Chapter 13. Introduction to Modeling Species Transport

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sas enterprise miner操作手册英文版目录

Applied Analytics Using SAS® Enterprise Miner™Course NotesApplied Analytics Using SAS® Enterprise Miner™ Course Notes was developed by Peter Christie, Jim Georges, Jeff Thompson, and Chip Wells. Additional contributions were made by Tom Bohannon, Mike Hardin, Dan Kelly, Bob Lucas, and Sue Walsh. Editing and production support was provided by the Curriculum Development and Support Department.SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies.Applied Analytics Using SAS® Enterprise Miner™ Course NotesCopyright © 2011 SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc.Book code E2056, course code LWAAEM71/AAEM71, prepared date 18Oct2011. LWAAEM71_001ISBN 978-1-61290-139-8For Your Information iii Table of ContentsCourse Description (x)Prerequisites (xi)Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 1-11.1 Introduction to SAS Enterprise Miner ............................................................................. 1-31.2 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 1-24Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) ...................................................... 1-24 Chapter 2 Accessing and Assaying Prepared Data ........................................... 2-12.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2-32.2 Creating a SAS Enterprise Miner Project, Library, and Diagram ................................... 2-5Demonstration: C reating a SAS Enterprise Miner Project ....................................... 2-6Demonstration: C reating a SAS Library ................................................................. 2-10Demonstration: C reating a SAS Enterprise Miner Diagram ................................... 2-12Exercises ................................................................................................................. 2-132.3 Defining a Data Source .................................................................................................. 2-14Demonstration: D efining a Data Source ................................................................. 2-18Exercises ................................................................................................................. 2-332.4 Exploring a Data Source ................................................................................................ 2-34Demonstration: E xploring Source Data .................................................................. 2-35Demonstration: C hanging the Explore Window Sampling Defaults ...................... 2-59Exercises ................................................................................................................. 2-61Demonstration: M odifying and Correcting Source Data ........................................ 2-622.5 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 2-742.6 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 2-75iv For Your InformationSolutions to Exercises ............................................................................................. 2-75Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) ...................................................... 2-76 Chapter 3 Introduction to Predictive Modeling: Decision Trees ....................... 3-1 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3-3Demonstration: C reating Training and Validation Data .......................................... 3-23 3.2 Cultivating Decision Trees ............................................................................................ 3-28Demonstration: C onstructing a Decision Tree Predictive Model ........................... 3-43 3.3 Optimizing the Complexity of Decision Trees .............................................................. 3-61Demonstration: A ssessing a Decision Tree ............................................................. 3-77 3.4 Understanding Additional Diagnostic Tools (Self-Study) ............................................. 3-88Demonstration: U nderstanding Additional Plots and Tables (Optional) ................ 3-89 3.5 Autonomous Tree Growth Options (Self-Study) ........................................................... 3-94Exercises ............................................................................................................... 3-102 3.6 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 3-104 3.7 Solutions ...................................................................................................................... 3-105Solutions to Exercises ........................................................................................... 3-105Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) .................................................... 3-120 Chapter 4 Introduction to Predictive Modeling: Regressions ........................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4-3Demonstration: M anaging Missing Values ............................................................. 4-18Demonstration: R unning the Regression Node ....................................................... 4-24 4.2 Selecting Regression Inputs ........................................................................................... 4-28Demonstration: S electing Inputs ............................................................................. 4-32 4.3 Optimizing Regression Complexity ............................................................................... 4-38Demonstration: O ptimizing Complexity ................................................................. 4-40For Your Information v 4.4 Interpreting Regression Models ..................................................................................... 4-49Demonstration: I nterpreting a Regression Model ................................................... 4-514.5 Transforming Inputs ...................................................................................................... 4-52Demonstration: T ransforming Inputs ...................................................................... 4-564.6 Categorical Inputs .......................................................................................................... 4-66Demonstration: R ecoding Categorical Inputs ......................................................... 4-694.7 Polynomial Regressions (Self-Study) ............................................................................ 4-75Demonstration: A dding Polynomial Regression Terms Selectively ....................... 