第五章词汇学
《现代汉语词汇学》教学大纲
第五章 词义和语境的关系................................................................................................................... 670 一、语境对理解词义的作用 ................................................................................................... 670 二、语境对词义的影响 ........................................................................................................... 670 复习与思考题........................................................................................................................... 670 拓展阅读书目........................................................................................................................... 670
《训诂学》第五章考点手册
《训诂学》第五章测诂考证的工作与材料考点19 考释与证明综述、考证的两大类型、考证的结构（★三级考点，选择、填空）（整合知识点045-047）1.考证工作在清代最为发达，但不等于说清代才有考证。
汉代的文献词义训释也是有考证的，只不过是受书写条件的限制不可能把考证的过程记载出来。
2.考证工作到了清代发展到巅峰，主要是因为两个学术上的原因：（1）清人反思宋明理学的末流空谈义理的空疏，崇尚汉儒以实事求是阐明古义的精神；（2）受到宋代学术不迷信、敢于怀疑精神的影响。
3.考证的步骤:（1）指出考证对象，提出问题，说明进行考证的原因；（2）考求并列举文献材料;（3）论证(正面论述或驳论），得出结论。
★4.考证因考释目的和论证取向的不同，可以分成证实与反驳两大类。
5.【证实类】：对未有结论的问题证明其结论;对已有的结论加以考察核实，证明其正确。
6.初证如果有直接证据，可视为定论。
但初证往往是先提出疑问，任何学者都会受到一定的时代的或个人见闻的限制，所以初证有的可以当时定论，也有的是有待后人的复证。
7.【复证】指对已经提出的问题补充证据或补充论证思路，进一步加以证实。
8.【反驳类】：对已有的结论提出异议，以证据推翻之；同时提出新的证据而易以新的结论。
9.方法：（1）因声以求义，体现为破假借。
（2）对文以见义，说明其语言结构和意义应当相对应。
（3）以古代文化背景为观照，即用《尔雅》所记来互证。
10.考证都由三部分组成：发疑、取证、释理。
11.发疑是产生词义考证的动因，考证的特点即是因疑而发，有针对性。
(1)证实类考证多因语义不明、证据不足或论证不详而发疑。
①语义不明的。
②证据不足的。
③论证不详的。
(2)反驳类考证的产生，多因原来的解释没有看到较充分或较全面的证据，或虽有证据而对证据不能正确理解，或违背语言规律，或违背训释体例，或违背事理，因而发疑。
①有证据若不能正确理解，那也得不出正确结论。
②违背语言规律的。
③违背训释体例的。
语言学概论第五章练习题
一、填空题1. 语言学是研究______的科学。
2. 语言学的基本任务包括______、______、______和______。
3. 语言学的研究对象是______。
4. 语言的______和______是语言的本质属性。
5. 语言的______是语言的基本单位。
二、选择题1. 下列哪项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语义学C. 逻辑学D. 语法学2. 下列哪项不是语言的社会属性？A. 交际性B. 时代性C. 地域性D. 个体性3. 下列哪项不是语言的符号属性？A. 表意性B. 结构性C. 任意性D. 可变性4. 下列哪项不是语言学的三大任务？A. 描述语言现象B. 解释语言现象C. 应用语言知识D. 创造新语言5. 下列哪项不是语言的社会功能？A. 交际功能B. 记录功能C. 传播功能D. 表达功能三、判断题1. 语言学的研究对象是人类社会的语言现象。
（）2. 语言的任意性是指语言符号与所代表的意义之间没有必然的联系。
（）3. 语言的民族性是指不同民族的语言在结构上存在差异。
（）4. 语言的历时性是指语言在历史发展过程中不断变化。
（）5. 语言的共时性是指在同一时期内，语言系统内部各要素之间的关系。
（）四、简答题1. 简述语言学的定义及其基本任务。
2. 简述语言的社会属性。
3. 简述语言的符号属性。
4. 简述语言的社会功能。
5. 简述语言的历史发展过程。
五、论述题1. 论述语言的社会属性对语言学研究的重要性。
2. 论述语言的符号属性对语言学研究的影响。
3. 论述语言的社会功能在人类社会发展中的作用。
4. 论述语言的历史发展对现代语言学研究的启示。
5. 论述语言学与其他学科的关系及其相互影响。
六、名词解释1. 语音学2. 语义学3. 语法学4. 词汇学5. 修辞学6. 话语分析7. 语言学史8. 语音学中的音素9. 语义学中的多义现象10. 语法学中的句法结构七、选择题1. 下列哪位学者被誉为“现代语言学之父”？A. 威廉·冯·洪堡特B. 罗曼·雅各布森C. 马克斯·普鲁斯特D. 费尔迪南·德·索绪尔2. 下列哪项不属于索绪尔提出的语言学的两个基本概念？A. 语言/言语B. 音素/音位C. 形态/词法D. 语义/所指3. 下列哪项不是结构主义语言学的代表人物？A. 雅各布森B. 列维斯特劳斯C. 布龙菲尔德D. 哈罗德·拉斯克4. 下列哪项不是功能主义语言学的代表人物？A. 奥斯汀B. 莫里斯C. 布龙菲尔德D. 哈罗德·拉斯克5. 下列哪项不是语法学的代表人物？A. 乔姆斯基B. 布龙菲尔德C. 列维斯特劳斯D. 奥斯汀八、判断题1. 结构主义语言学强调语言的结构和模式。
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter5
