Importance of building maintenance at the time of architectural design of buildings rehabilitate
建筑环境的可持续发展 英文作文
建筑环境的可持续发展英文作文英文回答：Sustainable development in the field of architecture and the built environment is of great importance in today's world. With the increasing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, it is crucial for us to adopt sustainable practices in the design, construction, and operation of buildings.Firstly, sustainable development in the built environment means minimizing the negative impact on the environment. This can be achieved through various means, such as using energy-efficient materials and technologies, incorporating renewable energy sources, and implementing effective waste management systems. By reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, we can contribute to mitigating climate change and preserving natural resources.Secondly, sustainable development also entails creating a healthy and comfortable living environment for occupants. This can be achieved by designing buildings that prioritize natural daylighting and ventilation, as well as using non-toxic and environmentally friendly materials. Additionally, incorporating green spaces and promoting biophilic design can enhance the overall well-being of occupants and improve their productivity.Furthermore, sustainable development in the built environment also involves considering the social and economic aspects. It is important to design buildings that are accessible and inclusive for people of all abilities, as well as considering the needs of different age groups and cultures. Moreover, sustainable buildings cancontribute to the local economy by creating job opportunities in the construction and maintenance sectors.In conclusion, sustainable development in the field of architecture and the built environment is essential for the well-being of both the planet and its inhabitants. By adopting sustainable practices, we can minimize thenegative impact on the environment, create healthy living spaces, and contribute to the social and economic development of our communities.中文回答：建筑环境的可持续发展在当今世界中具有重要意义。
论建筑质量的问题英语作文
论建筑质量的问题英语作文Building Quality Matters: The Importance of Proper ConstructionThe quality of a building is a crucial factor that impacts the lives of its occupants, the surrounding community, and the environment. Proper construction techniques, the use of high-quality materials, and adherence to safety standards are essential in ensuring the longevity, functionality, and overall well-being of a structure. In this essay, we will explore the significance of building quality and the consequences of neglecting it.Firstly, the structural integrity of a building is paramount. Poorly constructed foundations, load-bearing walls, or roofing systems can lead to catastrophic failures, putting the lives of the occupants at risk. Substandard materials or improper installation can result in cracks, leaks, or even the collapse of the entire structure. Such incidents not only endanger human lives but also incur significant financial costs for repairs or rebuilding. Ensuring that buildings are designed and built to withstand natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or heavy snowfall, is a critical aspect of building quality.Moreover, the quality of a building's construction directly affects thehealth and well-being of its occupants. Inadequate ventilation, improper insulation, or the use of toxic materials can lead to poor indoor air quality, contributing to respiratory issues, allergies, and other health problems. Poorly designed plumbing systems can result in water contamination, increasing the risk of waterborne illnesses. Substandard electrical wiring can pose fire hazards, endangering the safety of the building's residents. Consequently, the quality of a building's construction has a direct impact on the quality of life for those who inhabit it.Beyond the immediate concerns of structural integrity and occupant health, building quality also plays a crucial role in the broader environmental impact. Sustainable construction practices, such as the use of energy-efficient materials, renewable resources, and waste management systems, can significantly reduce a building's carbon footprint and contribute to the overall environmental sustainability of a community. Poorly designed or constructed buildings often consume more energy for heating, cooling, and lighting, leading to higher greenhouse gas emissions and increased strain on natural resources.Furthermore, the quality of a building's construction can have long-term economic implications. Well-built structures tend to have a longer lifespan, requiring fewer repairs and maintenance over time. This not only benefits the building owners but also contributes to theoverall economic stability of a community by reducing the financial burden on local governments and infrastructure. Conversely, poorly constructed buildings often require frequent repairs, leading to higher costs for both the owners and the community.In conclusion, the quality of a building's construction is a multifaceted issue that extends beyond the immediate concerns of structural integrity and occupant safety. It encompasses environmental sustainability, long-term economic implications, and the overall well-being of the community. Ensuring that buildings are designed and constructed with the highest standards of quality should be a top priority for architects, construction professionals, and policymakers. By prioritizing building quality, we can create safer, healthier, and more sustainable living environments that contribute to the betterment of our communities and the world we inhabit.。
建筑一件重要的事情英语作文
