Flight Separation
中文 Flight Separation
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 10
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(1)在同一高度上对 头相遇，应当各 自向右避让，并 保持500米以上 的间隔；
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 11
5 00 m
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(2)在同一高度上交 叉相遇，飞行员 从座舱左侧看到 另一架航空器时 应当下降高度， 从座舱右侧看到 另一架航空器时 应当上升高度；
6000m
预计相遇点
如果在预计相遇点后10分钟， 可相互穿越或者占用同一高度层；
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 37
3.仪表飞行水平间隔标准
6600m 6300m
10min
10min
6000m
预计相遇点
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 38
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(3)起飞点与着陆点距 离60米以上，起 飞、着陆航线又不 交叉时，可以同时 起飞、着陆
H
60m
H
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 20
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
目视飞行的航空器使用同一跑道起飞、着陆时，当前 面起飞的航空器已经飞越使用跑道终端或者开始转 弯，或者当前面着陆航空器已经脱离使用跑道，
• 气象条件：
1.航空器与云的水 平距离不得小于 1500米，垂直距 离不得小于300 米
1,500m
300m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 6
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
• 气象条件：
OPI考试整理
OPI人工面试考试题：1.自我介绍Introduce yourself…2.住在哪里？如何去上班？交通工具？Where do you live? How do you go to work? by what means of transportation?…3.询问是塔台还是进近或者区调管制员Are you a tower controller or an approach controller or an area controller?…4.塔台与进近的区别？各自的职责What is the difference between aerodrome control and approach control, what are there responsibilities?Difference: the classification of controlled airspacetower: ground operation mostlyapproach: radar vector for sequence mostlyDuty: safety, efficiency5.五边是什么？怎么指挥？What is the definition of final control? What do you do as a final controller?1. a control sector provided ATCS which is transition from arrival control sectorto aerodrome control.2.mostly radar vector aircrafts to make ILS approach or visual approach6.五边航道进近的前机重型，后机中型，尾流间隔是多少？What is the separation if a mid-weight aircraft follows a heavy-weight aircraft on final?10km until preceding aircraft have landed or visual separation7.如何做好一名进近管制员How to be an excellent approach controller?1.high sense of responsibility2.good memories and reaction3.outstanding logical thinking and calculating abilities4.abundant experience8.班里面平时怎么培训你们？What kind of training do you have in your department?theoretically training, simulator training, practical control skills training9.你认为做模拟机是否必要？Do you think it is necessary to do the simulator training?1.necessary, it is a convenient to simulate emergency situations that are noteasily met during daily work.2.it can provide simulator trainees chances of making mistakes without takingconsequences.3.it is effective to improve control skills by simulating complicated situations 10.日常工作，你们见习的都干嘛？What do you trainees do daily?1.accept theoretical classes, simulator training,2.do some coordination work11.所在部门分成几个扇区，分别叫什么？How many sectors have your department been divided? What are their names? 3,departure, arrival, final.12.对于工作负荷有什么看法？怎样缓解What is your opinion about workload? How do you reduce your workload?1.appropriate workload can help controllers to keep full attention but highworkload beyond controllers’ limit may remarkably increase the possibility of making mistakes.2.having good rest, doing sports, keep in good mood13.说一些气象条件之类的话题Tell something about meteorological conditions?1.dense fog: low visibility2.thunderstorm: lightening heavy rain icing3.windshear…14.遇到什么特殊情况吗？如何处置？Have you met any abnormal situations？How do you deal with them?…15.如果遇到特殊情况，信息是怎样向外传递的？If a special situation happens, how do the information pass out?pilots’ report, other crews relay, specific signals like SSR code A770016.描述一下区域里的禁区Describe the prohibited area in your sector?square, in the middle of our controlled airspace, based on BJ downtown, surrounded by non-detour section17.飞机上有炸弹怎么办？What if there is a bomb reported on board?1.confirm the type of emergency2.ask crews’ intentions3.report to supervisor4.notify airport emergency assistance department5.instruct other aircraft to avoid the emergency traffic18.飞机上有病人要求优先着陆怎么办？What is your reaction when an aircraft is requiring priority landing because there is a patient on board?1.acknowledge the information and confirm pilots’ intentions2.report to controllers in chief3.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic and vector thetraffic to land as soon as possible4.notify medical assistance19.航空器低油量一般处置程序Talk about the procedure when an aircraft reporting low on fuel?1.acknowledge the information and ask the aircraft’s endurance2.confirm pilots’ intentions and report the situation to controllers in chief3.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic and providenecessary information service such as nearest alternate airport4.notify emergency assistance20.飞机终止进近、复飞的原因Talk about reasons that aircrafts abandon approach or overshoot?1.low visibility/windshear on final approach2.type of approach system failure3.aircraft not in appropriate landing attitude21.如果起飞遇到鸟击，怎么处理How do you handle the situation which an aircraft suffers bird strike upon departure?1.ask the damage sustained2.confirm the assistance crews need3.give priorities to the urgency traffic4.notify supervisor and emergency assistance department22.