Chapter 5Word meaning and Semantic Features 词义与语义特征⏹ 5.1 Conventionality and Motivation 约定俗成与有理据词⏹ 5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning 词义的分类⏹ 5.3 Componential Analysis and Semantic Features 语义成分分析与语义特征5.1 Conventionality and Motivation 约定俗成与有理据词The sound and meaning of words relatedTwo ways:1. Conventionality 约定俗成Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbol.Arbitrary: adj. decided by or based on chance or personal opinion rather than facts or reason. Conventional or arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.Eg. △□English –house French –maison Chinese –fángzi Russian –dom Spanish –casa 2. Motivation 有理据词Motivation: refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.⏹Phonetic motivation语音理据Phonetic motivation: pronunciation suggests the meaning, including echoic words or onomatopoeic wordsE.g. woof-woof the woof-woof of a dogmiaow the miaow of a catroar the roar of a lionbang the bang of a door⏹Morphological motivation 形态理据Morphological motivation: there is a direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.E.g. anticancer 抗癌的kilogram 公斤，千克good-looking 好看的，美貌的daydream 白日梦，做白日梦⏹Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation: The figurative meaning can be understood by those who know the literal meaning.E.g. a stony heart 铁石心肠，冷酷无情the leg of a table 桌子的腿5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning 词义的分类Types of Word Meaning: A. Grammatical meaning语法意义B. Lexical meaning 词汇意义⏹ A. Grammatical meaning1. word-class词类:The word-class determines the position that a word normally occupies in a sentenceEg. Being a child, he can’t understand what he just said.He never dreams of being a superstar.2. inflectional paradigm词形变化:Eg. seasons of a year 一年四季the poles 南北两极cat –cats mouse –mice walk –walks –walked write –wrote –written⏹ B. Lexical meaning1.Denotative meaning外延意义(conceptual meaning概念意义)Denotative meaning involves the relationship between a linguistic unit (esp. a lexical item )and the non-linguistic entities (physical objects, natural phenomena / things, events, processes) to which a word refersThe denotative meaning of a word’s definition given in a dictionaryEg. chairchair: a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, which usually ahs a back, a seat, fourlegs, and sometimes armsthe same meaning for all speakers of a given communityIt is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.the central factor in linguistic communication2.Connotative meaning内涵意义Connotative meaning: the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’smind.E.g. motherdenotative meaning: female parentconnotative meaning: love, care, warmTwo levels of connotation●Connotations pertaining to individualsbased on personal experiencee.g. father●Connotations pertaining to a groupe.g. communist, road, Uncle Sam3.Social or stylistic meaning 社会或文体意义●Social meaning: a piece of language conveys about the social circumstance of its use.One adjusted one’s language so as to make it appropriate in various situation in terms of :(1)the social relationship between the speakers or correspondents (friend tofriend ,professor to student )(2)the occasion (a class reunion or an official reception )(3)subject matter(about serious political issues or about films ,swimming or food )(4)the mode of discourse (spoken or written )●Stylistic meaningConsultative style is a polite and fairy neutral style ;it’s used when we are talking to a person whom we do not know well ,or to someone who is senior to ourselves in terms ofage or social position .Casual style is used in conversion between friends or in personal letter when the language is informal ,familiar ,relaxed ,warm and friendly .