4-77Demonstration: A dding Polynomial Regression Terms Autonomously(Self-Study) ................................................................................... 4-85 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 4-884.8 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 4-894.9 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 4-91Solutions to Exercises ............................................................................................. 4-91Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) .................................................... 4-104 Chapter 5 Introduction to Predictive Modeling: Neural Networks andOther Modeling Tools ......................................................................... 5-15.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5-3Demonstration: T raining a Neural Network ........................................................... 5-125.2 Input Selection ............................................................................................................... 5-20Demonstration: S electing Neural Network Inputs .................................................. 5-215.3 Stopped Training ............................................................................................................ 5-24Demonstration: I ncreasing Network Flexibility ..................................................... 5-35Demonstration: U sing the AutoNeural Tool (Self-Study) ....................................... 5-395.4 Other Modeling Tools (Self-Study) ............................................................................... 5-46Exercises ................................................................................................................. 5-585.5 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 5-59vi For Your Information5.6 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 5-60Solutions to Exercises ............................................................................................. 5-60Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) ...................................................... 5-63 Chapter 6 Model Assessment .............................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Model Fit Statistics .......................................................................................................... 6-3Demonstration: C omparing Models with Summary Statistics .................................. 6-6 6.2 Statistical Graphics .......................................................................................................... 6-9Demonstration: C omparing Models with ROC Charts ........................................... 6-13Demonstration: C omparing Models with Score Rankings Plots ............................ 6-19Demonstration: A djusting for Separate Sampling .................................................. 6-22 6.3 Adjusting for Separate Sampling ................................................................................... 6-29Demonstration: A djusting for Separate Sampling (Continued) .............................. 6-32Demonstration: C reating a Profit Matrix ................................................................ 6-35 6.4 Profit Matrices ............................................................................................................... 6-44Demonstration: E valuating Model Profit ................................................................ 6-47Demonstration: V iewing Additional Assessments .................................................. 6-49Demonstration: O ptimizing with Profit (Self-Study) .............................................. 6-52Exercises ................................................................................................................. 6-54 6.5 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 6-55 6.6 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 6-56Solutions to Exercises ............................................................................................. 6-56Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) ...................................................... 6-59 Chapter 7 Model Implementation ........................................................................ 7-1 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7-3 7.2 Internally Scored Data Sets ............................................................................................. 7-5Demonstration: C reating a Score Data Source ......................................................... 7-6For Your Information vii Demonstration: S coring with the Score Tool ............................................................ 7-7Demonstration: E xporting a Scored Table (Self-Study) ......................................... 7-107.3 Score Code Modules ...................................................................................................... 7-16Demonstration: C reating a SAS Score Code Module ............................................. 7-17Demonstration: C reating Other Score Code Modules ............................................ 7-23Exercises ................................................................................................................. 7-257.4 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 7-267.5 Solutions to Exercises .................................................................................................... 7-27 Chapter 8 Introduction to Pattern Discovery ..................................................... 8-18.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8-38.2 Cluster Analysis ............................................................................................................... 8-8Demonstration: S egmenting Census Data ............................................................... 8-16Demonstration: E xploring and Filtering Analysis Data .......................................... 8-23Demonstration: S etting Cluster Tool Options ......................................................... 8-34Demonstration: C reating Clusters with the Cluster Tool ........................................ 8-38Demonstration: S pecifying the Segment Count ...................................................... 8-41Demonstration: E xploring Segments ...................................................................... 8-43Demonstration: P rofiling Segments ........................................................................ 8-53Exercises ................................................................................................................. 