机腹着陆管制员怎么办？What a controller can do if an aircraft is about to make belly landing?1.give priority to the urgency traffic2.foam the runway3.notify fire service and medical assistance23.飞机报告有火情，管制员应做什么？What a controller should do when crews reporting aircraft on fire?1.confirm the type and degree of fire2.provide priority to the emergency traffic and instruct other aircrafts to avoid it3.notify supervisor and emergency assistance department24.你自身能够接受的最小间隔是多少？What is the minimum separation you can accept?6km/300m or visual separation25.怎样定义危险接近How do you definite air-miss?aircrafts in mid-air are in danger of collision, between which the separation including horizontal, vertical, also goes against regulations26.什么原因能够导致航班延误，有没有解决方法What kind of incidents can lead to flight delay? Any solutions?severe weather, rush hours, military movements, aircrafts mechanical problems, human factors…solutions: more airspace, bigger and more advanced airplanes, more professional staff…27.与军航的关系？有军航活动时运行流畅吗？How is the relationship between your department and air force flight control department? Does it operate smoothly when there is military movement?cooperate smooth, have some restrictions but can still ensure smooth operation 28.为什么要更换跑道方向？北京进近区域里谁有权利更换跑道？要通知塔台吗？Why need to change the directions of runway in use? Who has the right to change runway in BJ approach? Is it necessary to notify tower controllers?to ensure aircrafts’ taking-off and landing in upwind.each controller, need to coordinate with other sectors’controller, but not need to notify tower controllers29.流量控制有用吗？什么时候发布？谁来发布？Is it effective to make flow control? When and who do the flow control?very necessary to ensure safety. made by supervisors, before the situation beyond controllers’ limitation30.ROGER和WILCO有什么区别？What is the difference between “ROGER” and “WILCO”?“ROGER”: have acknowledged information and understood it“WILCO”: have received instruction and will comply with it31.哪些情况会导致返航、备降？What kind of situations would cause a flight returning or diverting to alternate airport?bad weather, aircrafts’ mechanical problems, human factors…32.你认为与机组的沟通是否重要？Do you think it is important to keep communications with crews?1.foundation to pass instructions to avoid collisions2.necessary to keep communications to provide information service33.机组要求紧急着陆，管制员应采取什么措施？What matures can controllers take when pilots request emergency landing?1.confirm the emergency situation2.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic3.vector the emergency traffic to land as soon as possible4.ask if crews need any other additional services34.如果突然雷达失效，应该怎么处置？是否要转入程序管制？If you experience a sudden radar failure, how do you react? Is it necessary to transfer to procedure control?e back up radar and report to supervisorsrm the pilots and other related control sectors of the abnormal situation3.if possible, transfer aircrafts under control to other sector which is in normaloperation4.if back up radar also failed, transfer to non-radar control35.如果某飞机执行VFR规则报告不能保持，应该怎么办？What should you do if pilots report he can’t obey VFR regulations any longer while he was following it before?1.confirm the aircraft and crew are certified to accept IFR control2.if can, identify the aircraft3.if cannot, provide service to return to land or proceed to alternate airport 36.你对目前通航大发展有什么看法和建议？What is your opinion about the gross development of general aviation? What doyou purpose to this situation?1.controllers need regulations to provide ATCS to general aviation aircrafts andsafe separation between general aviation aircrafts and civil aviation aircrafts2.the current situation in general aviation industry is disordered which needs tobe normalized by governorsOPI机试1.遇到劫机应如何处置，怎样确定航空器被劫机等等一系列问题?How do you react if an aircraft is hijacked? How can you confirm an aircraft is hijacked?how to react: hijackers’ intensionsinformation to the controller-in-chiefcalm down, ensure safety of all aircrafts as much as possible confirm squawk or use obscured words to verify the situation2.喜不喜欢管制工作，对这个职业有什么看法，如果出现特情一般处置程序是什么？Do you like being a controller or not? What do you think about being an ATC?What is the general procedure when experiencing emergency situations?. responsibility, reputation, pressure, career prospects1.acknowledge2.separation3.silencermation5.support6.time。
尾流间隔
注 2: 1 海哩（Nautical Mile）= 1.85公里注
3: 飞机最低起飞重量对照超大型飞机：A380最低起飞重量（MTOW）1,300,000 磅
大型飞机：最低起飞重量（MTOW）在225,000磅以上的飞机。例如：B747-400 875,000磅。
飞机的安全飞行分开距离（Safety flight separation distance）在维护飞安方面是非常重要的，大小飞机间的安全距离有否不同？
1.前行飞机：超大型飞机 A380;追随飞机为超大型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 4 海哩;
追随飞机为 大型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 6 海哩;
中型飞机：最低起飞重量（MTOW）在41,000磅到225,000磅之间。例如：B737- 800 174,200磅。
小型飞机：A380最低起飞重量（MTOW）在41,000磅之间。例如：ATR-72 22,500磅。
飞机起飞间隔，为了防止飞机吃前机的尾流，对飞行安全造成威胁。
１、同机型之间后起飞，距前机不少于３分钟。
追随飞机为 中型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 8 海哩;
追随飞机为 小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 10 海哩.