●the criterion of formality: formal, neutral and informal4. Affective meaning情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of speaker or writer.snarl words –show disapproval or contempt on the part of the speaker . derogatory (derog.)E.g. gang, niggardlypurr words—express the speaker 's approval of the person or thing he is talking about .appreciatory (apprec.)E.g. scholar, masterpiece, generous5.3 Componential Analysis and Semantic Features 语义成分分析与语义特征●Componential analysis on the basis of semantic contrastComponential analysis: A process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components (semantic features).⏹ManMan: [+Hunan +Adult +Male]⏹ChildChild: [+Human -Adult +Male]⏹CowCow: [+Bovine +Adult -Male]⏹LambLamb: [+Ovine -Adult +Male]⏹BoarBoar: [+Porcine +Adult -Male]现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter5●Advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis➢Advantages:1)Enable us to have an exact knowledge of the conceptual meaning of aword2)Help us to choose the right word or collocation➢Disadvantages:1)The impossibility of making a list of the infinite number of semanticfeatures.2)The analysis of word meaning into its sense components is not enough.3)Many words are often used figuratively without observing the normal“usage rules”。
英语词汇学chapter5
� Review Chapter 5 � Exercises in Chapter 5 � Preview Chapter 6
Assignment
Extension of Meaning
It is also called widening of meaning or generalization. It’s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.
� …almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago… (Quirk) � Shakespeare is perhaps more difficult to understand than more recent writings because many of his words were used in different sense from what they have now in contemporary dictionaries. � Eg. “the rivals of my watch, bid them make haste.” (partner) � “How pregnant sometimes his replies are.” (meaningful)
3) Elevation
4) Degeneration
� The meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning is called degeneration or pejorative change. For example “lust” (desire in general).
符淮青《现代汉语词汇》词汇学笔记
专业课笔记 | 词汇学 | 符淮青《现代汉语词汇》第一章绪论词汇学与词汇词汇学：以语言中的词汇为研究对象的学科，是语言学的分支之一词汇：语言中词语的总和，包括词和固定语固定语：语言中可以把词作为构成部分的、同词一样作为一个整体来运用的语言单位。
包括熟语和专门用语词汇学分类普通词汇学（一般词汇学）：研究词汇的普遍规律具体词汇学（个别词汇学）：如汉语词汇学、英语词汇学等汉语词汇学汉语历史词汇学：历时发展演变汉语描写词汇学：共时某时现象上古汉语词汇学中古汉语词汇学近代汉语词汇学现代汉语词汇学－本课内容词汇学的产生和发展（了解）前身：中国古代语言研究三“小学”—音韵学、训诂学、文字学古代语言学名著《尔雅》训诂学第一本义类词典《方言》用通言解释方言《释名》语言考理据《说文解字》第一本文字学书籍字形考理据“五四”—40年代以来词汇研究汉语词汇学建立与发展20c50y：汉语词汇学真正建立：涌现了一批专家与著作，确定研究的对象、任务和范围60y：研究方法更新，词语意义的结构70y：引进义素分析法80y：由定性研究逐渐转为定量研究21c初：计量分析主导词汇学研究总体情况词汇学研究内容：以现代汉语词汇为研究对象，研究词的性质、创造和结构、词义内容、词义发展、词的各种关系、词汇划分与关系等现代汉语词汇特点语素以单音节为主，词以双音节为主，但单音节词使用频率更高多音节词主要来源古代汉语：仿佛徘徊犹豫其他语言：咖啡巧克力沙发词语呈现双音化趋势为什么？内在驱动力：词义表达复杂化的需求与有限词形之间的矛盾社会发展：旧词新义、音变构词、两个词复合构词语音系统简化（避免同音）明确表意：新产生的双音词意义明确；原有单音节词部分义项被取代而减少审美追求（双音节的韵律形式）句法词汇化受外来词影响结果：长度增加，表义明确途径单音节语素前或后加上辅助性相关成分：眼泪头发毛笔松鼠月亮眉毛单音节语素的前面或后面添加一个不表示具体意义的附加成分：老虎阿姨桌子石头意义相同、相近或相对的单音节语素联合起来使用：国家意义寻找牙齿皮肤忘记停止单音节语素重叠：哥哥妈妈爸爸仅仅静静紧紧星星单音节词替换成与原语素无关的双音节词：眼睛（目）筷子（箸）匣子（椟）大腿（股）三音节词省略其中一个因素照相机—相机外国语—外语电视机—电视四音节及其以上的词语缩略：对外贸易—外贸国有企业—国企复合词为主，内部构造与短语大体一致：并列偏正动宾动补主谓同义词数量多，同音语素多：适应不同需要，之间互补，具有多样性和可伸缩性词汇与非词汇界限模糊，切词困难语素构词理据性强，即语素义对词义有明显提示作用少量语素构成大量合成词缺少词形变化成语一般由四个音节组成音节相对而言较短量词、语气词丰富离合词多，使用频率高叠音词多，重叠形式较为丰富词汇学与语言学相关学科的关系（了解）与语音学：语音是语言的物质外壳，是词语的存在形式词的意义靠语音手段来表现，语音是词的音响形式。
