Dresden 大纲中英定
英文美文短文带翻译摘抄
英文美文短文带翻译摘抄葛底斯堡的演讲Gettysburg addressFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.八十七年以前，我们的祖先在这大陆上建立了一个新的国家，它孕育于自由，并且献身给一种理念，即所有人都是生来平等的。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on agreat battle-field of that war. We havecome to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.当前，我们正在从事一次伟大的内战，我们在考验，究竟这个国家，或任何一个有这种主张和这种信仰的国家，是否能长久存在。
我们在那次战争的一个伟大的战场上集合。
我们来到这里，奉献那个战场上的一部分土地，作为在此地为那个国家的生存而牺牲了自己生命的人永久眠息之所。
我们这样做，是十分合情合理的。
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far aboveour poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It isfor us the living, rather, to be dedicatedhere to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honoreddead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave thelast full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that thisnation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.可是，就更深一层意义而言，我们是无从奉献这片土地的--无从使它成为圣地--也不可能把它变为人们景仰之所。
哲学科学全书纲要的英文名
哲学科学全书纲要的英文名## Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences.The Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences (Grundlinien der Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) is a work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, first published in 1817. It is a systematic exposition of Hegel's philosophical system, and it is considered one of the most important works in the history of philosophy.The Outlines is divided into three parts:1. Logic.2. Philosophy of Nature.3. Philosophy of Spirit.Logic is the first part of the Outlines, and it dealswith the most basic concepts of philosophy, such as being, nothingness, and becoming. Hegel argues that these concepts are not static, but rather they are in a constant state of flux and change. He also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself.Philosophy of Nature is the second part of the Outlines, and it deals with the natural world. Hegel argues that nature is not a separate realm from spirit, but rather itis a manifestation of spirit. He also argues that the lawsof nature are not fixed and immutable, but rather they are constantly evolving.Philosophy of Spirit is the third and final part of the Outlines, and it deals with the human spirit. Hegel argues that the human spirit is the highest form of reality, and that it is the goal of all history. He also argues that the human spirit is not a static entity, but rather it is in a constant state of development.The Outlines is a complex and challenging work, but itis also a rewarding one. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## Hegel's Philosophical System.Hegel's philosophical system is based on the idea that reality is a constantly evolving process of becoming. He argues that all things are in a state of flux and change, and that there is no such thing as a static or unchanging reality.Hegel also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself. He believes that the laws of logic are the laws of thought, and that they are therefore the laws of reality.Hegel's philosophical system is often referred to as idealism, because it emphasizes the importance of the mind and spirit. Hegel argues that the mind is the source of all reality, and that the world is a product of the mind.Hegel's idealism is not solipsism, however. He does not believe that the world is simply a product of our own imagination. Rather, he believes that the world is a real and independent entity, but that it is also a product of the mind.Hegel's philosophical system is a complex and challenging one, but it is also a powerful and persuasive one. It is a system that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## The Outlines in the History of Philosophy.The Outlines was first published in 1817, and it was immediately recognized as a major work of philosophy. It was quickly translated into several languages, and it was soon being studied and debated by philosophers all over the world.The Outlines had a profound influence on thedevelopment of philosophy in the 19th century. It was one of the main sources of inspiration for the idealist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of Marxism.In the 20th century, the Outlines continued to be studied and debated by philosophers. It was a major source of inspiration for the existentialist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of analytic philosophy.The Outlines is still a major work of philosophy today. It is a work that is studied and debated by philosophersall over the world. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be a source of inspiration for philosophers today.。
大英三精读unit2中英文对照
In 2004 a center in honor of the ”underground railroad” opens in Cincinnati. The railroad was unusual. It sold no tickets and had no trains。
Yet it carried thousands of passengers to the destination of their dreams.2004年,一个纪念“地下铁路"的中心将在辛辛那提市成立。
这条铁路不同寻常，它不出售车票，也无火车行驶.然而，它将成千上万的乘客送往他们梦想中的目的地。
The Freedom Givers Fergus M。
BordewichR T 1。
A gentle breeze swept the Canadian plains as I stepped outside the small two—story house。
Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress，my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden，Ontario, was home to a hero in American history. As we walked toward a plain gray church，Barbara Carter spoke proudly of her great-great-grandfather, Josiah Henson。
”He was confident that the Creator intended all men to be created equal. And he never gave up struggling for that freedom.”给人以自由者弗格斯·M·博得威奇我步出这幢两层小屋，加拿大平原上微风轻拂。
九十五条论纲英语
九十五条论纲英语The 95 Theses, penned by Martin Luther in 1517, marked a seismic shift in the history of Christianity and Western civilization. These theses, posted on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and sparked the Protestant Reformation, a movement that led to the establishment of multiple denominations within Christianity. In this essay, we delve into the significance of the 95 Theses, Luther's motivations behind them, and their lasting impact on the religious landscape.**Background and Context**The 95 Theses were written in response to the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church. Indulgences were certificates that offered remission of temporal punishment for sins, allowing believers to purchase their way out of purgatory. Luther's outrage stemmed from the abuse of this practice, which he saw as a money-making scheme rather than a spiritual one. His theses, written in Latin, were a call for reform within the Church, arguing against the sale of indulgences and challenging the Church's authority.**The Main Arguments of the 95 Theses**Luther's theses are a collection of statements that challenge the traditional Catholic doctrines and practices. Among them are assertions that the Bible is the sole source of authority in matters of faith, that salvation comes through faith alone and not through good works, and that the pope and other church leaders are not infallible. Luther also questioned the sale of indulgences, arguingthat such practices were not biblical and did not lead to true repentance.**The Impact of the 95 Theses**The posting of the 95 Theses had a profound impact on the Church and society. Luther's criticisms resonated with many, sparking a movement that led to the establishment of Protestant denominations. The Reformation challenged the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church, leading to the split of Western Christianity into Protestant and Catholic branches. This divide had far-reaching consequences, shaping the religious, political, andcultural landscapes of Europe and beyond.**Critical Analysis**Luther's 95 Theses are a landmark in the history of Christianity. They represent a bold challenge to the established order, a call for reform in the face of abuse and corruption. Luther's arguments, while controversial, were rooted in his deep faith and concern for the spiritual well-being of his fellow believers. His insistence on the primacy of the Bible and the role of faith in salvation marked a significant departure from traditional Catholic teaching.However, it is important to note that Luther's reform movement was not without its flaws. The Protestant denominations that emerged during the Reformation often splintered into factions, leading to division and conflict within Christianity. Luther's own views on certain issues, such as his rejection of the authority of the pope, were also controversial and led to conflicts within the Protestant movement.**Conclusion**The 95 Theses remain a pivotal document in the history of Christianity. Luther's challenge to the Church and his assertions about the role of faith and scripture inspiritual life continue to resonate today. While the Reformation brought about many positive changes, it also created new challenges and divisions within Christianity. In纪念九十五条论纲的发布，我们不仅要庆祝这一历史事件，还要深入反思其背后的深层次含义和影响，以期在今天的宗教和社会生活中找到启示和指引。
seven_teen提纲自己写
17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."1-法律的正义不正义没有绝对的定义is rarely a straight forward issue0）很多法律没什么正义不正义法律的一项功能：keep everything in order比如：未满十六岁喝酒，吸烟未满十八岁进网吧未满二十二岁不能结婚法定年龄legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.1）在不同观念和文化中不同法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members比如：该不该判死刑death penalty口香糖chewing gum安乐死euthanasia2）在不同利益者中不同法律的一项功能是和平解决纠纷resolve disputes peacefullyThis is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner‟s rights are respected.有争议就有利益纠纷，而争议永远存在。
经济学术语中英对照
Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会
private sector 私营成分,私营部门 public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels
经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic
depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策
given 现金交易,概不赊欠 change 零钱 banknote, note 钞票,纸币 (美作:bill) to pay
(in) cash 付现金 domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币
convertibility 可兑换性 convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币 exchange rate
生活标准,生活水平 purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation
停滞,萧条,不景气 underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的
2、Capital 资本 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen
值,升值 7、taxes 税 duty 税
taxation system 税制 taxation 征税,纳税 fiscal charges 财务税收 progressive
关于费尔巴哈的提纲-中英对照.