海哩
追随飞机为中型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 5 海哩
追随飞机为小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 8 海哩
3.前行飞机：中型飞机（如：B737）追随飞机为小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 5 海哩
２、先起飞的飞机高度在１００米（夜间１５０米以下）或者没有开始一转弯，禁止后机起飞。如果前机已经起飞超出对后机尾流的数据，后机就可以向塔台请求上跑道直接起飞，相反就的在跑道上等候
民航英文缩写专业解析
民航英文缩写专业解析名词解释ADF:自动信标接收机,指示NDB电台的方位ALT:高度AP:自动驾驶仪ATIS:机场气象广播,包括风,能见度,云,修正海压,使用的跑道等等CHECKLIST:检查单,飞机起飞,爬升,平飞,下降,着陆前所作的的检查COM:甚高频通讯机,118.0-135.95MHZ,用于陆空对话及ATIS接收DME:测距机,用来测量DME台的距离EFIS:特指有阴极射线管的电子仪表系统FLAP:襟翼,机翼后缘可转动部分,通常用于起飞落地GEAR:起落架HDG:HEADING,航向IAS:指示空速ILS:精密仪表进近,俗称盲降,包括航向道和下滑道,引导飞机至60米高度NA V:甚高频导航接收机,108.00-117.95MHZ,用于接收VOR/DME及ILS信号NDB:导航用广播电台,可听见莫尔斯码TRANSPONDER:二次雷达应答机,采用8进制编码,自动报告飞机位置V1:起飞决断速度,高于此速度不可中断起飞,否则将冲出跑道Vr,(Rotate):起飞抬头速度VOR:全向信标机,提供稳定的方位信号AA/B Autobrake 自动刹车ABS Absolute 绝对ABV Above 上方A/C Aircraft；Air Conditioning 飞机；空调AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS ARINC Communication Addressing and Reporting System 航空无线电通讯地址和报告系统ACC Aft Core Cowl 发动机后核心整流罩ACCEL Acceleration, Accelerate (d), Accelerometers 加速，加速度计ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter 异步通讯接口转接头ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACN Aircraft Classification Number 飞机分类编号ACMP Alternating Current Motor Pump 交流马达泵ACP Audio Control Panel 音响控制面板ACP Automatic Control Panel 自动控制面板ACPC AC Power Center 交流电源中心ACSC Air Conditioning System Controller 空调系统控制器ACSU Adjustable Cam Switch Unit 可调凸轮电门组件ACT Active 工作的,有效的,生效的,正在使用的ACU Air Conditioning Unit 空调组件3D (3-D) Three dimensional 三维的，立体的AD Airworthiness Directive 适航性指令A/D Analog-to-Digital 模拟-数字，模-数ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADC Autodeploy Computer 自动放出计算机ADCU Autodeploy Control Unit 自动放出控制组件ADDR Address 地址，广播ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向仪，无线电罗盘ADG Air Driven Generator 空气驱动发电机ADGPC ADG Power Center 空气驱动发电机电源中心ADI Attitude Director Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模件ADP Air Driven Pump 空气驱动泵ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADSHC Air Data Sensor Heater Controllers 大气数据传感器加温控制器ADV Advance 提前，预先AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音响电子控制组件AEPC APU/External Power Contactor APU/外部电源接头AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指引系统AFM Airplane Flight Manual 飞机飞行手册（FAA批准）AFT Afterward 向后AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制A/G Air/Ground 空中/地面，空/地AGL Above Ground Level 高于地面AH Alert Height 警戒高度AHC Attitude and Heading Computer 姿态和航向计算机AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System 姿态和航向基准系统AHS Attitude Heading System 姿态航向系统AHM Attitude Hold Mode 姿态保持方式A/ICE Anti-Ice 防冰AID Aircraft Interface DiscrepancyAircraft Installation Delay 飞机接口误差（故障）飞机安装延误AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AILC Anti-Ice and Leak Detection Controller 防冰与渗漏检测控制器AIS Audio Integrating System 音响综合系统ALIGN Aligning, Alignment 校准，对准ALPHA Alpha 字母，迎角ALT Altitude 高度ALT Altitude Hold (PFD/FD) 高度保持（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALT ACQ Altitude Acquire 高度获取ALT CAP Altitude Capture (PFD/FD) 高度截获（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate 备用ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMA Audio Monitor Adapter 音响监控接头AMB Ambient 外部，外界AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等值调幅AMI Airline Modifiable Information 航线可变更信息AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMP Amperes 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大（器）AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护任务保障系统AN/CDU Alternate Navigation on CDU 控制显示组件的备用导航ANN ANNUN Annunciator 告示牌，信号牌（灯）ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Alternate Navigation System 备用导航系统ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle of Attack 迎角AOC Airline Operational Communication Data Link 航空公司运作通讯数据链AOG Aircraft On Ground 停飞飞机，飞机停飞A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶仪AP Autopilot; Auxiliary Power 自动驾驶仪；辅助电源APC Auxiliary Power Control 辅助电源控制APC/EPC Auxiliary Power Contactor/External Power Contactor 辅助电源接触器/外部电源接触器APD Approach Progress Display 进近进程显示APD/CL Access Panels and Doors/Component Location 盖板和舱门/部件位置APL Airplane 飞机APM Airport Planning Manual 机场计划手册APP Approach 进近APPR Approach 进近APPROX Approximately 大约APR Automatic Power Reserve 自动功率储备APR Automatic Performance Reserve 