The Importance of Sustainable Design inModern ArchitectureIn the realm of architecture, sustainable design has emerged as a crucial aspect, not only for environmental conservation but also for creating habitable and long-lasting structures. The concept of sustainable design integrates environmental, economic, and social considerations into the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of buildings and their surrounding infrastructure. As the world faces pressing issues like climate change and resource depletion, the need for sustainable design practices has become increasingly urgent. The principles of sustainable design aim to minimizethe negative impact of buildings on the environment by reducing energy consumption, water usage, and waste generation. This is achieved through a variety of strategies, such as using renewable and recycled materials, implementing energy-efficient systems, and incorporating natural ventilation and lighting designs. Additionally, sustainable design considers the social and culturalcontext of a building, ensuring that it not only fits intoits surroundings but also enhances the quality of life for its occupants.One of the most significant benefits of sustainable design is its ability to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. The construction industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable design practices can help mitigate this impact by using energy-efficient materials and systems. For instance, buildings designed with solar panels or wind turbines can generate renewable energy, reducing the need for fossil fuels.Moreover, sustainable design promotes resource efficiency by utilizing materials effectively and minimizing waste. This not only helps conserve natural resources but also reduces the environmental impact of construction and demolition waste. By recycling and reusing materials, architects and builders can create buildingsthat are not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective.Beyond its environmental benefits, sustainable design also contributes to social sustainability. By considering the needs and aspirations of the community, sustainablebuildings can foster a sense of belonging and pride among residents. For instance, community centers or public spaces designed with sustainable principles can promote social interaction and engagement, creating vibrant and inclusive neighborhoods.In conclusion, sustainable design is a crucial aspectof modern architecture. It not only addresses the urgent need for environmental conservation but also contributes to creating habitable, long-lasting, and socially sustainable buildings. As we move forward in the era of climate change and resource depletion, it is imperative that we prioritize sustainable design practices in all our construction projects, ensuring a sustainable future for ourselves and our planet.**可持续设计在现代建筑中的重要性**在建筑领域，可持续设计已经成为一个至关重要的方面，不仅是为了环境保护，也是为了创造宜居和持久的建筑。
物流英语
TransportationWhat is transportationEvery firm requires the movement of goods from the point to another point. Transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from a point of origin to a point of consumption. It can involve raw materials being brought into the production process or finished goods being shipped to the customer. Transportation is one of the most significant areas of logistics management. Railway, road, waterway, air, and pipeline transportation make up the major modes of transport in modern society. Each mode has its own requirements and features.The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, helocopters and aircraft. A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.Vehicles are most commonly staffedby a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,but ports can be public owned.Transportation FacilityThe public sector plays an important role in transport, through the construction, ownership and control of roads, railroads and in most countries also ports. The importance of building up a transport infrastructure that involves considerable cost has made this a widely accepted public task. It should be noted in this context that transport is responsible for a substantial number of jobs in the national economies.The fixed components are usually expensive to build and replace and are long-lived traditionally, there have been few and slow technological changes in these elements. Ports are an exception, in the sense that the ways cargo is handled have changed dramatically over the last two decades, especially with the introduction of containers.The mobile elements involved in the production of transport: trucks,rail-wagons, barges, ships, etc, are relatively short-lived, especially as the wear and tear is considerable. In addition, technical development has historically been fast. This does not only relate to the cargo handling techniques, but also to the equipment itself.The mobile units are generally cheap. Ships may be viewed as an exception, but even the price of a ship is low compared to the price of constructing a port or a railway. Unlike the fixed elements, the mobile components of transport may find alternative employment if demand declines in one market. A ship may be moved from one trade or route to another, while a port cannot be moved.The use of mobile units in the transport sector reduces the possibility of benefit from economies of scale. Roads, rail-tracks and ports set limits to the size of the individual mobile unit, and consequently to the cargo shipped. Capacity could—after a certain point—only be expanded by adding more trucks, ships, etc.It is the features of the fixed and mobile components of transport that have influenced the present institutional arrangements in the industry. The high cost of provision, longevity and scale economies associated with the fixed components created tendencies towards monopoly control, while the ease of