8-578.3 Market Basket Analysis (Self-Study)............................................................................. 8-59Demonstration: M arket Basket Analysis ................................................................. 8-63Demonstration: S equence Analysis ......................................................................... 8-79Exercises ................................................................................................................. 8-828.4 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 8-848.5 Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 8-85Solutions to Exercises ............................................................................................. 8-85Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) ...................................................... 8-96viii For Your InformationChapter 9 Special Topics ..................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9-3 9.2 Ensemble Models ............................................................................................................. 9-4Demonstration: C reating Ensemble Models ............................................................. 9-5 9.3 Variable Selection ............................................................................................................ 9-9Demonstration: U sing the Variable Selection Node ............................................... 9-10Demonstration: U sing Partial Least Squares for Input Selection ........................... 9-14Demonstration: U sing the Decision Tree Node for Input Selection ....................... 9-19 9.4 Categorical Input Consolidation .................................................................................... 9-23Demonstration: C onsolidating Categorical Inputs .................................................. 9-24 9.5 Surrogate Models ........................................................................................................... 9-32Demonstration: D escribing Decision Segments with Surrogate Models ................ 9-33 9.6 SAS Rapid Predictive Modeler ...................................................................................... 9-39Demonstration: R unning a Basic RPM Model ....................................................... 9-41Demonstration: R unning an Intermediate RPM Model (Self-Study)...................... 9-50Demonstration: O pening an RPM Model in SAS Enterprise Miner ....................... 9-51Demonstration: R egistering an RPM Model ........................................................... 9-53Demonstration: S coring in SAS Enterprise Guide with a Registered Model ......... 9-54 Appendix A Case Studies ...................................................................................... A-1 A.1 Banking Segmentation Case Study ................................................................................. A-3 A.2 Web Site Usage Associations Case Study ..................................................................... A-19 A.3 Credit Risk Case Study ................................................................................................. A-22 A.4 Enrollment Management Case Study ............................................................................ A-40 Appendix B Bibliography ....................................................................................... B-1 B.1 References ....................................................................................................................... B-3For Your Information ix Appendix C Index ................................................................................................... C-1x For Your InformationCourse DescriptionThis course covers the skills required to assemble analysis flow diagrams using the rich tool set of SAS Enterprise Miner for both pattern discovery (segmentation, association, and sequence analyses) and predictive modeling (decision tree, regression, and neural network models).To learn more…For information on other courses in the curriculum, contact the SAS EducationDivision at 1-800-333-7660, or send e-mail to training@. You can alsofind this information on the Web at /training/ as well as in theTraining Course Catalog.For a list of other SAS books that relate to the topics covered in thisCourse Notes, USA customers can contact our SAS Publishing Department at1-800-727-3228 or send e-mail to sasbook@. Customers outside theUSA, please contact your local SAS office.Also, see the Publications Catalog on the Web at /pubs for acomplete list of books and a convenient order form.For Your Information xi PrerequisitesBefore attending this course, you should be acquainted with Microsoft Windows and Windows-based software. In addition, you should have at least an introductory-level familiarity with basic statistics and regression modeling. Previous SAS software experience is helpful but not required.xii For Your Information。

感受数学之美的给孩子看的英文书

感受数学之美的给孩子看的英文书全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Exploring the Beauty of MathematicsIntroductionMathematics is more than just numbers and equations, it is a fascinating and intricate puzzle that challenges our minds and shapes the world around us. In this book, we will delve into the beauty of mathematics and explore its endless possibilities. Through engaging stories, colorful illustrations, and interactive activities, children will discover the magic of numbers and the wonders of geometry, algebra, and more.Chapter 1: The Power of PatternsFrom the mesmerizing spiral of a seashell to the symmetrical petals of a flower, patterns are everywhere in nature. In this chapter, children will learn how to recognize and create patterns using basic shapes and colors. Through hands-on activities such as drawing and coloring, they will develop a keen eye for symmetry and repetition.Chapter 2: The Joy of GeometryGeometry is the study of shapes and their properties, and it is the foundation of many mathematical concepts. In this chapter, children will explore the world of polygons, circles, and angles. They will learn how to measure and calculate areas and perimeters, and discover the beauty of tessellations and fractals.Chapter 3: The Wonder of NumbersNumbers are the building blocks of mathematics, and they hold endless mysteries waiting to be uncovered. In this chapter, children will learn about the history of numbers, from the ancient civilizations to modern mathematicians. They will explore the concepts of prime numbers, fractions, and decimals, and engage