自动性能储备APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置AR As Required 按需要ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机修复手册ARP Air Data Reference Panel 大气数据基准面板ARPT Airport 机场ARR Arrival 到达，进港A/S Airspeed；Antiskid 空速；防滞ASA Aircraft Separation Assurance 飞机之间间隔的确保（确保飞机之间的间隔）ASA Autoland Status Annunciator 自动着陆状态信号牌ASCA APU Starter-Contactor Assembly APU起动机接触器组件ASCV Anti-Skid Control Valve 防止控制活门ASYM Asymmetrical 不对称的ASCU Antiskid Control Unit 防滞控制组件ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速表A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞ASP Audio Selector Panel 音响选择板ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASSY Assembly 组件，组装Asym Asymmetric/Asymmetry 不对称A/T Autothrottle 自动油门ATA Actual Time of Arrival 实际到达时间ATA 100 Air Transport Association of America Specification No.100 美国航空运输协会第100号规范ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATD Advanced Training Device 先进训练设备ATE Auto Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATO Aborted Takeoff 中断（止）起飞ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试（试飞）程序ATR Automatic Throttle Retarder 自动收油门装置ATS Air Turbine Starter 空气涡轮起动机ATSCV Air Turbine Starter Control Valve 空气涡轮起动机控制活门ATT Attitude；Attendant 姿态ATTD Attitude，姿态；乘务员ATTND Attendant （空中）服务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUTO BAL Automatic Balance 自动平衡AUTOTHROT Autothrottle 自动油门ATTO XFER Automatic Transfer 自动转换AUX Auxiliary 辅助A V Avionics 航空电子设备A V AIL Available 存在，可用，有A VG Average 平均A VM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载震动监视器AZ Azimuth 方位BB/AIR Bleed Air 引气，放气BAL Balance 平衡BARO Barometric Pressure 气压压力BATT Battery 电瓶BAT Battery 电瓶BB Broad Band 宽带BBL Body Buttock Line 机身纵剖线B/CRS Back Course 背台航道B/C Back Course (Localizer) 背台航道（航道台）BDI Bearing Distance Indicator 方位距离指示器BCD Binary Coded Decimal 二进制-十进制编码BFN Binary Fractional Notation 二进分式计数法BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BIT Built-In Test 自检，自测，内装测试BITE Built-In Test Equipment 自测设备，内装测试设备BK Break 中断，打断BKGRD Background 背景BKR Breaker 断电器BL Buttock Line 纵剖线BLD Bleed 引气，放气B/LEAK Bleed Leak 引气渗漏BLK Black; Block 黑色；块，堵塞，BLW Below 下方BMS Boeing Material Specification 波音材料规格（书）BMV Brake Metering Valve 剎车计量活门Bnr，bnr Burner 燃烧室BPCU Bus Power Control Unit 汇流条电源控制组件BPI Brake Pressure Indicator 剎车压力指示器BPSU Brake and Position Sensor Unit 刹车和位置传感器组件BRG Bearing 方位; 轴承BRK Brake 剎车（装置），制动（装置）BRT Bright; Brightness (stroke intensity control) 亮度（频闪灯亮度控制）BS, B/S Body Station 机身站位BSI Borescope Inspection 孔探仪检查BTB Bus Tie Breaker 汇流条连接接触器(断路器)BTBR Bus Tie Breaker Relay 汇流连接接触器继电器BTL Bottle 氧气瓶，灭火瓶BTMS Brake Temperature Monitoring System 刹车温度监视系统BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监视组件BTS Bleed Temperature Sensor 引气温度传感器BUTE Bent-up Trailing Edge 上弯后缘BVCU Bleed Valve Control Unit 引气活门控制组件CC Center, Caution, Cable, Captain, Celsius, Cool，Cabin，Cycles 中心，注意，电缆，机长，摄氏，冷却，座舱, 循环CAA Civil Aviation Authority （英国）民航局CAI Cabin Altitude Indicator 客舱高度指示器CAIV Cowl Anti-Ice Valves 整流罩防冰活门CAL Calibrate 校正，校准CANC Cancel 取消，删除CAP Capture 载获CAPT or C Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Airspeed 校准空速CAS Crew Alerting System, Calibrated Airspeed 机组警告系统, 校准空速CAT Category 目录，类CATII Category II 二类飞行标准CB C/B Circuit Breaker 跳开关，电路断路器CBIT Continuous BIT 连续自检CB Circuit Breaker （电路）跳开关CBP Circuit Breaker Panel 跳开关面板CBT Computer Based Training 计算机辅助飞行训练CBV Cross Bleed Valve 交叉引气活门CBW Cross Bleed Wing Valve 交叉引气机翼(防冰)活门CCA Circuit Card Assembly 电路板组件CCDL Cross Channel Data Link 交输通道数据链路CCP Compass Control Panel 罗盘控制面板CCW Counter-clockwise 逆时针反时针CDH Clearance Delivery Head 放飞主任CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDL Configuration Deviation List 配置缺差清单，缺件清单CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压气机出口压力CDTS Compressor Discharge Temperature Sensor 压缩机出口温度传感器CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CES Canadair Equipment Specification 加空设备规格（范）CESM Commercial Engine Service Memorandum 商用发动机服务备忘录CFM Cubic Feet Per Minute 立方英尺/分钟CFMI Joint company GE/SNECMA CFM国际公司（由美国的GE和法国的SNECMA联合的公司）CG Center of Gravity 重心CH Chapter, Channel 章，通道CHAN Channel 通道CHGR Charger 充电器，加注器CHR Chronometer 精密计时器，秒表CIT Compressor Inlet Temperature 压气机进口温度CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CL Close 关闭，闭合C/L Centerline 中心线CLB Climb, Maximum Climb 