国际关系

First, the relationship between the national concepts International Relations is a broad concept, referring to all members of the international community interaction across borders . It generally refers to the relationship between the countries , international organizations and among national and international organizations ; Its main contents involve political , economic, cultural , military, these four aspects ; mainly in the form of performance : competition , cooperation and conflict. Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said famously words: "There is no forever friends forever , no permanent enemies , only permanent interests ." This sentence is self-evident : the national interest is the decisive factor in national relations, is a sovereign starting point and the country's external activities. Common interests is the basis for cooperation between countries , the interests of the national opposition is the root cause of conflict .For a country to firmly safeguard national interests , respect for national interests of his country and reasonable , and to safeguard the common interests of all peoples ; should adhere to development is the last word , and enhance national strength. Any citizen of the nation's high school students , it should establish a national idea , and enhance national pride, self-esteem , self-confidence ; while trying to learn , learn cultural knowledge, improve their own quality , rational patriotism .1919 University of Wales established the first Chair of International Relations International Relations discipline is a sign of the establishment , the establishment of the discipline reflects a reflection and hope for the elimination of war, a war . From 1919 onwards, the evolution of international relations theory has gone through four major stages , embodied the following :Phase I: International Relations Theory infancy and idealism Rise ( 1919-1948 )1918 Wilson that " Fourteen Points " , reflects the thinking of his idealism . The core of Wilson 's idealism is to build a world of peace can be maintained supranational organizations , embodied in the League of the above . Wilsonian far-reaching, but Wilson's idealism is up some ideas and policy recommendations on international relations. International relations theory occurred a significant " break " in the first stage of development , this is the 1939 crisis two decades Karl << >> a book published. The book is the first to systematically expounded by realist view of international relations theory monographs in the history of the development of international relations at the West occupies the position can not be ignored . Carr believes that in international relations there are two opposing intellectual thought , one is utopian , that Wilson's idealism , one is realistic . Carl pointed realism and utopianism is a contradictory concept, its importance is that the first element of power , the core point is how to treat and moral authority . "Two years of crisis" makes the development of idealism to a " break " for the rise of postwar realism made important groundwork .Second stage: the development stage theory of international relations theory and reality system indeed ( 1948-1979 )1948 Morgenthau " inter-state politics ," a book published, the book is regarded as the foundation of the theory of international relations for the West . Morgenthau is a significant contribution to the establishment of a realist theoretical system , the system expresses the whole idea of realism, the basic principles and application methods . Thus , Morgenthau called the " father of postwar realism ." At this stage , the focus turned to the study of international relations the United States , realism became the dominant paradigm of international relations theory , the study of international relations is basically a theoretical framework of realism expand . Realism is the basic assumption : power ( especially military power ) is the most fundamental factor in international relations, national interests supreme , universal morality is meaningless. Morgenthau in the "national inter- political " in the most extreme expression is attributed to all acts motivated countries to gain power , increase power and keep power . State power is not only a means of survival , but the purpose of international relations and the state 's own purposes. Converge to a peak in 1979 , the waltz "international political theory " , it anarchic nature of the international system as a basic premise , will be assigned to the main national power architecture regarded as the basic content of the core variables of international politics , forming a State to explain the behavior of the international architecture rigorous theoretical system , referred to as "structural choice ." " Theory of International Politics " is a reference to the highest rate of international relations , the book is a master work of the second phase of the development of international relations theory and disciplines tend to maturity.Third stage: the boom phase of international relations theory and the revival of liberalism ( 1979-1992 )Keohane and Joseph Nye in 