完全版英语词汇学名词解释
第一章word1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting apart off the original and using what remain instead.7. Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.第五章meaning1. Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2. Concept --- which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3 .Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5.Onomatopoeic Motivation--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.7. Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.8. Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 .Grammatical meaning– refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indi cates grammatical concept or relationships.10 .Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning （denotative meaning）– the meaning given in the diction ary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning– the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual me aning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning– stylistic features make the words appropriate for different cont exts.15. Affective meaning– the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question .第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. AcronymsI.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other word12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16.Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Polysemy— the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach–Diachronically，polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language，it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.19. Synchronic approach –synchronically，polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.20. Radiation–a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Concatenation–meaning “linking together”，is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until，in many cases，there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.22. Homonyms——are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonyms——are words identical both in sound and spelling，but different in meaning.24. Homographs——are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.25. Homophones（most common）——are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.26. Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.27. Absolute Synonyms——are words，which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects，i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning，including conceptual and associative meanings.28. Relative synonyms——are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonyms——are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms （according to the semantic opposition ）1）Contradictory terms – these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2）Contrary terms—— a scale running between two poles or extremes.3）Relative terms– consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other，the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent. .Hyponymy——deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is，the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance，tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词）and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）. 第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension （generalization）——It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing（specialization）——It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration——refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning ——It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer ——It is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context – refers to the words occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context – The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms1.Idiom—idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences，which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa. Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word，but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings，in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b. Structural Stability– the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms– the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents.Regular combination– the speaker of the regular collocations，the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms– the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1. Idioms nominal in nature（名词性）– have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.2.Idioms adjective in nature （形容词性）- function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.3.Idioms verbal in nature（动词性）– this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs – idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4. Idioms adverbial in nature（副词性）5.Sentence Idioms– are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」——is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」——is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes，as in crown for king，the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」——means using a part for a whole，an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement– a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech，resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion– some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Position-shifting– the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting– in proverbs and sayings，where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering– breaking up the idioms into pieces，an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。
现代汉语词汇学第五章
色彩，又有方言色彩。
• 书面语体又可分为文艺语体、政论语体、科技语体、
事务语体等。例如：“头颅 、孩提”属文艺语；
“专制 、弹劾”属政论语体；“化合、因特网” 属科技语体 ；“案由、函达”属事务语体。
书面语体色彩：头颅
身躯 措施 殴打 观看 欢笑 颤抖 瞅 乐 看 笑 哆嗦 发抖
口头语体色彩：脑袋瓜儿 个儿 法子 揍 通用词： 头 身材 办法 打
中心意义不同于词源学上的词的原始意义（本 义）。本义是多义词义项中最早的意义，即词的 最初意义。例如：“兵”的本义是“武器”，中 心意义是“战士”。
•
•
•