爬高，爬升；最大爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLR Clear 清除CM Centimeters 厘米CMD Command 指令，命令CMM Component Maintenance Manual 部件维护手册CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补型金属氧化物半导体CMPS Compass 罗盘CMPTR Computer 计算机CNTRL，Cntrl Control 控制，操纵（机构）CO Carbon Dioxide；Company 二氧化碳；公司COAX Coax Coaxial 同轴（的）Col Column 驾驶杆，栏（目）COM Communication 通讯，连络Comb Combustor；Combination 燃烧室; 结合，组合COMM Communication 通讯，联络COMND Command 指令，指挥COMP Compartment; Comparator 舱; 比较器COMP Compressor；Compensate, Compensator 压气机；补偿补偿器COND Condition，conditioning; Continued 条件，状态；调节；继续CONFIG Configuration 配置，布局，形态CONN Connection 连接，接头CONT Control, Continuous, Contactor, Controller 控制,操纵,连续的,接触器,控制器COOL Cooling 冷却，散热CORR Correction 修正CPAM Cabin Pressure Acquisition Module 座舱压力采集组件CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱压力控制器CPCP Cabin Pressure Control Panel 座舱压力控制面板CPCS Cabin Pressure Control System 座舱压力控制系统CPLT Copilot 副驾驶CPOST Computer Power-On Self-Test 计算机电源接通后自检CPT Cockpit Procedures Trainer 驾驶舱程序训练器cps Cycles per second 循环数/秒CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRES Corrosion Resistant Steel 防（耐）腐钢CRF Compressor Rear Frame 压气机后框架CRS Course 航道，航线CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速传动装置CSDB Collins Serial Data Bus 柯林斯串行数据总线CSEU Control System Electronics Unit 控制（操纵）系通电子组件CSI Cycles Since Installed 安装后（以来）循环数CSM Current Service Messages 当前勤务信息CSN Cycles Since New 总循环数CSU Centralized Strapping Unit, Configuration Strapping Unit 中央搭（连）接组件，配置连接组件CT Control Transformer 控制变压器CT Current Transformer 电流互感器CTA Current Transformer Assembly 电流互感器组件CTD Column Timer Decoder 柱状定时解吗器CTL Control; COMM/NA V Tuning Unit 控制；通讯导航调谐组件CTR; ctr Contour; Center 轮廓；中央，中心CU Copper 铜CU Control Unit 控制组件CVR Cockpit V oice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器cw Clockwise 顺时针CW Continuous Wave 连续波CWS Control Wheel Steering 驾驶盘操纵CWS Caution and Warning System 警告和提示系统DDA Drift Angle 偏流角，偏航角DA（H）Decision Altitude（Height）决断高度D/A Digital to Analog 数字-模拟DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数-模转换器DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字式大气数据计算机DADS Digital Air Data System 数字式大气数据系统DAP Digital Audio Playback 数字式音响播放DB, dB Decibel 分贝DBU Data Base Unit 数据库组件DC Direct Current 直流电D&C Delays & Cancellations (飞行)延误和取消DCP Display Control Panel 显示控制面板DCPC DC Power Center 直流电源中心DCPCS Digital Cabin Pressure Control System 数字式座舱压力调节系统DCTCU Direct Current Tie Control Unit 直流连接条控制组件DCU Data Concentrator Unit 数据集中组件DCV Directional Control Valve 方向控制活门D/D Direct Descent 直接下降DDG Dispatch Deviations Guide 放飞缺件指南DDM Difference in Depth of Modulation 调制深度差DECEL，decel Decelerate 减速Deg Degree 度DEFL Defuel 放油，抽油DEL Delete 删除DEMUX Demultiplexer 信号分离器Den Density 密度DEP Departure 离港，离开DEPR Depressurize 释压, 减压DEPT Departure 离港，离场DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detector 探测器DEV Deviation 偏离，偏差，缺差DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字式飞行数据采集组件DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFIS Designated Flight Instrument System 指定的飞行仪表系统DG Directional Gyro 方位陀螺DGAC Direction Generale I’Aviation Civile （法）民航总局DH Decision Height 决断高度dia Diameter 直径diag Diagonal 对角（线）的diag Diagram 图diam Diameter 直径DIFF，diff Difference, Differential 差，压差，差别的Dig, dig Digital 数字的Dim, dim Dimension 尺寸DIR，dir Direct; Direction 直接，直飞; 方向DISC Disconnect 脱开，断开DISCH Discharge 释放，放电，出口（气）DISEG, diseg Disengage 断开，脱开Disp disp Dispatch 派遣，放飞DIST Distance 距离DISTR, distr Distribution, or Distributor 分配，分配器DITS Digital Information Transfer System 数字信息转换系统Div, div Division 部分，一格，分隔DK Deck 舱DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机Dmax Maximum Diameter 最大直径Dmin Minimum Diameter 最小直径DN Down 下，向下，放下DNTKFX Down Track Fix 下航道（道）定位点DOT Department of Transport 运输部DP Differential Pressure 压差DPCT Differential Protection Current Transformer 差动保护电流互感器DPDT Double Pole Double Throw 双极双排（电门）DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器，压差表DPST Double Pole Single Throw 双极单排（电门）DPL Detailed Parts List 详细零部件清单DPV Directional Pilot Valve 导流活门DR Dead Reckoning 推测领航DSDD Double Sided Double Density 双边双密度DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字式信号处理器DSP Display Select Panel 显示选择面板DSPL Display 显示，显示器DST Desktop Simulation Trainer 台式（计算机）模拟训练器DTG Distance To Go 待飞距离DTY dty Duty 