2011年考研翻译辅导课件[1]
2011年考研英语翻译
• In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently
第3页，共70页。
Answers to Part C (10 points)
• 46. 他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对 自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推 理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
• 47. 他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此 他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。
was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly
2011考研翻译
新东方在线考研翻译基础班讲义主讲：唐静课程简介以讲解翻译基础知识为主，基本不涉及考研翻译的真题。
但是，真题很重要，有必要在强化训练中完全掌握真题。
课程大纲第一章考研翻译基础知识一翻译的定义二翻译的标准和翻译的方法三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的核心解题策略第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法一词义选择和词义引申二词性转换三增词法四省略法第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法一名词性从句的翻译二定语从句的翻译三状语从句的翻译四被动结构的翻译第一讲翻译的定义翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。
考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
考生在答题卡2上作答。
”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。
如：Part CTranslation:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 Points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
2011年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析
2011年考研英语（一）阅读理解全文翻译及解析来源：文都教育Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。
别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。
“好啊，终于好了！” Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him。
” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise。
2011年英语一真题翻译
2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”。
尽管有些相反的意见，但笑可能对身体健康影响极小。
笑确实能对心脏和血管产生短期的改变，笑能够促进心律呼吸速率。
但是因为大笑很难持续，一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生很大的益处。
实际上，其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了相反的作用，二十世纪三十年代的一项研究表明笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45分钟内会降低肌肉张力。
这样的身体放松可能会帮助减轻心理紧张状态的影响。
笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的身体上的反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。
根据一个经典的情绪理论，我们的感觉部分根源于身体上的反映。
十九世纪末人们便争论这一说法：人们不会因为他们伤心而哭，但当开始尽管悲伤能产生眼泪，证据显示情绪是肌肉反应的结果。
1988年德国乌子堡大学的社会心理学家做了一个实验，他让志愿者用牙咬住一支笔做出假笑，或者用嘴含住一支笔，这个动作会让人产生一种失望的表情。
那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富，这暗示了表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是反过来情绪会影响表情。
同样，笑这一生理行为可以改善心Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。
别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。
“好啊，终于好了！” AnthonyTommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。
但是，这个任命之所以引起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。
甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为“低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。
2011年同等学力英语基础班翻译讲义
7．鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品。
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9．同等学历（在职硕士）英语水平统一考试翻译2001年真题
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2011考研英语辅导—PPT教学课件
为重新拿起，继续） ❖ reassume v 取回；再担任（re再+assume承担） ❖ presume v 假定；自以为是（pre预先+sum+e→预先拿往→假定） ❖ presumption n 假定；专横（pre+sumpt+ion） ❖ sumptuous a 奢侈的（sumpt+uous→[把钱]拿出去→奢侈的）
❖ ⅱ)合成法（合成词compound words） ❖ ⅲ)转化法 ❖ ⅳ）clippingword
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一）词根+词缀构词法（affixation）
❖ Trans- 这个前缀的意思是“从一种状态进入另一种 状态”
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❖ 一）通过构词法记忆 ❖ 二）通过辨析同义、近义词记忆 ❖ 三）通过建立比较反义词记忆 ❖ 四）通过辨析形似词记忆 ❖ 五）通过了解单词或习语的起源记忆 ❖ 六）通过活的语境记忆
2011考研翻译精品班讲义(学生版)