in fun games and puzzles to sharpen their numerical skills.Chapter 4: The Magic of AlgebraAlgebra is the language of equations and variables, and it is crucial for solving complex problems. In this chapter, children will embark on a journey through algebraic expressions, equations, and inequalities. They will learn how to simplify expressions, solve equations, and graph functions, giving them the tools to tackle real-world challenges with confidence.Chapter 5: The Beauty of CalculusCalculus is the study of change and motion, and it is a powerful tool for understanding the world around us. In this chapter, children will be introduced to the concepts of derivatives, integrals, and limits. They will explore the connection between calculus and physics, biology, and other sciences, and witness the beauty of mathematical modeling in action.ConclusionMathematics is a treasure trove of beauty and wonder, waiting to be explored by curious minds. By diving into the world of patterns, geometry, numbers, algebra, and calculus, children can unlock the secrets of the universe and unleash their creativity and problem-solving skills. This book is just the beginning of their mathematical journey, and I hope it inspires them to continue exploring the infinite possibilities of this fascinating field.篇2Title: Exploring the Beauty of Mathematics: A Book for ChildrenIntroductionMathematics is a beautiful and fascinating subject that is often misunderstood and feared by many children. However, it isessential to teach children about the beauty and wonders of mathematics from a young age to foster a love and appreciation for the subject. This book aims to introduce children to the beauty of mathematics in a fun and engaging way, helping them see the world through the lens of mathematics.Chapter 1: The Magic of NumbersIn this chapter, children will learn about the magic of numbers and how they are used in everyday life. From counting to discovering patterns and sequences, numbers are all around us. Children will explore the concept of symmetry, prime numbers, and the Fibonacci sequence, opening their minds to the beauty of mathematics.Chapter 2: The Language of ShapesShapes are everywhere, from the geometry of buildings to the symmetry of nature. In this chapter, children will learn about different geometric shapes, such as circles, squares, triangles, and polygons. They will discover the beauty of symmetry and tessellations, as well as the concept of fractals and the golden ratio.Chapter 3: The Art of Problem SolvingMathematics is not just about numbers and shapes but also about problem-solving. In this chapter, children will learn about different problem-solving strategies, such as breaking down a problem, looking for patterns, and using logical reasoning. They will explore puzzles, riddles, and games that challenge their minds and nurture their problem-solving skills.Chapter 4: The Power of PatternsPatterns are an essential part of mathematics, helping us make sense of the world around us. In this chapter, children will learn about different types of patterns, such as number patterns, shape patterns, and symmetry. They will discover how patterns are used in mathematics, art, music, and nature, showing them the interconnectedness of the world.Chapter 5: The Beauty of InfinityThe concept of infinity is both mind-boggling and beautiful. In this chapter, children will learn about different types of infinity, such as countable and uncountable infinity. They will explore the concept of limits, sequences, and series, as well as the infinite nature of fractals and the Mandelbrot set. Children will be amazed by the endless possibilities of infinity and its presence in mathematics and beyond.ConclusionMathematics is a subject full of wonder, beauty, and creativity. By introducing children to the beauty of mathematics at a young age, we can help them develop a love and appreciation for the subject. This book aims to inspire children to see the world through the lens of mathematics, encouraging them to explore, discover, and create with confidence and curiosity. Let's unlock the beauty of mathematics together and open the doors to endless possibilities.篇3Title: Discovering the Beauty of Mathematics: A Children's BookIntroduction:Mathematics is often seen as a difficult and intimidating subject, but in reality, it is a beautiful and fascinating field of study. Through this children's book, we aim to help young readers discover the beauty of mathematics and develop a deeper appreciation for the subject.Chapter 1: Introduction to MathematicsIn this chapter, we introduce the basic concepts of mathematics, such as numbers, shapes, and patterns. We explain how mathematics is all around us, from the natural world to the technology we use every day.Chapter 2: The Beauty of SymmetrySymmetry is a key concept in mathematics and can be found in nature, art, and architecture. In this chapter, we explore different types of symmetry and how they can be used to create beautiful designs.Chapter 3: Exploring PatternsMathematics is all about finding and understanding patterns. In this chapter, we look at different types of patterns, such as geometric patterns, number patterns, and fractals. We show how patterns can be both simple and complex, and how they can be found in nature and art.Chapter 4: The Magic of NumbersNumbers are the building blocks of mathematics, and they have many fascinating properties. In this chapter, we explore the beauty of numbers, from prime numbers to Fibonacci sequences. We also look at how numbers are used in everyday life, from telling time to measuring distances.Chapter 5: The Language of MathematicsMathematics has its own language, with symbols and equations that help us solve problems and communicate ideas. In this chapter, we introduce young readers to some basic mathematical symbols and show how they are used in equations.Chapter 6: The World of ShapesGeometry is a branch of mathematics that studies shapes and their properties. In this chapter, we explore different types of shapes, such as polygons, circles, and solids. We also look at how shapes are used in art and design.Conclusion:By the end of this book, we hope that young readers will have a better understanding of the beauty of mathematics and be inspired to explore the subject further. Mathematics is not just about solving equations - it is a way of thinking and seeing the world in a new light. We encourage children to embrace the beauty of mathematics and enjoy the journey of discovery that it offers.。

Modeling,Simulat...