1977 published the famous " Power and Interdependence ", which negates the three basic assumptions of realism, which is a prelude to the comprehensive regeneration of liberalism . After 1977, especially into the 1980s , there has been a wide variety of liberalism. Combed up, there are five forms of liberalism, namely: republican liberalism, liberalism interdependence , cognitive liberalism, social liberalism and liberal system . After 1984 , Keohane published " hegemony : the world's political and economic strife in cooperation with the neo-liberal institutionalism >> as a masterpiece , the book both from the theoretical and empirical presents a relatively complete theoretical system needs school , but also Neo-liberal institutionalism so many liberal schools became the highest degree of theory theory , marking a mature neo-liberal theory.Fourth stage: the three pillars of international relations theory and constructivism rise time (1992 - present )Since 1992 , a paradigm of international relations theory clear distinction reassert period marked by the rise and constructivism and realism , liberal institutionalism form the three pillars of the situation. Constructivism has been very important in the social sciences in the West , but in international relations , the realist discourse hegemony formed in the second period , and with the scientific methodology of the tool , combined with constructivism in the field of international relations itself is not a highly theoretical system , it has been marginalized . The late 1980s , Aonu Fu(Nicholas 011uf) the formal introduction of the term constructivism to international relations , and published book, " We created the world ." Constructivism in international politics make the greatest contribution is Alexander Wendt . Winter 1987 on "international organization" published an action in relation to the content and structure of the article, " International Relations Theory doer - structural problems " , began to explore the social factors in international politics. In 1992, Wendt published " anarchy created by the state : the social construction of power politics " , and immediately caused a sensation , constructivist theory of international relations began to get attention , it can be used as the development of international relations theory into fourth stage signs. Winter 1999 issue of " Social Theory of International Politics " This book and the new realism masterpiece " Theory of International Politics ," in stark contrast to the 20th century, is considered one of the last of International Relations of the most important works.With the advance of the end of the Cold War and globalization, the growing role as factors of development of material civilization , ethical values , norms and other system in world politics is increasingly strengthened. Academic study of international relations, the international system of international law and ethics renewed focus , indicating the important role of cultural elements values, ethics , norms , etc. In today's world , the study also showed the humanities in international relations and awareness reversion of ethics , cultural awareness is also growing together with the scientific spirit .Second, the causes of Russia's relations with Ukraine( When the enemy Friends : Ukraine and Russia grudges intertwined three hundred )For historical reasons9th century , the nation's first national Ukrainian rise of Kievan Rus , which was one of the earliest ancient civilizations on the East European Plain , the Grand Duke Vladimir and son Yaroslav 's reign, millions of population , vast territory , become the largest country in Europe at that time . In 988 AD , the Byzantine Empire, he married his wife Princess Anna and declared Christianity as the state religion . In his reign , political, economic and social life of the prosperity of Kievan Rus laid the basis of a common culture today Russia, Ukraine. After his son Vladimir , the gradual decline of Kievan Rus , Russia ancestor was later destroyed by the Duchy of Moscow . So, from the era of tsarist Russia Today Russia, Kievan Rus has been regarded as the originator of Russian history , the city of Kiev is also known as " the mother of cities of Russia ."12-13 century , " Ukraine" began to use the term . Subsequently, the title gradually expanded to most parts of the Ukraine today , and its title as the link to form a new nation . However, it was only as a concept of geography and ethnology exist , is not a political science concept. Because of their land were being assigned to the Kingdom of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland 's territory , the Ukrainian people as a nation lost their country . In 1648 , the Ukrainian people under Bogdan Khmelnitsky ·led uprising against Poland 's rule. He sent a letter to the government of Russia , hoping to get the same help Russian Orthodox faith . But Russia government reacted cautiously , there is no quick reply . In 1650 , the territorial issue between Russia and Poland, the breakdown of negotiations , Russia determined to aid Ukraine.March 1654 , the Ukrainian delegation in Moscow audience with