悲剧的史诗融合） 野性的呼唤：野蛮文明人的野性生命力 野性的呼唤：野蛮文明人的野性生命力 从原始资本主义到垄断资本主义的内在扩张
精神绅士的不老传奇
“不过人不是为失败 不过人不是为失败 而生的， 而生的，”他 说,“一个人可以被 一个人可以被 毁灭， 毁灭，但不能被打 败。” A man can be destroyed but not defeated
“人类本身也有自己的限度，但是当人们一再把手伸 人类本身也有自己的限度， 人类本身也有自己的限度 到限度之外，这个限度就一天一天地扩大了。 到限度之外，这个限度就一天一天地扩大了。他们 也用简陋的渔具在加勒比海捕捉巨大的马林鱼。 也用简陋的渔具在加勒比海捕捉巨大的马林鱼。这 些事情是同样伟大的， 些事情是同样伟大的，做这样不可思议的事情的人 都是英雄。 都是英雄。而那些永远不肯或不能越出自己限度的 人是平庸的人” 人是平庸的人”
“唯有汪洋大海才富有最高的真理” （自然） 唯有汪洋大海才富有最高的真理” 自然） 唯有汪洋大海才富有最高的真理 “我所敢做的,我就有决心做;而我有决心做 我所敢做的,我就有决心做; 我就要做!他们当我发疯了……可是,我是 可是, 的,我就要做!他们当我发疯了 可是 恶魔,我是疯上加疯! 我现在预言, 恶魔,我是疯上加疯!……我现在预言,我一定 我现在预言 要肢解那肢解我的家伙。 自我） 要肢解那肢解我的家伙。” （自我）
“一切最使人疯狂和痛苦的事情,一切搅起 一切最使人疯狂和痛苦的事情, 一切最使人疯狂和痛苦的事情 事物的沉渣的东西,一切带有邪恶的真理, 事物的沉渣的东西,一切带有邪恶的真理, 一切使大脑难受和痛苦的东西, 一切使大脑难受和痛苦的东西,一切在人 类生活中和思想上对鬼怪神魔的不可理喻 的信奉,一切邪恶,都是莫比· 的信奉,一切邪恶,都是莫比 迪克的明显 化身” 白鲸—资本主义技术文明的庞 化身” （白鲸 资本主义技术文明的庞 然大物？ 走遍好望角,走遍合恩角, 然大物？）“走遍好望角,走遍合恩角,走 遍挪威的大旋涡,走遍地狱的火坑” 遍挪威的大旋涡,走遍地狱的火坑”, “不 不 是鲸死,就是艇破” 是鲸死,就是艇破”。
“是什么,是什么不可名状,不可思议的神秘东西,是 是什么,是什么不可名状,不可思议的神秘东西, 是什么 哪个欺诈的、隐藏的统治者,是哪个残酷无情的帝王, 哪个欺诈的、隐藏的统治者,是哪个残酷无情的帝王, 在控制左右着我;使我跟一切自然的慈爱与渴望作对, 在控制左右着我;使我跟一切自然的慈爱与渴望作对, 这样时刻不停地驱赶着自己,催逼着自己, 这样时刻不停地驱赶着自己,催逼着自己,困扰着自 己;使我不顾死活地随时敢去干那种按我的本来心意 而不敢干的事情?是亚哈,亚哈自己吗? 而不敢干的事情?是亚哈,亚哈自己吗?举起手臂指挥 控制的,是我,是上帝,还是谁? 控制的,是我,是上帝,还是谁?” “变动的时代中所有变动的思想和情感”（从荣誉到 变动的时代中所有变动的思想和情感” 变动的时代中所有变动的思想和情感 利益）（ 美国小说评论集》 ）（《 利益）（《美国小说评论集》 ）
让我们为之感动,因为他不是个恶人, 亚哈 “让我们为之感动,因为他不是个恶人, 他的不幸超过了他所得到的, 他的不幸超过了他所得到的,但他也让我们恐 因为我们认识到,尽管我们渺小,易于犯错, 惧,因为我们认识到,尽管我们渺小,易于犯错, 但也会有可能铸成大错” 但也会有可能铸成大错”
——评论家阿卜拉姆斯
中国文学中的人妖之战
从天宫到地狱，从仙境到龙海：妖魔鬼怪映 从天宫到地狱，从仙境到龙海： 现世间百态 人妖之战即是人世之争（ 聊斋志异》 人妖之战即是人世之争（《聊斋志异》与 《西游记》） 西游记》 妖魔化：自然力量的人性幻化（另类征服— 妖魔化：自然力量的人性幻化（另类征服— 神仙与妖魔） —神仙与妖魔） 心灵归化与精神战斗（内化与外向的文化） 心灵归化与精神战斗（内化与外向的文化）
奥德修斯： 奥德修斯：快乐并痛着
鲁宾逊： 鲁宾逊：苦难中的乐观战斗
“世间万物，只是有用处，才是最可宝贵的。” 世间万物，只是有用处，才是最可宝贵的。 世间万物 我已学会多看看自己生活中的光明面， “我已学会多看看自己生活中的光明面，少看看生活中 的黑暗面；多想想自己所得到的享受， 的黑暗面；多想想自己所得到的享受，少想想所缺乏的 东西。这种态度使我内心感到由衷安慰。 东西。这种态度使我内心感到由衷安慰。” 我的脾气是要决心做一件事情，不成功决不放手” “我的脾气是要决心做一件事情，不成功决不放手”、 我会尽力而为，只要我还能划水，我就不肯被淹死， “我会尽力而为，只要我还能划水，我就不肯被淹死， 只要我还能站立，我就不肯倒下……” 只要我还能站立，我就不肯倒下 “等待大难临头比遭难本身更令人痛苦，尤其是无法逃避 等待大难临头比遭难本身更令人痛苦， 等待大难临头比遭难本身更令人痛苦 这种灾难而不得不坐等其降临， 这种灾难而不得不坐等其降临，更是无法摆脱这种担惊 受怕的恐惧。 受怕的恐惧。”