Book reviewModeling,Simulation,and Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems ±A Petri Net Approach;Meng Chu Zhou;Kurapati Venkatesh;Yushun Fan;World Scienti®c,Singapore,19991.IntroductionA ¯exible manufacturing system (FMS)is an automated,mid-volume,mid-va-riety,central computer-controlled manufacturing system.It can be used to produce a variety of products with virtually no time lost for changeover from one product to the next.FMS is a capital-investment intensive and complex system.In order to get the best economic bene®ts,the design,implementation and operation of FMS should be carefully made.A lot of researches have been done regarding the modeling,simulation,scheduling and control of FMS [1±6].From time to time,Petri net (PN)method has also been used as a tool by di erent researcher in studying the problems regarding the modeling,simulation,scheduling and control of FMS.A lot of papers and books have been published in this area [7±14].``Modeling,Simulation,and Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems ±A PN Approach''is a new book written by Zhou and Venkatesh which is focused on studying FMS using PN as a systematic method and integrated tool.The book's contents can be classi®ed into four parts.The four parts are introduction part (Chapter 1to Chapter 4),PNs application part (Chapter 5to Chapter 8),new research results part (Chapter 9to Chapter 13),and future development trend part (Chapter 14).In the introduction part,the background,motivation and objectives of the book are described in Chapter 1.The brief history of manufacturing systems and PNs is also presented in Chapter 1.The basic de®nitions and problems in FMS design and implementation are introduced in Chapter 2.The authors divide FMS related problems into two major areas ±managerial and technical.In Chapter 4,basic de®nitions,properties,and analysis techniques of PNs are presented,Chapter 4can be used as the fundamentals of PNs for those who are not familiar with PN method.In Chapter 3,the authors presented their approach to studying FMS related prob-lems,the approach uses PNs as an integrated tool and methodology in FMS design and implementation.In Chapter 3,various applications in modeling,analysis,sim-ulation,performance evaluation,discrete event control,planning and scheduling of FMS using PNs are presented.Through reading the introduction part,the readers can obtain basic concepts and methods about FMS and PNs.The readers can also get a clear picture about the relationshipbetween FMS and PNs.Mechatronics 11(2001)947±9500957-4158/01/$-see front matter Ó2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S 0957-4158(00)00057-X948Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±950The second part of the book is about PNs applications.In this part,various applications of using PNs in solving FMS related problems are introduced.FMS modeling is the basis for simulation,analysis,planning and scheduling.In Chapter5, after introduction of several kinds of PNs,a general modeling method of FMS using PNs is given.The systematic bottom-up and top-down modeling method is pre-sented.The presented method is demonstrated by modeling a real FMS cell in New Jersey Institute of Technology.The application of PNs in FMS performance analysis is introduced in Chapter 6.The stochastic PNs and the time distributions are introduced in this Chapter. The analysis of a¯exible workstation performance using the PN tool called SPNP developed at Duke University is given in Section6.4.In Chapter7,the procedures and steps involved for discrete event simulation using PNs are discussed.The use of various modeling techniques such as queuing network models,state-transition models,high-level PNs,object-oriented models for simulations are brie¯y explained.A software package that is used to simulate PN models is introduced.Several CASE tools for PNs simulations are brie¯y intro-duced.In Chapter8,PNs application in studying the di erent e ects between push and pull paradigms is shown.The presented application method is useful for the selection of suitable management paradigm for manufacturing systems.A manufacturing system is modeled considering both push and pull paradigms in Section8.3which is used as a practical example.The general procedures for performance evaluation of FMS with pull paradigm are given in Section8.4.The third part of the book is mainly the research results of the authors in the area of PNs applications.In Chapter9,an augmented-timed PN is put forward. The proposed method is used to model the manufacturing systems with break-down handling.It is demonstrated using a¯exible assembly system in Section9.3. In Chapter10,a new class of PNs called Real-time PN is proposed.The pro-posed PN method is used to model and control the discrete event control sys-tems.The comparison of the proposed method and ladder logic diagrams is given in Chapter11.Due to the signi®cant advantages of Object-oriented method,it has been used in PNs to de®ne a new kind of PNs.In Chapter12,the authors propose an Object-oriented design methodology for the development of FMS control software.The OMT and PNs are integrated in order to developreusable, modi®able,and extendible control software.The proposed methodology is used in a FMS.The OMT is used to®nd the static relationshipamong di erent objects.The PN models are formulated to study the performance of the FMS.In Chapter12,the scheduling methods of FMS using PNs are introduced.Some examples are presented for automated manufacturing system and semiconductor test facility.In the last Chapter,the future research directions of PNs are pointed out.The contents include CASE tool environment,scheduling of large production system,su-pervisory control,multi-lifecycle engineering and benchmark studies.Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±950949 mentsAs a monograph in PNs and its applications in FMS,the book is abundant in contents.Besides the rich knowledge of PNs,the book covers almost every aspects regarding FMS design and analysis,such as modeling,simulation,performance evaluation,planning and scheduling,break down handling,real-time control,con-trol software development,etc.So,the reader can obtain much knowledge in PN, FMS,discrete event system control,system simulation,scheduling,as well as in software development.The book is a very good book in the combinations of PNs theory and prac-tical applications.Throughout the book,the integrated style is demonstrated.It is very well suited for the graduate students and beginners who are interested in using PN methods in studying their speci®c problems.The book is especially suited for the researchers working in the areas of FMS,CIMS,advanced man-ufacturing technologies.The feedback messages from our graduate students show that compared with other books about PNs,this book is more interested and easy to learn.It is easy to get a clear picture about what is PNs method and how it can be used in the FMS design and analysis.So,the book is a very good textbook for the graduate students whose majors are manufacturing systems, industrial engineering,factory automation,enterprise management,and computer applications.Both PNs and FMS are complex and research intensive areas.Due to the deep understanding for PNs,FMS,and the writing skills of the authors,the book has good advantages in describing complex problems and theories in a very easy read and understandable fashion.The easy understanding and abundant contents enable the book to be a good reference book both for the students and researchers. Through reading the book,the readers can also learn the new research results in PNs and its applications in FMS that do not contained in other books.Because the most new results given in the book are the study achievements of the authors,the readers can better know not only the results,but also the background,history,and research methodology of the related areas.This would helpthe researchers who are going to do the study to know the state-of-art of relevant areas,thus the researchers can begin the study in less preparing time and to get new results more earlier.As compared to other books,the organization of the book is very application oriented.The aims are to present new research results in FMS applications using PNs method,the organization of the book is cohesive to the topics.A lot of live examples have reinforced the presented methods.These advantages make the book to be a very good practical guide for the students and beginners to start their re-search in the related areas.The history and reference of related research given in this book provides the reader a good way to better know PNs methods and its applications in FMS.It is especially suited for the Ph.D.candidates who are determined to choose PNs as their thesis topics.950Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±9503.ConclusionsDue to the signi®cant importance of PNs and its applications,PNs have become a common background and basic method for the students and researchers to do re-search in modeling,planning and scheduling,performance analysis,discrete event system control,and shop-¯oor control software development.The book under re-view provides us a good approach to learn as well as to begin the research in PNs and its application in manufacturing systems.The integrated and application oriented style of book enables the book to be a very good book both for graduate students and researchers.The easy understanding and step-by-step deeper introduction of the contents makes it to be a good textbook for the graduate students.It is suited to the graduated students whose majors are manufacturing system,industrial engineering, enterprise management,computer application,and automation.References[1]Talavage J,Hannam RG.Flexible manufacturing systems in practice:application,design,andsimulation.New York:Marcel Dekker Inc.;1988.[2]Tetzla UAW.Optimal design of¯exible manufacturing systems.New York:Springer;1990.[3]Jha NK,editor.Handbook of¯exible manufacturing systems.San Diego:Academic Press,1991.[4]Carrie C.Simulation of manufacturing.New York:John Wiley&Sons;1988.[5]Gupta YP,Goyal S.Flexibility of manufacturing systems:concepts and measurements.EuropeanJournal of Operational Research1989;43:119±35.[6]Carter MF.Designing¯exibility into automated manufacturing systems.In:Stecke KE,Suri R,editors.Proceedings of the Second ORSA/TIMS Conference on FMS:Operations Research Models and Applications.New York:Elsevier;1986.p.107±18.[7]David R,Alla H.Petri nets and grafcet.New York:Prentice Hall;1992.[8]Zhou MC,DiCesare F.Petri net synthesis for discrete event control of manufacturing systems.Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers;1993.[9]Desrochers AA,Al-Jaar RY.Applications of petri nets in manufacturing systems.New York:IEEEPress;1995.[10]Zhou MC,editor.Petri nets in¯exible and agile automation.Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995.[11]Lin C.Stochastic petri nets and system performance evaluations.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press;1999.[12]Peterson JL.Petri net theory and the modeling of systems.Englewood Cli s,NJ:Prentice-Hall;1981.[13]Resig W.Petri nets.New York:Springer;1985.[14]Jensen K.Coloured Petri Nets.Berlin:Springer;1992.Yushun FanDepartment of Automation,Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084,People's Republic of ChinaE-mail address:*****************。

北美精算师C考试内容2013-Oct-exam-C