entry, flexibility and lack of scale effects tend to stimulate competition in the mobile sector. In principle, the structure of the mobile part of the supply side of the transport industry is characterized by many suppliers working on a basis of free competition. It is perhaps typical that the tendency to deviate from this dictum is found in the liner shipping sector of the industry, which is the least mobile, inter alia, because a regular shipping line depend on heavy investments in the infrastructure.Transportation ModesA mode of transport is a technological solution that used afundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, its own requirements and features，and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.The five transportation modes are rail, road, water, air, and pipeline. The relative importance of each mode can be measured in terms of system mileage, traffic volume, revenue, and the nature of traffic composition. Each mode is discussed with respect to these measures.Railway TransportationThe capacity to efficiently transport large tonnage over long distance is the main reason railroads continue to handle significant inter-city tonnage and revenue. Rail offers cost-effective transport of large quantities of cargos over long distance. It is especially good for cargoes with high volume and low value, such as coal, timber and grain. Railroads operations incur high fixed costs because of expensive equipment, right-of-way, switching yards, and terminals. However, rail experiences relatively low variable operation costs. Over the past years rail usage has declined as road transport has taken over short haul business and water transport has taken bulk commodities freight. Rail transport is one of the most energy efficient modes of land transport. Environmental and safe consideration also favor rail over road transport.However, the major disadvantages of railway are the inherent inflexibility of operation, fixed time schedules and service from terminal to terminal.To provide improved service to major rail users, progressive railroads have concentrated on the development of specialized equipment, such as theenclosed tri-level automobile car, cushioned appliance cars, unit trains, articulated cars, and double-stack containers. Unit trains are an entire train carrying a single product. Typically, the product is a buck commodity such as coal or grain. Unit trains have also been used to support assembly operations for the automobile industry. The unit train is faster and less expensive to operate than traditional trains since it can bypass rail-yards and go direct to the product’s destination. Articulated cars have an extended rail chassis that can haul up to ten containers on a single flexible unit.Road TransportationRoad transport is widely used in inland delivery of goods. This mode tends to be used for higher-value and lower-volume cargo over relatively short distance. It is capable of providing a door to door service. It has not any break in the journey to change from one vehicle to another. So it can be flexible enough to perform “just-in-t ime” delivery. Any work place in the country can be serviced by road.The advantages of road transport are flexibility of both location and time and speed of delivery. To a significant degree the rapid growth of the road carrier industry results from door-to-door operating flexibility and speed of inter-city movement. With the development of road transport, new types of problem, such as a significant growth of fuel consumption, air pollution, traffic congestion and road accidents have emerged.In comparison to railroads, road carriers have relatively small fixed investments in terminal facilities and operate on publicly maintained highways. Although the cost of license fees, user fees, and tolls is considerable, these expenses are directly related to the number of over-the-road units and miles operated. The variable cost per mile for motor carriers is high because a separate power unit and drive are required for each trailer or combination of tandem trailers. Labor requirements are also highbecause of driver safety restrictions and the need for substantial dock labor. W aterway TransportationWaterway transportation includes maritime and river transportation. As the oldest mode of transport, waterway has developed considerably over the last decades. Waterway is utilized for large loads of low-value-per-unit goods. The carriers are specialized for internal river, canal transport, and international deep-sea ships.It is the cheapest method of moving goods world wide. The main advantage of shipping industry lies in moving the vast quantities of cargo in one ship. The main disadvantages of water transport are the limited rang of operation and speed of the ship which is very slowly. Unless the original and destination of the movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to carry large tonnage at low variable cost places this mode of transport in demand when low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Water transport ranks between rail and road carrier in respect to fixed cost. Although water carriers must develop and operate their own terminals, the right-of-way is developed and maintained by the government and results in moderate fixed costs compared to rail and highway.Air TransportationAir transport has been increased tremendously and plays a more important role in global logistics than ever before. Air transport accounts for the smallest proportion of cargo transportation. Its growth rate in recent years is the highest among the modes of transport. It offers rapid and flexible delivery. The major advantage of air freight is the speed of travel. The longer the distance of the flight, the greater the time saving of the customer. Air transport is primarily