1，马克思关于费尔巴哈的提纲(马克思1845年稿本) 2，马克思论费尔巴哈（恩格斯1888年发表的稿本）3， Karl Marx 1845 Theses On Feuerbach4, Theses On Feuerbach 马克思关于费尔巴哈的提纲(马克思1845年稿本)１．关于费尔巴哈一从前的一切唯物主义（包括费尔巴哈的唯物主义）的主要缺点是：对对象、现实、感性，只是从客体的或者直观的形式去理解，而不是把它们当作感性的人的活动，当作实践去理解，不是从主体方面去理解。
因此，和唯物主义相反，能动的方面却被唯心主义抽象地发展了，当然，唯心主义是不知道现实的、感性的活动本身的。
费尔巴哈想要研究跟思想客体确实不同的感性客体：但是他没有把人的活动本身理解为对象性的［gegenständliche］活动。
因此，他在《基督教的本质》中仅仅把理论的活动看作是真正人的活动，而对于实践则只是从它的卑污的犹太人的表现形式去理解和确定。
因此，他不了解“革命的”、“实践批判的”活动的意义。
二人的思维是否具有客观的［gegenständliche］真理性，这不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。
人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，自己思维的此岸性。
关于思维——离开实践的思维——的现实性或非现实性的争论，是一个纯粹经院哲学的问题。
三关于环境和教育起改变作用的唯物主义学说忘记了：环境是由人来改变的，而教育者本人一定是受教育的。
因此，这种学说一定把社会分成两部分，其中一部分凌驾于社会之上。
环境的改变和人的活动或自我改变的一致，只能被看作是并合理地理解为革命的实践。
四费尔巴哈是从宗教上的自我异化，从世界被二重化为宗教世界和世俗世界这一事实出发的。
他做的工作是把宗教世界归结于它的世俗基础。
但是，世俗基础使自己从自身中分离出去，并在云霄中固定为一个独立王国，这只能用这个世俗基础的自我分裂和自我矛盾来说明。
知识论复习笔记
（1）无穷后退：不断想出某些新的东西来支持你原来的主X；
（2）独断：在某一个点上拒绝回答；
（3）循环：在某一个点上，重复你已经说过的话。
解决无穷后退的一个办法：基础主义
强〔古典〕基础主义
〔1〕基础信念，满足自辩护；
〔2〕所有非基础信念，都是可以用演绎的方式从〔1〕导出；
〔3〕所有称作知识的东西，要么满足第一条，要么满足第二条。
[只有一个人具有的证据能够排除与他的知识主X不相容的可能性时，他才能够声称自己知道某个东西]
笛卡尔自己的反驳：“我思故我在〞——只要在受骗，即产生了错误的信念，那么肯定是在思想；只要假定了思想，那么就有一个存在。因此能够推出“自我〞存在。
再反驳：很难从自我存在推出世界存在。
其它反驳：要么缸中之脑的概念是不可理解的，要么事先假定了缸中之脑的概念的合理性。
X三知道“口袋里有10个硬币的人会得到这个职位〞吗？不知道，直观上不是知识。
反例：从一个被辩护的假命题导出一个被辩护的恰好为真的信念。
1、S相信P;
2、P是真的；
3、S在相信P上恰当地得到了辩护；
4、P是从Q推出来的；
5、S在相信Q上恰当地得到了辩护；
6、反驳：
Gettier:
is justified true belief knowledge?
X三和李四在一个公司里竞争经理职位，X三有充分的根据认为李四会得到该职位，李四的口袋里恰好有10个硬币。于是X三断定“口袋里有10个硬币的人会得到这个职位〞。不知为何，X三后来得到了该职位，并且X三口袋里恰好也有10个硬币。
基础主义必须说明的两个问题：
〔1〕说明认识论的基本信念是什么；
〔2〕说明怎样由基本信念达到其他非基础信念〔强弱基础主义的共同难题——解决办法：外在主义〕[？]
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白鹰之光——萨克森-波兰宫廷文物精品展(1670-1763)The Splendor of the White Eagle:Arts and Power at the Saxon-Polish Court (1670-1763)前言Foreword德累斯顿是德国萨克森州的首府，至今已有800余年的历史。
巴洛克风格的建筑和众多的博物馆构筑成这座艺术的城市。
2004年，德累斯顿易北河谷被联合国列入世界文化遗产。
Dresden is the capital of Saxony and has a history of over eight hundred years. It is an artistic city with Baroque architecture and numerous museums. In 2004, Dresden Elbe Valley was inscribed into the World Heritage List.德累斯顿国家艺术收藏馆是德国最重要的博物馆之一，它收藏有世界各国的艺术珍品。
今天在这里展出的是17、18世纪萨克森宫廷收藏和使用过的各类文物精品。
展览以引言、君权的体现、庆典文化、宫廷生活、宫廷建筑、艺术与科学、政治与外交七部分组成，从多个角度展示了萨克森历史及宫廷生活的各个方面。
With rich collections from all over the world, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden is one of the most important museums in Germany. The exhibits displayed here include superb pieces from the collections of and objects used by the Saxon court in the 17th and 18th centuries. The exhibition consists of seven parts that reflect various aspects of Saxon history and court life: Introduction, Representation of the Rule, Festival Culture, Court Life, Court Architecture, Art and Science, and Politics and Diplomacy.本次展览是继2008年北京故宫博物院与德累斯顿国家艺术收藏馆在德累斯顿王宫举办的《金龙银鹰1644-1795——故宫博物院∕德累斯顿艺术收藏馆文物联展》后的又一次合作，同时更是一次重要的回访展，是两个王宫的互动，更是两大博物馆之间交流成果的体现。
观众朋友可以藉此了解德意志17、18世纪的历史与文化，欣赏到精美绝伦的欧洲艺术珍品。
Following ―Golden Dragon-White Eagle: Arts and Power at the Courts of Chinese Emperors and Saxon-Polish Rulers (1644-1795)‖ held in the Dresden Royal Palace in 2008, this exhibition is a continuation of the cooperation between the Palace Museum and Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden. It is an exchange between two palaces as well as two museums. We believe that visitors will gain a better understanding of German history and culture of the 17th and 18th centuries while appreciating exquisite treasures of European art.故宫博物院德累斯顿国家艺术收藏馆2009年4月The Palace MuseumStaatliche Kunstsammlungen DresdenApril 2009第一部分：引言（文物共计5件）I.Introduction今日的萨克森州是德意志联邦共和国十六个联邦州之一，位于德国最东边，与波兰和捷克接壤。