负荷，负载，DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器EEADI Electronic Attitude Director Indicator 电子姿态指引仪EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-only Memory 电可变只读存储器EAS Equivalent Airspeed 相应空速，等效空速EBS Engine Bleed System 发动机引气系统EBU Engine Build-up 发动机组装ECON，econ Economy 经济ECP EICAS Control Panel EICAS控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件E/D End of Descent 下降结束，下降终点ED EICAS Display EICAS显示器ED1 EICAS Primary Display EICAS主显示器ED2 EICAS Secondary Display EICAS副显示器EDP Engine Driven Pump 发动机驱动泵EDU Electronic Display Unit 电子显示组件E/E Electrical/Electronic 电气/电子（设备）EEC Electronic Engine Control 电子发动机控制装置EED Engine Exceedance Data 发动机超限数据EFD Electronic Flight Display 电子飞行显示器EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 电气可抹除可编程只读存储器EFH Engine Flight Hours 发动机飞行小时EFI Electronic Flight Instrument 电子飞行仪表EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子水平状态指示仪EHSV Electro Hydraulic Servo Valve 电子液压伺服活门EICAS Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System 发动机指示和机组警告系统EIS Entry into Service 投入使用EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EL Elevation 标高ELCU Electrical Load Control Unit 电气负荷控制组件Elec elec Electrical 电电气Elev elev Elevator 升降舵Elex elex Electronics 电子设备ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 应急定位发射机ELEC Electrical 电气的，电的ELVE Elevator 升降舵EMER, EMG Emergency 应急EMF/emf Electromotive Force 电动势EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMU Engine Maintenance Unit 发动机维护组件Enbl enbl Enable 接通, 导通，使。
空战术语表
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能引起敌机超越
Snapshot——快速拉进领先追逐，对敌机做一次急射
Snot locker——机首
Spike——雷达接触
Spit out——脱离战斗而不管是否主动，被动还是超越
Square a corner——执行最大G 值的机动，看上去像一个完全直角的转弯
BVR——超视距
Corner velocity——飞机具有最快的转弯速率和最小转弯半径时的速度
Crawl back up in the cockpit——有时， 飞行员会遇到一种称为“任务饱和”的现象，即瞬间发
生了太多的事情，而飞行员的能力无法处理应付如此之多的事情，导致他发生智力上的退化。
Military power——100% 油门，不使用加力
Missile engagement zone——敌机周围你能有效使用导弹的区域
Mud Hen——F-15E
Offensive perch setup——一个BFM 训练计划，在同一高度下，以一方位于另一方的前面开始
One-circle fight——单环战斗
3/9 line——从一侧机翼到另一侧机翼的一根线，飞行员使用它来判断另一架飞机位于他的前方
还是后方。
AB——加力
ACM——空战机动
ACT——空战战术
AI——空中拦截
Angles——用千英尺表示高度的快捷方式，例如，“Angles 20 ”表示高度20,000 英尺。
Angle-off——敌机航向和你的航向之间的角度差，也称为航向交叉角或HCA
Tur——转弯圆环
Jeppesen飞行计划各释义
MEL ITEMCFP--------------------------- MEL ITEM END ---------------------------PLAN 9221 ZYTX TO ZSFZ 738W 30/F IFR 20/01/19NONSTOP COMPUTED 1918Z FOR ETD 2300Z PROGS 2012NWS B-AIRLINES CALLSIGN: 35------------------------------- -----------------------------------POA ZSFZ 008404 03/11 1216 0211Z 074723 066318 019123 042565ALT ZSAM 001691 00/37 0170 0248ZW114 LASAN W13 BEGMO W117 DST B221 LJG..ZSFZ* MOST CRITICAL MSA 07300 FEET AT LJG *WIND M050 MXSH 10/MATNU ROUTE AVG TEMP M47ALT.LEVEL ETE WIND FUEL361 0312 M071 008357321 0308 M055 008398301 0307 M047 008497------------------------------- -----------------------------------REASON FOR DELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DEPARTURE ATIS:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ATC CLEARANCE:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FLIGHT ROUTE DESCRIPTION: COMPANY ROUTE ZYTXZSFZ-C1ZYTX ELEV 00198FT ATIS:CPT FLT T WIND S TAS GRS MCS DST DSTR ETE ETR FU FR AFR FF/E ANSUK .. .. .... . .. .. 184. 036 1118 ./.. ./.. .. .. . ...... .. .A345 058TOC 341 .. .... . .. .. 184. 012 1082 0/01 2/51 017 0114 ...... .. .A345 058DDG 341 58 29071 03 447 422 216. 030 1070 0/05 2/50 001 0113 (1266)H114 058AKLAT 341 60 28074 02 447 444 193. 068 1040 0/09 2/45 002 0111 (1262)H114 052BIGBU 341 59 28073 03 450 440 192. 039 0972 0/05 2/36 004 0108 (1257)H114 031ESNUN 341 56 27079 06 453 391 228. 037 0933 0/06 2/31 002 0105 (1266)H114 010DONVO 341 55 27087 05 452 438 187. 044 0896 0/06 2/25 002 0103 (1280)A326 010MUDAL 341 54 27097 05 454 430 186. 110 0852 0/15 2/19 003 0100 (1271)A326 010DOPNO 341 53 27118 06 456 431 183. 011 0742 0/02 2/04 007 0094 (1270)A326 010IVPIP 341 51 26128 04 458 426 183. 044 0731 0/06 2/02 001 0093 (1277)A326 010IKADI 341 49 26135 05 464 326 263. 084 0687 0/15 1/56 003 0091 (1281)W113 010AKBEP 341 48 26138 06 464 328 263. 011 0603 0/03 1/41 007 0084 (1312)W113 010SOSMA 341 48 26136 06 455 457 164. 011 0592 0/01 1/38 001 0083 (1308)W108 010RUMIB 331 48 26129 07 458 453 165. 122 0581 0/16 1/37 000 0082 (1001)W108 010MATNU 331 45 26142 10 461 450 164. 019 0459 0/03 1/21 007 0076 (1283)W108 023DUMET 331 42 25147 07 470 330 226. 