used for: Emergency transport of the critical items, Speedy transport of high-value, low-weight products, Speedy transport ofperishable items.One prohibitive aspect of air transport is the high cost. However, this can be traded off for high speed, which allows other elements of logistical design, such as warehousing or inventory, to be reduced or eliminated.The fixed cost of air transport is low compared to rail, water, and pipeline. In fact, air transport ranks second only to road with respect to low fixed cost. Airways and airport are generally developed and maintained with public funds.Pipeline TransportationPipelines are a significant part of the United States transportation system. In 1989, they accounted for over 53 percent of all crude and petroleum ton-mile movements.The basic nature of pipeline is unique in comparison to all other modes of transport. Pipelines operate on a twenty-four-hour basis, seven days per week, and are limited only by commodity changeover and maintenance. Unlike other modes, there is no empty “container” or “vehicle” that must be returned. Pipelines have the highest fixed cost and lowest variable cost among transport modes. Pipeline routes are practically unlimited. An obvious disadvantage is that pipelines are not flexible and are limited with respect to commodity that can be transported: only products in the form of gas, liquid, or slurry can be handled. Pipelines are usually used to transit natural gas, petroleum and coal. Natural gas and crude oil account for the majority of pipeline traffic. Considering the world's dependence on energy products, pipelines will probably become even more important in the future .Pipelines offer the shipper an extremely high level of service dependability at a relatively low cost. Pipelines are able to deliver their product on time because of the following factors: (1)The flows of products within the pipeline are monitored and controlled by computer. (2)Losses anddamages due to pipeline leaks or breaks are extremely rare. (3)Climatic conditions have minimal effects on products, moving in pipelines.(4)Pipelines are not labor - intensive；Therefore, strikes or employee absences have little effect on their operations. The cost and dependability advantages pipelines have over other transport modes have stimulated shipper interest in moving other products by pipeline.Transportation ManagementThe economic factors of transportationTransport economics is influenced by seven factors. While not direct components of transport rate tables, each factor is considered when developing rates. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stowability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor. The specific characteristics are discussed below.Distance is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such as labor, fuel, and maintenance.The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economies exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increase.The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton or amount of per hundredweight (cwt). Once a vehicle is full, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual and fuel expenses are not influenced by weight, high density products allow relatively fixed transport costs to be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight.The stowability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle（railcar, trailer, or container）space utilization. Odd sizes and shapes, as well as excessive weight or length, do not stow well and typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to stow than odd-shaped items.Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Therefore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together（e.g., taped, boxed, or palletized）for transport and storage also affects handling cost.Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements between original and destination points. Since transportation vehicles and drivers must return to their original, either they must find a load to bring back（“back-haul”）. When deadhead movements occur, labor, fuel, and maintenance costs must be charged against the original “front-haul” move. Thus, the ideal situation is for “balanced”moves where volume is equal in both directions. However, this is rarely the case because of demand imbalances in manufacturing and consumption locations.Transport DocumentationSeveral documents are required to perform each transport movement. The three primary types are bills of lading, freight bills, and shipping manifests.The bill of lading is the basic document utilized in purchasing transport service. It serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities shipped. For this reason, accurate description and count are essential. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for damage claims. The designated individual or buyer on a bill of lading is the only bona fide recipient of goods. A carrier is responsible for proper delivery according toinstructions contained in the document. In effect, title is transferred with completion of delivery.The bill of lading specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability and documents responsibility for all possible causes of loss or damage expect those defined as acts of God. It is important that terms and conditions be clearly understood so that appropriate actions can be taken in the event of substandard performance. Recent ICC rulings permit bills of lading to be computerized and electronically transmitted between shippers and carriers.In addition to the uniform bill of lading, other commonly used types are order-notified, export, and government. It is important to select the correct bill of lading for a specific shipment.An order notified of negotiable bill of lading is a credit