萨克森的历史可追溯到中世纪的萨克森公国。
The Free State of Saxony today is one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located in the east of the country and close to Poland and Czech Republic. Its history can be traced back to the Medieval Duchy of Saxony.德累斯顿这一称谓出现于1206年，1485年成为韦廷家族统治者的驻跸地。
在随后的几百年中，德累斯顿建设成为一座富丽堂皇的巴洛克风格的城市。
今天，德累斯顿是萨克森州的州府。
二战后期炸毁的旧城核心区域通过重建，恢复了昔日的光彩。
The name of Dresden was first mentioned in 1206. In 1485, it became the residence of the Wettin rulers. During the following several hundred years, Dresden was built into a sumptuous Baroque city. Today, it’s the capital of the Free State of Saxony. The rebuilt Old Town Centre, which was destroyed during World War II, has recovered its previous splendor.自十一世纪至二十世纪，韦廷家族一直掌控着萨克森的统治权，其统治时间长于任何一个德意志王朝。
From the eleventh to the twentieth century, the house of Wettin had been ruling Saxony. Its rule lasted longer than that of any other German dynasty.萨克森选帝侯弗里德里希·奥古斯特一世和弗里德里希·奥古斯特二世都被选作波兰国王。
在其统治下，艺术得到了蓬勃发展：修建了代表性的建筑物，成立了艺术收藏室，在迈森建立了欧洲第一家瓷器手工工场，许多杰出的作曲家还得到了宫廷的资助。
The Saxon electors Friedrich August I and Friedrich August II were selected to be Polish kings. Their reign was noted for the development of art, the construction of exemplary architecture, the establishment of art collections, the founding of the first European porcelain manufacture in Meissen, and support of outstanding composers. 1656-1827年间韦廷家族统治简表Wettin rulers from 1656 to 1827统治期姓名Reign period Title1656-1680约翰·格奥尔格二世（1613-1680），萨克森选帝侯1680-1691约翰·格奥尔格三世（1647-1691），萨克森选帝侯1691-1694约翰·格奥尔格四世（1668-1694），萨克森选帝侯1694-1733弗里德里希·奥古斯特一世（1670-1733），萨克森选帝侯1697-1704，1709-1733奥古斯特二世，波兰国王1733-1763弗里德里希·奥古斯特二世（1696-1763），萨克森选帝侯，奥古斯特三世，波兰国王1763（10-12月）弗里德里希·克里斯蒂安（1722-1763），萨克森选帝侯1763-1827 弗里德里希·奥古斯特三世（1750-1827），萨克森选帝侯1806-1827 正义者弗里德里希·奥古斯特一世，萨克森国王1656-1680 Johann Georg II (1613-1680), Elector of Saxony1680-1691 Johann Georg III (1647-1691), Elector of Saxony1691-1694 Johann Georg IV (1668-1694), Elector of Saxony 1694-1733 Friedrich August I, August the Strong (1670-1733),Elector of Saxony1697-1704 and 1709-1733King August II of Poland1733-1763 Friedrich August II (1696-1763), Elector of Saxony and King August III of Poland1763 (Oct-Dec) Friedrich Christian (1722-1763), Elector of Saxony 1763-1827 Friedrich August III (1750-1827), Elector of Saxony 1806-1827 Friedrich August I the Just, King of Saxony1、绘有世界奇迹的世界地图萨克森州立图书馆-德累斯顿国家与大学图书馆藏World Map with Wonders of the WorldSächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden2、中国地图1734年萨克森州立图书馆-德累斯顿国家与大学图书馆藏Map of China1734Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden3、欧洲地图1631年萨克森州立图书馆-德累斯顿国家与大学图书馆藏Map of Europe1631Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden4、迈森地图德累斯顿，约1730年萨克森国家档案馆-德累斯顿总档案馆藏Map of MeissenDresden, c. 1730Sächsisches Staatsarchiv – Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden5韦廷王朝族谱铜版画馆，德累斯顿国家艺术收藏馆藏Pedigree of the Wettin FamilyKupferstich-Kabinett, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden第二部分：君权的体现（文物共计45件套）II.Representation of the Rule统治权通过统治标志物得以体现。