028 0440 0/05 1/18 001 0074 (1294)W114 020LASAN 341 42 25156 05 468 390 189. 025 0412 0/04 1/13 002 0072 (1419)W13 037PONAB 341 41 25155 05 468 390 189. 020 0387 0/03 1/09 002 0070 (1304)W13 037RULMU 341 41 25154 05 468 392 188. 019 0367 0/03 1/06 001 0069 (1301)W13 0372.3 W13 038TOGUG 341 40 25152 04 472 358 213. 081 0303 0/13 0/57 003 0065 (1287)W13 038BEGMO 341 39 25148 07 473 331 262. 066 0222 0/12 0/44 006 0059 (1311)W117 046DST 341 39 26142 06 471 362 217. 044 0156 0/08 0/32 005 0054 (1315)B221 057RUPOX 341 39 26138 06 471 370 216. 004 0112 0/00 0/24 003 0051 (1297)B221 057TOD 341 39 26130 06 335 311 216. 060 0108 0/12 0/24 000 0050 (1297)B221 073LJG .. .. .... . .. .. 163. 048 0048 ./.. ./.. .. .. . ...... .. ... 073ZSFZ .. .. .... . .. .. 162.8 048 0000 0/24 0/00 003 0047 ...... .. ... 073ELEV 00046FT ATIS:ATA . . . . . . . . . . .FIRS ZSHA/0040DESTINATION ATIS:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESTINATION ALTERNATEDIV RTE - ZSFZ..FQG A470 AMURI..ZSAMCPT LAT LONG MCS DISTFQG 238 0039ENVEN 231 0035ATSAB 232 0022AMURI 230 0034ZSAM 198 0040MSA TTK DIST FL W/C TIME FUEL ALTERNATE - 2 ZSWZ 073 028 186 207 P039 00.36 1622 DIV RTE - ZSFZ..LJG B221 DST..ZSWZCPT LAT LONG MCS DISTLJG 345 0038RUPOX037 0044ZSWZ 056 0040END OF JEPPESEN DATAPLANREQUEST NO. 9221Identifier: ZYTXStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSEOutage Start: 2019-01-21T01:50:30ZOutage End: 2019-01-21T01:58:30ZMinimum Number of Satellites: 7Identifier: ZSFZStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 0RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedIdentifier: ZSAMStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedIdentifier: ZSWZStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedRoute Outage Report:Start: 2019-01-21T23:00:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5Baro Aided: FALSENANU: 2019009NANU: 2019010NANU: 2019011-------------------------------------- CFP END --------------------------------------。
国际机票术语
国际机票术语以第一二行为例：ORIGIN/DES 是始发地FLIGHT是航班CLASS 是舱位等级DATE起飞日期TIME 起飞的时间ARRTIME到达的时间国际机票术语收藏1、航段：一个城市到达另外一个城市的飞行线路（包括经停）Eg: 北京-新加坡视为一个航段；北京-新加坡-曼谷-北京是3 个航段2、航程：是指飞机在起飞后，中途不停、不加油所飞行的距离！其中包括起飞、巡航、降落的距离。
与载油量及载客（货）量有关！航程越大，飞行则越远。
现阶段飞机分为：越太平洋远程飞行、中程飞行和短程飞行三种航程！3、航班：航班是指飞机定期由始发站按规定的航线起飞，经过经停站至终点站或不经经停站而直达终点站的运输飞行，在国际航线上飞行的航班称国际航班，在国内航线上飞行的航班称国内航班。
4、航班号：为了方便运输和用户，每个航班均有编号，这个编号就是航班号。
如：CA101 航班号的含义:我国国内航班号的编排是由航空公司的两字代码加4位数字组成，航空公司代码由民航总局规定公布。
后面四位数字的第一位代表航空公司的基地所在地区，第二位代表航班基地外终点所在地区，其中数字1代表华北、2为西北、3为华南、4为西南、5为华东、6为东北、8为厦门、9为新疆，第三、第四位表示航班的序号，单数表示由基地出发向外飞的航班，双数表示飞回基地的回程航班。
以CA1206为例，CA是中国国际航空公司的代码，第一位数字1表示华北地区，国航的基地在北京；第二位数字2表示西北，西安属西北地区；后两位06为航班序号，末位6是双数，表示该航班为回程航班。
再比如CZ3151，深圳—北京航班，CZ为南方航空公司的代码，第一位数字3表示华南地区，南航的基地在广州；1表示华北，北京属于华北地区；51为航班序号，单数为去程航班。
国际航班号的编排，是由航空公司代码加3位数字组成。
第一位数字表示航空公司，后两位为航班序号，与国内航班号相同的是单数为去程，双数为回程。
例如MU508，由东京飞往北京，是中国东方航空公司承运的回程航班。
8空中交通防撞系统
电子信息工程学院
12
TCAS组成
TCAS DIRECTIONAL ANTENNTION
EFIS or TCAS DISPLAY
COORDINATION & INHIBITION
TCAS II UNIT
MODE S XPDR
RADAR ALTIMETER
空中防撞系统 TCAS
中国民航大学 电子信息工程学院
Alert system
空中防撞系统（TCAS）
电子信息工程学院
2
TCAS发展
早在50年代航空业界就开始着手研究空中防撞系统，但因技术问题， 应用不普遍。直到80年代，经历多次空难之后，终于进入实用阶段， 研发出第一代空中防撞系统（TCAS I）。 TCAS I能够侦测上下7000至10000呎（1英尺(呎)=12英寸(吋)=30.48 厘米），前后15至40海里，发现有航机接近时，会提前40秒警告飞行 员对方飞机的高度和位置。 第二代空中防撞系统（TCAS II），是目前最被广泛使用的，会用声 音及显示警告飞行员。别架飞机若有装TCAS，也会有相反的警告发出 来。 第三代（第四代）空中防撞系统（TCAS III），除了有上下避撞措施 之外，还增加左右避撞能力。 Honeywell公司是TCAS的主要制造商，超过一半的TCAS产品都是出自 该公司。
空中防撞系统（TCAS）
电子信息工程学院
4
乌柏林根空难
失事时间：2002年7月1日 失事地点：德国巴登-符腾堡邦乌伯林根上空 失事机型：图154M与波音757-200SF 死亡人数：71人 航线1：BTC2937 莫斯科 to 巴塞罗那 航线2：DHL611 柏加摩 to 布鲁塞尔 管制中心：瑞士苏黎世的空管公司Skyguide负责 管制员：皮特·尼尔森 问题1：视频中讲述TCAS如何避免两机相撞？ 问题2：TCAS警告信息是什么？ 问题3：DHL不断爬升的目的是什么？ 问题4：谁先发现两机可能碰撞？ 问题5：TCAS要求谁爬升，谁下降？ 问题6：谁听从了管制员，谁听从了TCAS？
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Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 10
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(1) When two aircraft are approaching head-on at the same level, each shall alter its heading to the right and keep a distance of 500 meters or more from each other in the meantime;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 19
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(3) Simultaneous takeoff and landing may be permitted provided that there is a distance of 60 meters or more between the takeoff point and the landing point, and that their departure route and landing route do not cross.