instrument. It provides that delivery not be made unless the original bill of lading is surrendered to the carrier. The usual procedure is for the seller to send the order notified bill of lading to a third party, usually a bank or credit institution. Upon customer payment for the product, the credit institution releases the goods. This facilitates international transport where payment for goods is a major consideration.An export bill of lading permits domestic use of export rates, which are sometimes lower than domestic rates. Export rates may reduce total cost if applied to domestic origin or destination line-haul transport.The freight bill represents a carrier’s method of charging for transportation services. It is developed using information contained in the bill of lading. The freight bill may be prepaid or collect. A prepaid bill means that transport cost must be paid prior to performance, whereas a collect shipment shifts payment responsibility to the consignee. Considerable administration is involved in preparing bills of lading and freight bills. There has been considerable effect to automate freight bills and bills of lading through EDItransaction. Some firms now elect to pay their freight bills at the time the bill of lading is created, thereby combining the tow documents. Such arrangements are based on relative financial benefits of reduced paperwork costs. Many attempts are also under way to produce all transport documents simultaneously. This has become more practical with the use of computer.The shipping manifest lists individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle. Each shipment requires a bill of lading. The manifest lists the stop, bill of lading, weight, and case count for each shipment. The objective of the manifest is to provide a single document that defines the contents of the total load without requiring a review of individual bills of lading. For single-stop shipments, the manifest is the same as the bill of lading.运输一、什么是运输每一个公司都要求货物从一个点移到另一个点。
雅思英语作文 建筑服务于一个目的比看起来漂亮更重要 building
It is more important for a building to serve a purpose than to look beautiful. Architects shouldn’t worry about producing building as a work of art.Do you agree or disagree with this? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.Model Answer:The buildings have both the structure and function, but here the question arises, which one is more important- the structure or the function of a building. The structure consist of the outlook of the building, all kind of embellishment comesunder it. More attention was given to the structure blocking area or renovation of any building according to modernization, whether it is the home, hotel, mosque, church, restaurants, school, college, universities or office. The architecture was more curious and apprehensive regarding designed and outlook. But the fact is that functions are more important for a building is more valuable if it is full filling all the criteria of serving well, full filling all the needs of people.Currently, in the developed countries, buildings are ranked in the long run of adornment and thus beautiful buildings attract more visitors torush in for living in. Those sorts of buildings even bring more money compared to other ordinary buildings. It’s a universal phenomenon that beauty attracts the brain, many studies were conducted in the USA on the structure or function of the building, which revealed that majority of people were found to be associated with the stunning structure of the building, one more fact was discovered that curvy buildings attract more people than straight line building.In the developing countries more focus was given to the functions like serving quality, comfort, and cheap rates etc, as more focus waseducation rather than expensive school or college building, hotel stay with cheap rates rather than classy hotel with full luxuries room, shopping from a store rather than a branded stuff from a big well-decorated shopping mall. The developing country also began to follow the developed country in the long run of the outer beauty of a building which is an alarming sign for creating a sense of comparison or complex among people.Instead of creating a structure wise comparison, the functional comparison should be encouraged, as those building should be appreciated who arefull filling their functions well with cheap rates with the major focus on productive goals.。
土木工程专业英语翻译技巧与方法
二、英汉语言对比
• 3.词序 • （1）定语的位臵 • 英语中单词作定语时，通常位于所修饰的名词前，但也有 少数单词要求后臵。汉语的单词作定语一般都前臵，如： • movable span 活动跨 • journey speed 运行速度 • something important 重要的事情 • 英语中短语作定语一般位例如： • a building project of high-rise apartment houses 高层公 寓大楼的建筑项目 • one of the common defects in bridge maintenance 桥梁 养护中普遍存在的问题之一
一、概论
• 【例】The importance of building modern road can not be overestimated in the economic development.在经济发展中，修建现代化道路的重要 性无论怎么估计也不过分。 • 【例】A novel solution to car which runs out of control into bridge abutments and the like has become popular in North America although not yet in Europe.对于如何避免汽车在失去控制时撞到墩柱上 或别的类似的物体上，已经有了一种新的解决办法。这 种办法在北美已普遍使用，然而在欧洲却未能做到这一 点。 • 【例】Grouting of the tendons usually follows the freedom of the ducts from obstruction.钢束灌浆之 前，孔道应畅通无阻。
二、英汉语言对比
物流专业英语Chapter III Exercises