the Russian Tsar . Subsequently , the two sides signed a " Bogdan radical of the Treaty" ( hereinafter referred to as " March Treaty " ) , Ukraine after getting a high degree of autonomy , a formal alliance with Russia . However, this history of Russia but was later altered to " Ukraine and Russia combined " event.Political reasonsUnfortunately, since 1954 the formal alliance with Russia , two nations on the position of inequality . According to " March Treaty" high degree of autonomy in Ukraine surface , but actually did not achieve independent status , but also pay taxes to the tsarist government . In addition, after several years of war in Ukraine , economic and military strength are not comparable with the then Russian , Ukrainian disparity powerful decision -Russian relations of inequality , not only to strengthen the dominance of Russia to Ukraine , but also to lay the framework of the development of relations between Ukraine and Russia . But this unequal relationship is deeply planted the seeds of national seed , on the development of relations between Ukraine and Russia has produced a negative effect produced .In 1917, Russia happen " February Revolution" , the empire disintegrated instantly . 13 months, representatives of the Ukrainian establishment of bourgeois and petty -bourgeois central government , " Estrada ." In order to obtain independence, to make peace with Germany in order to provide the cost of food and agricultural products to the Soviet armed resistance . But Germany was looking for an excuse to overthrow the " Lada " regime , fostering a pro-German puppet government . Later, the Soviet Red Army launched counterattack , Ukraine return to Soviet territory , but in the subsequent war with Poland , the Soviet Red Army victory after the first defeat , was forced to Western Ukraine region was ceded to Poland and other countries. In 1939, the Soviet government to use force to retake Western Ukraine region , from Ukraine to complete unity. In the Soviet era, the Ukrainian economy was a great development. Beginning of the 1930s, the Soviet Union launched the industrialization campaign , the central government invested a lot of money to Ukraine , will be built in the whole Soviet Ukraine 's most important industrial bases , also won the people's lives greatly improved . Later, however, some of the wrong policies of the Soviet government , leading Ukrainian nationalist sentiments continue to grow , the performance of the leaders of forced collectivization of agriculture foragers policy and implementation , leading to the Great Famine in Ukraine appears . Since then, Ukraine has become a " cleansing" the hardest hit , a large number of Ukrainian cadres and intellectuals were imprisoned and executed , as well as a large number of black people were forced to move to the frozen Siberia , making the rift between Russia and Ukraine continues to expand . 1991 Ukraine took advantage of the Soviet central government to a standstill, announced the establishment of an independent state . Although Russia and Ukraine has since become neighbors from one person, but 300 years between Russia and Ukraine each other two ethnic fusion , the same religion, language and culture are similar , similar customs, the two nations have been closely linked together , this doomed love and hatred between the two countries will continue to haunt .Geopolitical reasonsIn relations between Ukraine and Russia , the history of the rivalry and the reality of interests and conflicts are intertwined, which split the Black Sea Fleet , Crimea major problem in recent years in Ukraine and Russia geopolitical factors that influence the development of the relationshipbetween Ross .Historically, Russia to acquire control of the Black Sea region , has started from 1676 with Turkey , France, Britain, Germany battle for the Black Sea bloody battle 200 years, finally get control of the Black Sea in 1871 . Russia to build many cities and ports in the Black Sea region , southern Russia, in order to ensure the economic advantages in the region and to the European market channel.After the Soviet collapse , Russia's geopolitical position in the Black Sea region has changed. Black Sea Fleet is no longer a factor to ensure the stability of the region and become a bargaining chip in a political struggle . However, the Black Sea region is still of great significance for Russia. First, whether to take control of the Black Sea region, related to the national security of Russia's southern border . In addition , the Black Sea is to focus on Russia's economic interests in the region , Russia to the Mediterranean and the Pacific, the only water channel , 60% of the total foreign trade of the former Soviet Union are all out through the black sea . More importantly , the Black Sea region is the cradle of Russian spiritual life , the birthplace of the Russian Orthodox Church . Division of the Black Sea Fleet, both related to property issues , but also related to national sovereignty and national security interests, it is very difficult . In Russia, it seems , would mean the loss of the Black Sea Fleet lost control of the Black