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 14
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (b) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft with no power plant;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 15
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 3
180°~359°
8400m
0°~179 °
8100m 7500m
7800m
Flight levels at and below 9000 meters
7200m 6900m 6600m 6300m 6000m 5700m 5400m 4800m 4200m 3900m 3600m 3300m 3000m 2700m 2400m 2100m 1800m 1500m 1200m
500m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 13
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (a) A single aircraft shall give way to aircraft in formation or aircraft towing other aircraft or objects;
10800m
N
55 °
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 5
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
• Meteorological conditions: 1. the horizontal distance and vertical distance between aircraft and clouds shall not be less than 1,500 meters and 300 meters respectively
1. Vertical Separation
Vertical separation for the cruising phase of flights is achieved by flight level allocation; While climbing or descending, an aircraft may be instructed to temporarily maintain any flight level regardless of their flight directions
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 2
180°~359°
0°~179°
15000m
14400m
Flight levels above 9000 meters
13800m 13200m 12600m1Leabharlann 000m600m 600m
10800m
11400m
10200m 9600m 9000m 8400m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 11
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(2) When two aircraft are converging at the same level, the pilot who sees the other from the left of his cockpit shall descend while the pilot who sees the other from the right of his cockpit shall ascend;
Vis: 8km
3,000m Vis: 5km
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 7
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
The minimum longitudinal separation between aircraft in visual flight on the same track and at the same level shall be: 5 kilometers for aircraft at an indicated airspeed of 250 kilometers per hour or faster
Flight Separation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vertical Separation VFR Horizontal Separation IFR Horizontal Separation Radar Separation Wake Turbulence Separation
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 1
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 18
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(2) An arriving helicopter shall not enter the takeoff/landing area for a landing until the previous departing or landing helicopter has left the takeoff/landing area
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
may (1) a departing aircraft be permitted to start takeoff;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 22
IAS250 km/hr
2km
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 9
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
• Aircraft making visual flights shall give way to one another in accordance with the following regulations:
300m 300m
5100m 4500m
900m
600m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 4
Flight levels should be calculated on the basis of the presumed sea level under standard atmospheric pressure conditions. True track angles shall be measured from the starting or turning point of the air route.
H
60m
H
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 20
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
If more than one aircraft in visual flight are using the same runway for takeoffs and landings, only when the previous departing aircraft has crossed the end of the runway or has started a turn; or the previous arriving aircraft has vacated the runway in use, Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 21
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 17
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(1) A departing helicopter shall not start takeoff until the previous departing or landing helicopter has left the takeoff/landing area;
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (c) fighters shall give way to transports
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 16
2. VFR Horizontal Separation