英语专业八级人文知识汇总 ~ ~英国概况!!
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
专八人文知识英国概况
专八人文知识英国概况专八人文知识英国概况（一）概述1. Introduction (简介)1）Official Name (官方国名）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)2）Location (地理位置）Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean (北大西洋）off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel (英吉利海峡）in the south and the North Sea (北海）in the east. (英国是一个岛国。
它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其他部分隔开。
)2.Ethnic Groups (少数民族)The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (英格兰人）, the Scottish (苏格兰人）, the Welsh (威尔士人）, the Irish (爱尔兰人）, the Northern Irish (北爱尔兰人）and other peoples.The English are Anglo-Saxons (盎格鲁-撒克逊人）and they have many differences in regional speech. The Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts (凯尔特人).The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and areproud of their past. The Scots are hospitable and generous. (英格兰人是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。
专八人文知识英国概况
专八人文知识英国概况第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world's people and one fourth of the world's land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
专八人文知识精讲1-5
专八人文知识精讲（1）英国国土概况一、Land and People一、英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛——大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
专八人文知识
专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八人文知识精华
英国社会与文化概况：I．Land and People1.国名：U.K（the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ）2.英联邦：the British Commonwealth /1931/533.位于North Atlantic Ocean/ the English Channel/ the North Seathe Straits of Dover/ 33km/ France4.最高峰：Ben Nevis/1343m/Scotland; 最长河：the Severn River/338km 最大湖：the LoughNeagh(Ireland)；Lough Ness(尼斯湖/ Scotland)5.the Lake District / England/ three famous poets: William Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southey6.苏格兰(Edinburgh)地形：北部高地，中部低地，南部山地/ 威尔士(Cardiff)地形：mountainous ,12% arable.7.英国气候：maritime climate8.人种来源：Anglo-Saxons and CeltsII．History1.3000BC.:Iberians / 700BC:the Celts/ 55BC: Julius Caesar, the Romans/ mid 5th century:Anglo-Saxons and Jutes2.the first king of England: 829 Egbert3.the Witan(贤人会议)—the basis of Privy Council（枢密院）4.king Alfred：Father of the British Navy / defeated the Danes/ a legal system5.the Norman Conquer of 1066: William the Conqueror/ King Haroldresult: the feudal system in England was established.6.《大宪章》/ the Great Charter/ Magna/ King John 12157.百年战争：1337-1453/ between France and England/ Calais of France/ Joan of Arc of France8.黑死病: the Black Death/ the 14th century9.玫瑰战争: 1455-1485 ( Sir Walter Scott)10.Elizabeth I(1558-1603) / 1588 defeated Armada/ England became a naval power11.文艺复兴: Renaissance/ rebirth/ the 14th century in Europe/ Leonardo Da Vinci/ WilliamShakespeare12.火药阴谋案the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:最有名的天主教密谋13.英国内战the First Civil War （the Puritan Revolution）/ between Charles I and Parliament/Cavaliers and RoundheadsResult: overthrew the feudal system in England and started the modern world history.14.1649—1658 Commonwealth/ Oliver Cromwell15.1702 Anne’s reign/ the name of Great Britain came into being16.18th-19th century: the Whigs and the Tories(Conservative Party) controlled the parliament.17.The Industrial Revolution: the late 18th—early 19th century/ workshop of the world by 183018.Colonial expansion began from Newfoundland in 1583/ 1763 Canada by the Treaty of Paris19.Canada as a dominion / the British North America Act of 186720.1900 a big Empire that the sun never sets/ 25% of the world’s population and area21.1973: 欧共体成员22.1979/ the Conservative Party/ Thatcherism / self-reliance and privatisationIII．Economy1.1950s-1960s: John Keynes2.the Midlands : 钢铁中心；Silicon Valley: between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland3.3% 人口：70% land area 耕地：东部和东南部IV．Government and Administration1.法律：没有成文法：no written constitution, is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. 法律来源：statute law, common law, equity law and European law.2.议会包括：the Sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons. 五年一届3.两党制：the Conservative Party and the Labor Party 反对党：Opposition, shadow cabinet4.首相：由君主任命；首席财政和文职大臣；下议员议员；唐宁街10号，主持内阁事务。
专八人文知识
1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empi re that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结专八人文知识总结英国概况专八人文知识英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral 在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Refor mation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
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1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D___.英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。
但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。
A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power.英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。
大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。
4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.《权利法案》的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。
5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918.直到1918年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。
6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain.《1867年英国北美法案》将加拿大纳为它的自治领。
7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945. 在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。
8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina.福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。
位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从1892年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。
9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns.英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。
10.In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的。
11.There are 651 members in the House of Commons. 下议院共有651名议员。
12.Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? (c)A.Margaret ThatcherB.Winston ChurchillC.Horatio NelsonD.John Major撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。
后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中大败西班牙联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称 Viscount Nelson。
13.By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. 在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内部挑选一些领导人担任各部部长职位。
14.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears this nickname today.托利党是英国保守党的前身。
15.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁（shadow cabinet）。
16.The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.现在“英国病”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。
17.The 1980s was remembered as the decade of privatization.正如20世纪40年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20世纪80年代被看作是私有化的时代。
包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。
18.Today, in Britain，coal mining is called a “sick” industry.英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。
英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。
19.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.第一台蒸汽机是 Thomas Newcomer 在17世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特在1765年对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和其他机械业中。
20.The Industrial Revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。
后来形成了工会制度。
21.Cotton Textile is the key to Industrial Revolution. 纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成就之一。
22.Romanticism became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Revolution.工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。
23.Modern football game began in England.现代的足球运动起源于英国。
其正宗的老家在英格兰，19世纪兴起。
24.Prime Minister is the leader of the British government.英国的政体是君主立宪制。
国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。
25.The second largest city in England,Birmingham, is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city. 英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是英国的工业和制造业中心。
26.The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain. 公元43年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了400多年。
基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马人传入英国的。
27.The real power of the British government lies in the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。
28.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是5-16岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。
29.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River, and the largest river in the USA is the Mississippi.英国最长的河是塞文河，全长355公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河，长4000公里左右。
30.The general election in Britain is held every five years. 英国大选每5年举行一次。