考研翻译精品班讲义（2011）薛海滨haibin_x@上海新东方论坛考研资料下载：/index.php（国内考试团队）考研翻译总论1、翻译考点（词语—句子—篇章—文化）2、翻译标准1）理解准确、表达通顺和内容完整2）直译/意译(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.(1997, p.2)3）误区(63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study unique and distinctly important social science. (2003, p.8)(72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001, p.6)3、评分标准分段给分、微观评分、综合扣分Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.（2011）1、词义的选择两大原则：1）熟悉往年一词多义/熟词生意现象（参见附录）2）新词：本义+上下文四大技巧：根据词性选择词义（46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007, p.12)根据语境选择词义（语境＝句子意义＋语域）(75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder---kitchen rage. (2001, p.6)50）While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (2007, p.12)根据搭配选择词义(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. （2004，p.9）Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.（2011）练习He killed the motion when it came from the committee.He killed himself with overwork.He killed the spirit of the group.The news killed their hope.These flowers kill easily.He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.Kill one’s appetiteKill timeKill the peaceKill the moodKill a marriage根据主题确定词义（1998年考题，p.3）They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. (71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers foundwas at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventully, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.2、专有名词的翻译（参见附录）3、代词的翻译This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. （2006，p. 11）The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.(73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (1997, p2)To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.(2010)句型的翻译1、长句解读：简单句/连词/介词短语（非谓语短语）(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004, p9)(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. (2004, p9)(49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (2005, p.10)练习：The thrust of the article was that we need not feel we are helpless if disease tries to tear away at our bodies, and that we can have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems.( MONI-passage 1-p14-75)（47）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007, p.14)2、翻译技巧1）从句的翻译定语从句●识别方式●翻译技巧前置法(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. （2004, p9））后置法(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, isan abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (03-p8)分译法(49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (2005, p.12)融合法（64）Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievement. (2002, p.7)(71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with the ill-informed and incompetent users. (1995)＃英语静态转化汉语动态（动词派生的名词——动词）练习：（71）He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending. (MONI-passage 5-20)同位语从句●识别模式●翻译技巧(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. （2004，p.9）（48）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. (2007, p.12)＃词/词组同位语(47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005, p.10)主语从句（阴阳翻译法）●识别模式●翻译技巧（71）Either the progressive loss of function makes the organism less able to withstand infectious disease, or, often, the failure of some vital organ precipitates the death of all the rest. (MONI-passage 6-p21)How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.(1995)(75) An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural privacy and mask intrusive noise. (MONI-Passage 2-p16)＃英语抽象表达转化为汉语具体表达练习（72）Whether these practices were typically the result of economic desperation, the difficulty of raising an out-of-wedlock child, or lack of attachment to an infant is not clear, but the fact that many well-to-do married women casually chose to give their infants to wet nurses, despite the higher mortality risks, suggests that the reasons were not always economic difficulty or fear of social stigma. （MONI-passage 4-p.19）(63)That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. (1990)(75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (1994)2）短语的翻译（翻译技巧：短语成句）非谓语短语（主要掌握非谓语短语作定语和状语的翻译）(75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements---themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000, p5）(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. (2004, p.9)Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause, we become pushovers for pills, driving the pain to underground and inviting it to return with increased authority.