亚哈是个完整的人
“身材高大,全身似乎由古铜铸成,用一条鲸骨制成的假脚趾支撑着。 身材高大,全身似乎由古铜铸成,用一条鲸骨制成的假脚趾支撑着。 身材高大 他的脸上有一道白色的伤疤,看上去像一道闪电。他沉默不言, 他的脸上有一道白色的伤疤,看上去像一道闪电。他沉默不言,眼 睛凝视前方海面,气宇非凡。 睛凝视前方海面,气宇非凡。” 我的灵魂要咬住铁轨飞驰而来,飞越荒无人烟的峡谷, “我的灵魂要咬住铁轨飞驰而来,飞越荒无人烟的峡谷,穿过深山 野岭, 钻过湍流险滩的河底,一往无前地驶去!这路径绝无障碍, 野岭, 钻过湍流险滩的河底,一往无前地驶去!这路径绝无障碍,绝 无弯曲! 无弯曲!” “我会翻滚到你那里,你这个杀人不眨眼而又无法征服的大鲸;我要 我会翻滚到你那里,你这个杀人不眨眼而又无法征服的大鲸; 我会翻滚到你那里 与你搏斗到要跟你拼一拼;为了雪我心头 大恨,我要用最后一口气朝你脸上吐口唾沫” 大恨,我要用最后一口气朝你脸上吐口唾沫”
法勒船长称亚哈为伟大的、不敬神却像神一样的好汉。（亚 法勒船长称亚哈为伟大的、不敬神却像神一样的好汉。（亚 。（ 哈就是船员的神，他时常会提醒他人自己就是主人） 哈就是船员的神，他时常会提醒他人自己就是主人） 大副斯达巴克和二副、三副要依次进入船长室接受亚哈的赐 大副斯达巴克和二副、 用餐时,还要注意各种规矩, 食。用餐时,还要注意各种规矩,在得到亚哈的命令后必须再 按照相反的次序离座。 按照相反的次序离座。船的后甲板是船长神圣不可侵犯的禁 在没有捕鲸任务时, 地,船头才是船员们自由的天地 在没有捕鲸任务时,船员们要 做擦洗甲板、修补帆桨、钉制小艇、轮班瞭 做擦洗甲板、修补帆桨、钉制小艇、轮班瞭望大鲸等繁重的 工作。 工作。 他的骄傲和狂妄导致他否定常规, 他的骄傲和狂妄导致他否定常规,认为自己可以不受自然规律 的限制,是可以驾驭一切的神。亚哈踩坏象限仪, 的限制,是可以驾驭一切的神。亚哈踩坏象限仪,拒绝使用避 雷针,毁掉测程仪和测深绳。 雷针,毁掉测程仪和测深绳。
《外国文学》主题讲座
人鱼之战与人妖之战： 人鱼之战与人妖之战：
从《白鲸》谈起兼论中外文学中的人与自然之争 白鲸》
授课：湖南大学文学院 谭军武 授课：
西方的“人海” 西方的“人海”文学传 统
逃避的抵抗： 逃避的抵抗： 奥德赛与海妖之歌 一个人的新生：鲁宾逊的自然之战 一个人的新生：鲁宾逊的自然之战 一群人战斗到死： 一群人战斗到死：亚哈的狂热与偏执 精神绅士的优雅形 优雅形象 老人” 精神绅士的优雅形象：“老人” 不老
蓝色文明与黄色文明的诗与思
蓝色文明主空间观念与黄色文明主时间观念（ 蓝色文明主空间观念与黄色文明主时间观念（空间是扩张似 的的四向发散，时间是圆周似的往返循环） 的的四向发散，时间是圆周似的往返循环） 蓝色文明崇尚征服与攻击，黄色文明主张和谐与安宁（进步 蓝色文明崇尚征服与攻击，黄色文明主张和谐与安宁（ 的变革与保守的传统） 的变革与保守的传统） 蓝色文明崇尚理性与规则，黄色文明主张情感与道义（ 蓝色文明崇尚理性与规则，黄色文明主张情感与道义（理性 思维是逻辑演绎的，感性思维是经验综合的） 思维是逻辑演绎的，感性思维是经验综合的） 蓝色文明以真为美，黄色文明以美为真；蓝色文明重真实， 蓝色文明以真为美，黄色文明以美为真；蓝色文明重真实， 黄色文明重神韵。蓝色文明追求史诗风格， 黄色文明重神韵。蓝色文明追求史诗风格，黄色文明具有音 乐平平和
本雅明： 本雅明：“没有任何一份文明 史的文件不同时也是一份野蛮 史的文件 ” “唯有汪洋大海才富有最高的 真理” 白鲸》 真理”（《白鲸》）
亚哈的悲剧与人类的向死而生
完美的海神与暴戾的恶魔：亚哈是个完整的人 完美的海神与暴戾的恶魔：亚哈是个完整的人 坚定到偏执；刚强到刚愎；勇敢到疯狂； （坚定到偏执；刚强到刚愎；勇敢到疯狂；无私 到无智） 到无智） 他人就是地狱” 亚哈的暴力帝国 “他人就是地狱”：亚哈的暴力帝国 宁鸣而死，不默而生： 宁鸣而死，不默而生：普罗米修斯式悲剧 唯有牺牲多壮志：人类的向死而生（三重革命: 唯有牺牲多壮志：人类的向死而生（三重革命:自 然-社会-自我） 社会-自我）
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