ExercisesPart II. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:. The Public sector ______an important role in transport, through the construction, ownership and control of roads, railroads and in most countries.(A) do (B) get (C) play (D) plays2. This does not only relate to the handling techniques, _______to the equipment itself.(A) and (B) which (C) but also (D) too3. A ship may be moved from one trade or route to another, _______a port cannot be moved.(A) that (B) which (C) while (D) why4. The high cost of provision, longevity and scale economies associated _______the fixed components create tendencies towards monopoly control, while the ease of entry, flexibility and lack of scale effets tend to stimulate competition in the mobile sector.(A) on (B) in (C) to (D) with5. Public authorities are most often responsible (1) planning, construction and maintenance of the fixed elements of transport, the infrastructure. It is assumed that their main (2) is to secure the international trade to and from a region or a country. But the investments they are willing to undertake must in most cases be demonstrated to have a viable economic basis through projections of cargo flows and (3) national gains. The careful planning and (4) of road and port projects are examples of this. The shipowners, as the suppliers of ships, will have similar interests in evaluating the cargo flow to and from a specific area. But as they operate internationally and their ships most likely serve other regions or countries, at least in liner operations, their considerations will have a wider scope within some profit motive. They may not be willing to add capacity to a service to cater for local needs.(1) (A) on (B) in (C) to (D) for(2) (A) objective (B) object (C) objectively (D) objecting(3) (A) result (B) resulting (C) results (D) resulted(4) (A) evaluation (B) improvement (C) development (D) increaseII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:1. mobile, relate, infrastructure,influenced, link, consists,(1) The _____elements are also generally cheap.(2) This does not only ______to the cargo handling techniques, but also to the equipment itself.(3) It is the features of the fixed and mobile components of transport that have _______the present institutional arrangements in the industry.(4) A particularly important ________ between transport and development is in international interaction.(5) A transport system _______of inland transport, ports and ocean going vessels.(6) The importance of building up a transport that involves considerable cost has made thisa widely accepted public task.Part IIExercises:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. The capability to efficiently transport large tonnage over long distance is the main reason _____ continue to handle significant inter-city tonnage and revenue.(A) motor carrier (B) water transport (C) railroads (D) pipelines2. _______is the oldest mode of transportation(A) Motor carrier (B) Water transport (C) Railroads (D) Air transport3. _____ can not be transported by pipelines.(A) gas (B) general cargo (C) liquid (D) slurry4. One ______aspect of air transport is the high cost.(A) prohibitive (B) limited (C) obstacle (D) advantage5. There has been an increasing _ (1)__ on these vehicles both in developed and in developing country. The construction of motorway and trunk road network, the concentration of manufacture into bigger production units and the general trend towards containerization have supported and (2) to this trend. Road transport shares the road or highway (3) other user. The (4) of roads are normally financed either through direct taxes (toll roads), by petrol or other indirect taxes or by combination.(1) (A) to rely (B) rely (C) relied (D) reliance(2) (A) lead (B) led (C) leading (D) to lead(3) (A) with (B) on (C) and (D) in(4) (A) build (B) building (C) manufacture (D) constructII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:. unique, complementary, extremely, ranks, shifted, reduced,(1). The basic nature of a pipeline is ______in comparison to all other modes of transport.(2) Water transport _______ between rail and motor carrier in respect to fixed cost.(3) The replacement of steam by diesel power ______ the railroads’ variable cost per ton-mile.(4) In many situations road and rail transport may be seen as ______ rather than a competitor.(5) Port and freight station are places where goods are _____from one mode of transport to another.(6) The main advantage of water transportation is the capacity to move large shipments.Part IIIExercises:I. Click on the word or phrase that fits the sentence:1. According to the passage, transport economics is influenced by _______factors.(A) five (B) six (C) seven (D) eight2. ______ is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contribute to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance.(A) Product density (B) Stowability (C) Market (D) Distance3. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to stow ______odd-shaped items(A) with (B) than (C) to (D) at4. The bill of lading serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities ______.(A) ship (B) shipped (C) shipping(D) to ship5. The multi-modal transport operator (MTO) acts (1) the principal for the performance of the multi-modal transport contract and, in (2) capacity undertakes to contract and provide for the different modes of transport and other services required for expeditious, efficient and safe transport of goods from the place where he takes the goods in charge to the place where he deliver the goods (3) the contract. In the execution of the contract he has necessarily to engage the services of several carriers such as shipowners, road operators, railways, airlines or inland water way operators in addition to non-carriers like terminal operators, warehouses, container freight stations, groupage or consolidation depots, container (4) organizations or freight forwarders.(1) (A) on (B) as (C) to (D) at(2) (A) which (B) what (C) that (D) where(3) (A) according to (B) due to (C) because (D) in addition to(4) (A) lending (B) borrowing (C) owning (D) leasingII. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below:Applied , decreases, arrange, delivery, lists, required(1) Special handling equipment may be for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships.(2) Transportation cost per unit of weight ________as load volume increases.(3) The shipping manifest ______ individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle.(4) The primary task of forwarding is to ______ international transport of general cargo on behalf of others.(5) Export rates may reduce total cost if to domestic origin or destination line-haul transport.(6). In many situations the place of ______ of a cargo may not be known at the time of loading. A typical example is oil.Answers:Part I I.1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.CBDC II. (1)mobile (2)relate (3)influenced (4)link (5)consists(6) infrastructurePart II I.1.C 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.DBAB II. (1)unique (2)ranks (3)reduced (4)complementary(5)shifted (6) extremelyPart III I.1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.BAAC II.(1)required (2)decreases (3)lists (4)arrange (5)applied(6)delivery。
历史性建筑的保护英文作文
历史性建筑的保护英文作文The Preservation of Historic Buildings: A Vital Endeavor。
The preservation of historic buildings is a matter of paramount importance, as these structures serve as tangible links to our past, embodying the cultural heritage and architectural brilliance of bygone eras. These buildings not only possess intrinsic aesthetic and historical value, but they also play a crucial role in shaping the identity and character of the communities in which they reside. In this essay, we will explore the significance of preserving historic buildings and the various approaches that can be employed to ensure their longevity.One of the primary reasons for the preservation of historic buildings is their inherent cultural andhistorical value. These structures serve as physical reminders of the triumphs, struggles, and everyday lives of the people who came before us. They provide a window intothe past, allowing us to better understand the evolution of our societies, the development of architectural styles, and the changing social and political landscapes that have shaped our world. By preserving these buildings, we not only honor the legacy of those who came before us but also cultivate a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of human history.Moreover, historic buildings often possess exceptional architectural and aesthetic qualities that are difficult to replicate in modern construction. The craftsmanship, attention to detail, and use of traditional materials and techniques employed in the construction of these buildings are a testament to the skill and ingenuity of their creators. Preserving these structures allows us to appreciate and learn from the architectural innovations of the past, inspiring contemporary designers and architects to incorporate elements of traditional design into their own work.In addition to their cultural and architectural significance, historic buildings also play a crucial rolein the economic and social well-being of communities. The adaptive reuse of these structures can breathe new lifeinto urban areas, transforming them into vibrant hubs of commercial and cultural activity. By repurposing historic buildings for modern uses, such as offices, shops, or cultural institutions, communities can revitalize their local economies, attract tourism, and foster a sense of civic pride and identity.Furthermore, the preservation of historic buildings can have a positive impact on the environment. Maintaining and adapting existing structures, rather than demolishing and rebuilding, can significantly reduce the carbon footprint and resource consumption associated with new construction. Historic buildings are often constructed with durable, sustainable materials that can be repaired and reused, minimizing the need for energy-intensive and resource-depleting construction processes.Despite the clear benefits of preserving historic buildings, the task is not without its challenges. Aging infrastructure, structural deterioration, and the need forcompliance with modern building codes and regulations can present significant obstacles to preservation efforts. Additionally, the high costs associated with therestoration and maintenance of historic buildings can deter property owners and local authorities from undertaking such projects.To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach to historic preservation is required. Governments, heritage organizations, and community groups must workcollaboratively to develop comprehensive policies and funding mechanisms that support the preservation ofhistoric buildings. This can include the implementation of tax incentives, the establishment of grant programs, andthe creation of regulatory frameworks that prioritize the protection of these valuable assets.Furthermore, public education and community engagement are crucial to the success of historic preservation efforts. By raising awareness about the significance of historic buildings and the benefits of their preservation, communities can foster a sense of ownership and investmentin these shared cultural resources. This, in turn, can lead to increased public support for preservation initiatives and the development of grassroots efforts to protect and revitalize historic structures.In conclusion, the preservation of historic buildingsis a vital endeavor that transcends the boundaries of architecture and culture. These structures serve astangible links to our past, embodying the rich heritage and architectural brilliance of bygone eras. By preserving historic buildings, we not only honor the legacy of those who came before us but also cultivate a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of human history. Through collaborative efforts and a comprehensive approach to preservation, we can ensure that these irreplaceable assets continue to enrich our communities and inspire future generations.。