中心意义是词在现代最常用、最主要的意义。 有的词基本义同本义是一致的。
“长”的本义和中心意义都是“距离大”。
•
• •
割：用刀截断。《左传 襄公三一年》犹未能操 刀而使割也。
如“花”的概念意义是：“种子植物的有 性繁殖器官。由花瓣、花萼、花托、花蕊组成， 有各种颜色，有的长得很艳丽，有香味。”
•
词典对词目的解释，主要是理性义。
• 【雪】空气中降落的白色结晶，多为六角形，是气 温降低到零度以下时，空气层中的水蒸气凝结而成 的。
• 概念意义是词义的核心内容，一般实词都有概念意
• 四、词义的客观性和主观性 • 词义是客观事物、现象在人们头脑中的反映，具有
两方面的含义：一方面是说它必须有客观基础；另
一方面是说它有可能带进人们的主观态度。 • 例如同是表示死亡，“逝世、谢世、仙逝”等就带 有肃穆、哀婉的情感，而“呜呼哀哉、翘辫子、蹬 腿”等则带有轻蔑、嘲讽的意味。
• 五、词义的稳固性与变异性
• ①行走时两脚之间的距离，脚步； • ②阶段；
• ③地步，境地；
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词汇系统——功能上
▪ 根据词汇单位在语言及词汇系统中的作用
➢ 基本词汇
普遍性 、稳定性 、能产性
➢ 一般词汇
▪ 根据词汇的使用频率
➢ 常用词汇
标准：词次、频率、分布、使用度 现代汉语有8548个常用词
➢ 非常用词汇
▪ 根据词汇使用的范围和群体
➢ 专业词汇和非专业词汇
▪ 根据词汇使用的场合
▪ 词语单调 ▪ 替代词增多
三、新鲜的网络言语
▪ 网络词汇 ▪ 网络词汇的来源 ▪ 网络言语的规范化问题
▪ 从词的形式上看，是指根据词的语音形式或书写形式来划分 词汇的子系统
▪ 从词的语音形式 ➢ （1）从构成词的音节数量上来看，可把词汇系统分为单音节词、
多音节词两大系统 ➢ （2）双声词：指两个音节连缀成义而不能拆开的而且两个音节声母
相同的词 ➢ （3）叠韵词：指两个音节连缀成义而不能拆开而且两个音节的云相
“信”（诚实）引申为书信、信息 古英语“boc（榉木）”通过借代（用材料指物品）引申
为现代英语的“book”
三、词
▪ 词的构成方法
➢ 语法构词
（1）复合法：主谓式、偏正式、支配式、并列式、补充式 （2）派生法：
➢ 又叫附加法、加缀法，即在词根上附着词缀成新词 ➢ 初一、阿姨、unfair、dislike、friendship、桌子、木头、“里”
表达“美”与“丑”之对立的用词 丰富多彩的平民语汇
二、文学作品中的“呆傻语”词 汇
▪ 文学形象——呆傻人
➢ 虽生理上存在障碍，但他们的思维能力和言语 能力没有完全丧失，仍可进行言语活动。
➢ “呆傻语”偏离甚至打破了正常的语言规范 ➢ 《尘埃落定》《爸爸爸》《现实一种》
▪ 命名事物的固定词语形式被描述性话语取 代
➢ 完全音译：雷达、拷贝、沙龙、咖啡、奥林匹克 ➢ 音译兼意译：绷带、俱乐部、香波 ➢ 半音译半意译：卡车、酒吧
▪ 同源词
➢ 由书写形式或语音形式的分化而形成的同源关系
➢ 由语义的分化而形成的词的同源关系
▪ 同根词
第三节 言语词汇
▪ 一、名家、名著词汇
➢ 鲁迅
文言词语的使用 绍兴方言的使用 口语词的使用 凝练的词汇运用
➢ 口语词汇和书面语词汇
▪ 从词的语法功能
➢ 实词和虚词
词汇系统——来源上
▪ 古语词
➢ 历史词：表示历史上曾经存在过，现在已经不存在的事物现象行为 的词，还包括历史上出现过的神话传说中的事物的名称 。
➢ 文言词：古代汉语文言著作中的词。文言词所表示的事物现象和观 念，现实中还存在。
▪ 新词 ▪ Leabharlann 言词 ▪ 外来词▪ 意义的完整性
➢ 固定词语的意义并不是构成成分意义简单相加， 而是经过约定俗成，有一个整体性的意义
▪ 专有名词和熟语
词语系统
▪ （一）词汇系统
➢ 从形式上看 ➢ 从意义上看 ➢ 从功能上看 ➢ 从来源上看
▪ （二）语汇系统
➢ 成语 ➢ 惯用语 ➢ 谚语 ➢ 俗语 ➢ 歇后语 ➢ 格言
词汇系统——形式上
自由语素和不自由语素 定位语素和不定位语素 词根、词缀、词尾
➢ 词根是词的核心部分，它决定了词的主要词汇意义 ➢ 词缀指附着在词根之上的语素，它对词义的构成起附加作用 ➢ 词尾指附加在词根或词缀后面只表达语法意义的语素，一般属于
词的形态变化部分
▪ 词的结构类型
➢ 关于复合词
复合词的词义与语素义的组合并不完全对应 复合词的词类与语素的词类也不对应
（3）变性转化
➢ 语素的结构不变而词类功能发生变化而形成另一类词。 ➢ cook、mask、smile、tramp（流浪汉、流浪）、锁、热、在
（4）变形转化
➢ 把原本合成词中的不成词语素变为成词语素从而形成新的词 ➢ 逆序成词：就是把原来只有合成词形式没有单纯词形式的词，反向截取其
中的一个语素在形成单纯词。baggar ➢ 缩略构词：不是指简缩词语，而是指那些经过缩略而已经凝固为典型的单
➢ 老舍
大量儿化词的使用 大量后缀的使用 大量熟语的使用 北京方言词语的使用
一、名家、名著词汇
➢ 《围城》
词语的书面化 词语的讽刺化文言词的运用 夹带外文词
➢ 《儒林外史》
浓郁的江淮方言韵味 科举气与八股气 句无可删，字无可削，一个动词就足以创造一个形
象
➢ 《巴黎圣母院》——雨果
第五章词汇学
第一节 词汇的定义和分类
▪ 词汇的定义
➢ 词和词的等价物——固定词语的总和
▪ 词汇的分类
➢ 语言词汇，是指一种语言中全部词和固定词 语的总和 。
➢ 言语词汇，是指个人运用语言的词汇，它是 允许存在偏离语言规范、不同于语言词汇之 处的。
三、词
▪ 词的构成成分——语素
➢ 语素是语言中最小的音义结合体。 ➢ 语素的分类
▪ 单义词和多义词
➢ 单义词指只有一个义项的词
科学术语（如“风蚀”“光压”），鸟兽、草木、器物的名称 、人名、地名大多 是单义词
➢ 多义词指有多个有联系的义项的词
全部义项是词义的多义词 有的义项是词义，有的义项是语素义的多义词
▪ 上义词和下义词
➢ 上义词适用的对象大于下义词，而下义词表示的对象特征深于或多于上义词
同的词
➢ （4）同音词：两个语音形式完全相同而意义不同的词就是同音词
同音同形 同音异形
▪ 词的书写形式
➢ 同形词
同音同形 、同形异音
➢ 叠音词和各种拟声词
词汇系统——意义上
▪ 同义词和反义词
➢ 意义相同或相近的词叫作同义词
等义词 近义词
➢ 意义相反或相对的词叫作反义词
互补反义词 极性反义词
➢
单音节
➢
单纯词
联绵词
词
➢ ➢
多音节
叠音词 外来词
的
➢
➢
联合式 偏正式
结
➢词
复合式 补充式
构
➢ ➢
合成词
动宾式 主谓式
类
➢
➢
型
➢
➢
附加式 重叠式
前加式 后加式
三、词
▪ 词的构成方法
➢ 语音构词
蛐蛐、蝈蝈 、咩、哞、 bomb（炸弹、轰炸） patter（吧 嗒声）
➢ 语义构词
语义构词是指新词产生是由于旧词的语义孽生、分化， 即由于词义的比喻、借代等方式产生的，或者是由于词 义的联想而产生的 。
纯词的那些词 。 APEC（亚太经合组织）、 “laser”来自“light amplification by stimulated”（光受激发
四、固定词语
▪ 结构的定型性
➢ 固定词语是一种特定的结合形式，词与词的组 合关系和前后顺序已经固定了，不能改变其结 构形式
1）不能颠倒原有成分 2）不能替换原有成分 3）不能插入或删减成分