Sea region . It seems that in Ukraine , the Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine , also means the loss of sovereignty. On the division of the Black Sea Fleet , Russia to maintain its own existence in the Black Sea region , Ukraine will have to weaken Russian influence in the region , in order to safeguard national security . Therefore , the issue of ownership of the Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine and Russia about to become the political life of an extremely sensitive issue.Since the 18th century, Crimea is the base for the Black Sea coast of Russia to control the Mediterranean , the Balkans. Crimea 's location makes it the key to control the Black Sea region , especially in the western Black Sea . Loss of Crimea , the Black Sea , Russia will become the issue of imperial status and political influence in the Mediterranean region . Maintenance of the Crimea 's influence is an important factor in maintaining Russia 's great power status in the political , economic and military aspects of the constraints of Ukraine.Crimea is Russian ethnic -based multi-ethnic region , Russia's cultural influence has been the dominant cultural influence in Ukraine is weak, the vast majority of residents speak only Russian, multi- Russian newspapers, magazines Sibiu text 20 times . But in the 40 years between the Ukrainian jurisdiction , has formed a close economic ties between Ukraine and the Crimea . For 40 years, the Government of Ukraine to Crimea investment , such as the level of investment per capita basis, 15-20 % higher than the national average level of investment in Ukraine . Ukraine and Crimea Crimea cooperation to build the North Canal , will introduce Dnieper freshwater peninsula of Crimea to solve more than 85% of the freshwater needs . If at world prices , the economic benefits of the canal each year more than 20 billion dollars. 75-85 % of industrial electricity by Crimea Ukraine provided . Ukraine and Crimea are to provide vegetables, fruits , seafood and daily necessities of life . The complexity of the problem lies in the Crimea attribution , on the peninsula to the government , down to all the people of the existence of a powerful pro-Russian forces , they asked the Crimean independence , support for the return of Crimea to Russia. Although the Ukrainian government adopted a series of measures to try to calm the wave of Crimean independence , the situation remains unstable factors .Affect relations between Russia and UkraineMutual influence of Russia and Ukraine bilateral relationsUkraine and Russia merging the two nations in many aspects of politics, economy, culture , etc., influence each other, forming a deep intimate relationship . Packing the wrong end of this long-established interests and will not separate the two peoples aborted . Specific performance of the following :After the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact has dissolved , since the Second World War European security system formed in the crash . In the new European security structure , the whole of Russia and Eastern Europe are included in the scope of its own strategic interests , which Ukraine occupies an important position , because Russia 's transport lifeline across Ukraine ( Russian exports to the East Central European countries natural gas , oil pipelines through Ukraine territory ) . Moreover forces Russia to the Balkans , the Mediterranean, Transnistria , also need to rely on the presence of the Black Sea region of Ukraine . If the relationship between Ukraine and Russia to maintain a good state , Russia can more easily maintain their influence in these areas , whereas Russia's interests will be damaged. Currently, the political stability and economic development of Ukraine is heavily dependent on Russia , while Russia is a major country of Ukraine 's energy supply and sale of goods , the "special partnership" between the two. Have a significant impact on Russia and the WestUkraine is one of the national political fulcrum Eurasian geopolitical chess game . Russia them as European and American geopolitical and revive the heart of the game 's great power status of the key. Europe and America as the containment of Russia in Ukraine will be an important part of the package fence . Thus , Ukraine has always been one of the post-Cold War between the West and Russia, the geopolitical game focus countries , Ukraine has been wandering between East and West , Europe and Russia to survive in the fierce competition for the cracks . This game geopolitical role in Ukrainian domestic politics , the economic , social , ethnic and other factors together , gave birth to the mutant Ukrainian Council.Have a major impact on Russia and the CIS countriesAfter the Soviet Union, Ukraine and Russia are significant differences between the two countries on the comprehensive national strength . In the CIS , Russia still occupies a central position in a dominant position in terms of economic reform , has a vast market and other countries can not contest with natural resources , has a decisive influence on the situation in the CIS , Ukraine at a distinct disadvantage .。