( MONI-passage 1-p.15)(74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994)Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. ①A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.②To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.（2011）介词短语This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without reference to one’s own is essential at all stages of learning. (MONI-passage 3-p17-74) 3）特殊句型的翻译形式主语(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I ha d to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” (2005, p.10)强调句(74) It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon an animal able to use the object as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability, on its own, doesn’t necessarily indicate any specialintelligence in the creature concerned. (MONI-Passage 9-p25)被动语态（被动化主动/物称化人称）施动者提前(73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in historical study. (1999，p4)直接化为主动(62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002, p.7)"Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through every day action and choice.(2010)（泛指代词）+还原主动(49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006, p.11)时间地点名词作为施动者（46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007, p.12)保留被动(75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. （97-p2）物称化人称Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. (71)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.（97-p2）(61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. (2002-p7)否定式的翻译(71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. （1994）Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of thefactual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts”, as Emersion would say, “is something else.” (2006, p.11)（46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007, p.12)补充：●The engine didn't stop because the fuel was finished.●Thus the American, on his linguistic side, likes to make his language as he goes along,and all the hard work of the school teachers can not hold the business back.附录一：考研阅读与翻译部分典型熟词生意1 allow 承认We must allow that he is right on this matter2 addressaddress vt 处理To deal with:addressed the issue of absenteeism. 处理旷工事宜3 advantagetake advantage of 欺骗(deceive) 对……加以利用took advantage of the customer. 欺骗消费者4 appreciateappreciate v.意识到(＝realize) 抬高…价格、涨价I appreciate that I maybe worng.This land has appreciated in value. 这块土地增值了。
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• 3.关系词：如连接名词性从句的who, whom,
whose, what, which, whatever, whichever 等关系代词和when, where, how, why等关 系副词；还有连接定语从句的关系代词， 如who, which, that, whom, whose等等；它 们也是理解英语句子的拆分点。
视媒介
• 2006 美国知识分子的 作用
• 2007 法学推广的意义 • 2008 论达尔文的思想
及其变化
• 2009 正规教育
3 考研英语翻译试题命题趋势
1.体裁：议论文、说明文等。 2.题材：反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性
报刊评论文章；特别是有重要现实意义化、科教兴国、民主与法 制等常识及有生命科学、宇宙探索、信息 技术和纳米科技等有现实意义的科普题材。
• 一、理解英语原文，拆分语法结构
• 理解英语原文是我们进行翻译的前提。一 位法国译者曾经说过：“翻译就是理解和 使人理解”(Traduire, c’est comprendre et faire comprendre)。说得通俗一点，就是你 在动手翻译之前，必须要把英语原文看懂。 理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。
考研翻译简介
• 考研翻译考察内容和形式 • 考试大纲规定”主要考察考生准确理解内
容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考 生阅读一篇400词的文章，并将其中5个划 线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文准确、 完整、通顺”以2009年的考研翻译题为例， 考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章， 翻译的是5个划线部分。
考研翻译考题特点和内容