Construction and Evaluation of Actuarial Models ExamThe Construction and Evaluation of Actuarial Models exam is called Exam C by the SOA and Exam 4 by the CAS. This three-and-a-half hour exam consists of 35 multiple-choice questions. The examination is jointly sponsored and administered by the SOA, CAS, and the Canadian Institute of Actuaries (CIA). The examination is also jointly sponsored by the American Academy of Actuaries (AAA) and the Conference of Consulting Actuaries (CCA).The Construction and Evaluation of Actuarial Models Exam is administered as a computer-based test. For additional details, please refer to Exam Rules. The syllabus for this examination provides an introduction to modeling and covers important actuarial methods that are useful in modeling. A thorough knowledge of calculus, probability, and mathematical statistics is assumed.The candidate will be introduced to a variety of useful frequency and severity models. The candidate will be required to understand the steps involved in the modeling process and how to carry out these steps in solving business problems. The candidate should be able to: 1) analyze data from an application in a business context; 2) determine a suitable model including parameter values; and 3) provide measures of confidence for decisions based upon the model. The candidate will be introduced to a variety of tools for the calibration and evaluation of the models.A variety of tables is available below for the candidate and will be provided to the candidate at the examination. These include values for the standard normal distribution, chi-square distribution, and abridged inventories of discrete and continuous probability distributions. Candidates will not be allowed to bring copies of the tables into the examination room. A preview of the CBT layout of the Exam C/4 tables in HTML is available online since the tables have been divided into five sections for viewing purposes.Check the Updates section on this exam's home page for any changes to the exam or syllabus. In the learning outcomes, weights have been provided to indicate the relative emphasis on different sections. The ranges of weights shown are intended to apply to the large majority of exams administered. On occasion, the weights of topics on an individual exam may fall outside the published range. Candidates should also recognize that some questions may cover multiple learning outcomes.Each multiple-choice problem includes five answer choices identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E, only one of which is correct. Candidates must indicate responses to each question on the computer.As part of the computer-based testing process, a few pilot questions will be randomly placed in the exam (paper and pencil and computer-based forms). These pilot questions are included to judge their effectiveness for future exams, but they will NOT be used in the scoring of this exam.1 All other questions will be considered in the scoring. All unanswered questions are scored incorrect. Therefore, candidates should answer every question on the exam. There is no set requirement for the distribution of correct answers for the SOA/CAS/CIA multiple-choice preliminary examinations. It is possible that a particular answer choice could appear many times on an examination or not at all. Candidates are advised to answer each question to the best of their ability, independently from how they have answered other questions on the examination.Because the CBT exam will be offered over a period of a few days, each candidate will receive a test form composed of questions selected from a pool of questions. Statistical scaling methods are used to ensure within reasonable and practical limits that, during the same testing period of a few days, all forms of the test are comparable in content and passing criteria. The methodology that has been adopted is used by many credentialing programs that give multiple forms of an exam.LEARNING OUTCOMESThe candidate is expected to be familiar with survival, severity, frequency and aggregate models, and use statistical methods to estimate parameters of such models given sample data. The candidate is further expected to identify steps in the modeling process, understand the underlying assumptions implicit in each family of models, recognize which assumptions are applicable in a given business application, and appropriately adjust the models for impact of insurance coverage modifications.Specifically, the candidate is expected to be able to perform the tasks listed below. Items in italic font are additions or replacements with respect to the June 2013 syllabus.Sections A–E have a combined weight of 15-20%.A. Severity Models1. Calculate the basic distributional quantities:a) momentsb) Percentilesc) Generating functions2. Describe how changes in parameters affect the distribution.3. Recognize classes of distributions and their relationships.4. Apply the following techniques for creating new families of distributions:a) Multiplication by a constant1 Beginning with the October 2013 examination there are some revised learning objectives and readings. Items covering them may appear as scored or pilot items in the same manner as items on continuing topics.b) Raising to a powerc) Exponentiation,d) Mixing5. Identify the applications in which each distribution is used and reasons why.6. Apply the distribution to an application, given the parameters.7. Calculate various measures of tail weight and interpret the results to compare the tailweights.8. Identify and describe two extreme value distributions.B. Frequency ModelsFor the Poisson, Mixed Poisson, Binomial, Negative Binomial, Geometric distribution and mixtures