• 1 考研英语翻译难度增大 • 2 考研英语翻译试题特点： • 反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科
学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例； • 考题难度加大； • 语法现象难度有所降低；
• 2000 政府调控与工业 化发展
• 2001 计算机与未来生 活
• 2002 行为科学的发展 • 2003 人类学的发展 • 2004 语言学 • 2005 传媒领域中的电
“信、达、雅” 。考研大纲要求“要求译 文准确、通顺、完整”
考研翻译的方法
• 直译
• 指翻译时尽量保持原文的语言形式，包括 原文的用词、句子结构、内容和意义。
• 就是把英语原文所转达的内容和形式直接 转换为汉语的内容和形式的过程
• Honeymoon
mad cow disease
• Hot line
• 有的同学认为自己英语基础知识比较差， 对英语句子的语法结构不太理解。没有关 系！正因为英语语法结构和逻辑结构比较 明显，在理解英语的时候，我们可以把主 句和从句拆分出来，或者把主干部分和修 饰部分拆分出来。
• 说得更具体一点，可以寻找下面一些“信 号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加 有效地理解英语原文：
• 在英语与汉语中，很难找到一词一义的对 应情况。这就需要我们在翻译过程中理解 英语原文中单词的意思，然后努力地寻找 在汉语中与这个英语单词具有相同意义的 常用表达方法。
（一）根据词性确定词义
• 许多英语单词具有不同词性，亦即分属几种不同 的词类，有时候当名词用，有时候当动词用；有 时候作形容词，有时候作副词等等。其中，有些 单词用于不同词性时意思并无多大差异，翻译时 一般不能导致理解上的错误。如：
• 在考研翻译中，我们一定要随时注意上下文，上 下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同， 也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确 性、准确性和译文是否通顺。
day student
• In the dark
cash crops
直译与意译的关系
• 直译与意译不是绝对概念，二者界限并非泾渭分 明，而是互补互助，殊途同归。在翻译实践中， 应本着最能准确、通顺地表达原文的原则，灵活 选用或交替使用这两种方法。
• 直译着重于原文和译文在表达形式和意义上的结 合，而意译则重意义。在考研翻译中，在不违背 汉语语言规范的前提下，应该尽量采用直译的翻 译方法，能直译的尽量直译。如直接翻译出来不 符合汉语的表达习惯，再意译。
talk show
• Gene therapy
chain reaction
意译
• 由于英汉两种语言中的词汇、语法结构、 表达方式及谋篇布局都有其特殊性，在翻 译过程中容易产生冲突
• 意译指从原文的意义出发，将英语所表达 的意义用汉语做释义性解释，在翻译过程 中不必过分拘泥于原文形式。
• As timid as hare
• 在1994年72）题a leader of the new school contends中，
• school是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意 思；
• 在1996年74）题elegant system中， • elegant是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”
的意思； • 在2001年75）题And home appliances will
• 5. 在英语中被动句使用很多，而汉语中主 动句使用很多，所以翻译的时候可以少用 “被”字句，用别的词来代替“被”字或 者转化成主动句。
词义选择和词义引申
• 词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常 用的翻译技巧。其本身也是英语翻译中最 基础的工作，准确把握词义，并在必要时 加以适度的引申，是保证译文质量的前提 和基础。一方面，英语和汉语各自都有丰 富的词汇，各自的词义又极其繁复；另一 方面，这两种语言差异巨大，其词义关系 错综复杂，往往难以找到词义完全对应的 词。
• 7 结构转换 • 8 语态转换 • 9分译与合译 • 10 反译 • 11 倒译与顺译
三、翻译技巧：句法翻译法
• 1 名词性从句的翻译 • 2 定语从句的翻译 • 3 状语从句的翻译 • 4 被动语态的翻译 • 5 否定结构的翻译 • 6 比较结构的翻译 • 7 强调结构的翻译 • 8 插入语结构的翻译
考研英语辅导
-----翻译
翻译辅导课程计划
• 一、考研翻译基础介绍 • 1 简介 • 2 翻译的标准和翻译方法 • 3 翻译的基本过程 • 4 考研翻译解题的核心策略
二、翻译技巧：词法翻译法
• 1 词义选择和词义引申 • 2 词性转换 • 3 增词法 • 4 省略法 • 5 重复法 • 6 数词的翻译
• 4.介词：如on, in, with, at, of, to等介词常常 引导介词短语作修饰语，所以它们也是理 解英语句子的拆分点。
• 5.不定式符号to：不定式常常构成不定式短 语作定语或者状语修饰语，所以也可以是 拆分点。
• 6.分词：过去分词和现在分词可以构成分词 短语作修饰语，所以可以是拆分点。
become so smart that...中， • smart是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意
思； • 在2003年75）题like the concept of set in
mathematics中， • set是“集，集合”而不是“一套，放置”等意
思.......。
一、词义的选择
• 英语与世界上任何一种语言一样，都存在 着一词多义的现象。所谓一词多义，即是 指同一个词在同一种词类中，具有几个不 同的词义。
• 7.标点符号：标点符号常常断开句子的主干 和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。
• Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35词，2003 年62题)
• He had one foot in the grave. • 直译：他有一只脚踏进坟墓了 • 意译：他已是风烛残年了
• It is no thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.
• Until these issues are resolved, a
technology of behavior will continue to be
rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems--- (25 words，2002 年65题)
• 在试卷中，大部分的翻译错误都起因于考生的理 解错误。没有正确的理解，考生传达的就不是原 文的意思，这样就可能扭曲原文的意思，造成严 重的扣分现象，甚至会不得分。
• 在理解英语句子的时候，理解并拆分句子的语法 结构和逻辑结构也就自然而然地成了我们解题的 突破口。考研翻译中的所有句子基本上都是结构 复杂的长难句，理清句子结构层次就显得至关重 要。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读 一边拆分句子的语法结构。
• 直：现在被认为，我们给脑子的工作越多， 它们能干的工作就越多
• 意：现在人们认为，脑筋越做越灵活。
翻译的基本过程
• 理解----表达----校对 • The medicinal herb helps a cough. • 这种草药帮助咳嗽 • 这种草药可治疗咳嗽
考研英语翻译应试步骤
考研英语翻译解题的核心策略： 拆分与组合
• 1. 在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词 后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词 之前；
• 2. 如果英语的定语从句过于复杂，翻译时 把定语放在所修饰的名词前，句子会很不 通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰 的名词后面来翻译，独立成为一句话；
• 3. 简短的状语可以放在所修饰的动词前面；