thereof:1. Describe how changes in parameters affect the distribution,2. Calculate moments,3. Identify the applications for which each distribution is used and reasons why,4. Apply the distribution to an application given the parameters.5. Apply the zero-truncated or zero-modified distribution to an application given theparametersC. Aggregate Models1. Compute relevant parameters and statistics for collective risk models.2. Evaluate compound models for aggregate claims.3. Compute aggregate claims distributions.D. For severity, frequency and aggregate models1. Evaluate the impacts of coverage modifications:a) Deductiblesb) Limitsc) Coinsurance2. Calculate Loss Elimination Ratios.3. Evaluate effects of inflation on losses.E. Risk Measures1. Calculate VaR, and TVaR and explain their use and limitations.Sections F and G have a combined weight of 20-25%.F. Construction of Empirical Models1. Estimate failure time and loss distributions using:a) Kaplan-Meier estimatorb) Nelson-Åalen estimatorc) Kernel density estimators2. Estimate the variance of estimators and confidence intervals for failure time and lossdistributions.3. Apply the following concepts in estimating failure time and loss distribution:a) Unbiasednessb) Consistencyc) Mean squared errorG. Estimation of decrement probabilities from large samples1. Estimate decrement probabilities using both parametric and nonparametric approachesfor both individual and interval data2. Approximate the variance of the estimatorsH. Construction and Selection of Parametric Models (25-30%)1. Estimate the parameters of failure time and loss distributions using:a) Maximum likelihoodb) Method of momentsc) Percentile matchingd) Bayesian procedures2. Estimate the parameters of failure time and loss distributions with censored and/ortruncated data using maximum likelihood.3. Estimate the variance of estimators and the confidence intervals for the parameters andfunctions of parameters of failure time and loss distributions.4. Apply the following concepts in estimating failure time and loss distributions:a) Unbiasednessb) Asymptotic unbiasednessc) Consistencyd) Mean squared errore) Uniform minimum variance estimator5. Determine the acceptability of a fitted model and/or compare models using:a) Graphical proceduresb) Kolmogorov-Smirnov testc) Anderson-Darling testd) Chi-square goodness-of-fit teste) Likelihood ratio testf) Schwarz Bayesian CriterionI. Credibility (20-25%)1. Apply limited fluctuation (classical) credibility including criteria for both full and partialcredibility.2. Perform Bayesian analysis using both discrete and continuous models.3. Apply Bühlmann and Bühlmann-Straub models and understand the relationship of theseto the Bayesian model.4. Apply conjugate priors in Bayesian analysis and in particular the Poisson-gamma model.5. Apply empirical Bayesian methods in the nonparametric and semiparametric cases. J. Simulation (5-10%)1. Simulate both discrete and continuous random variables using the inversion method.2. Simulate from discrete mixtures, decrement tables, the (a,b,0) class, and the normal andlognormal distributions using methods designed for those distributions3. Estimate the number of simulations needed to obtain an estimate with a given error anda given degree of confidence.4. Use simulation to determine the p-value for a hypothesis test.5. Use the bootstrap method to estimate the mean squared error of an estimator.6. Apply simulation methods within the context of actuarial models.Reading Selections for learning outcomes A through H and J:Text• Loss Models: From Data to Decisions, (Fourth Edition), 2012, by Klugman, S.A., Panjer,H.H. and Willmot, G.E.Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 8Chapter 9, Sections 9.1–9.7 (excluding 9.6.1), Sections 9.8.1–9.8.2Chapter 10Chapter 11Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 14, Sections 14.1 – 14.4 and 14.6Chapter 15Chapter 16Chapter 20Reading Options for learning outcome I (Credibility) will be:Option ACandidates may prepare for this exam using either the Third or Fourth Editions.• Loss Models: From Data to Decisions, (Fourth Edition), 2012, by Klugman, S.A., Panjer,H.H., and Willmot, G.E.Chapter 17, Sections 17.2 – 17.7Chapter 18Chapter 19Option B•Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science (Fourth Edition), 2001, Casualty Actuarial SocietyChapter 8, Section 1 (background only) Sections 2–5•Topics in Credibility by Dean, C.G.Option C• Introduction to Credibility Theory (Fourth Edition), 2010, Herzog, T.N.Chapters 1-3 (background only)Chapters 4–8Chapter 9 (background only)Other ResourcesTables for Exam C/Exam 4Preview of the CBT layout of the Exam C/4 tables in HTMLAll released exam papers since 2000, can be found at:Past Exam Questions and SolutionsExam C/4 Sample Questions and Solutions. These documents will be updated to reflect the October 2013 syllabus changes. The cover page of each document will indicate any updates that have been made.。

地下水污染物迁移转化模型及数值解_Parts 3

地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
有限差分与有限元数值解法的主要差异：主要差异：（1）网格刨分灵活性方面（2）质量守恒方面
地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
地下水模拟建模过程与方法
地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
Introduction to Modeling Approaches
地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
PRIMARY ISSUES OF CONCERN AT LARGE AND COMPLEX SITES
Data availability – How many sampling points are there? For how long? Data spatial distribution – Where are they located relative to the plume / source? Data quality / data management – Where is the data housed? Who uses it? Characterization and conceptualization of Site Conditions - How can they be represented conceptually?
地下水污染控制与修复——王明玉
National Academy of Sciences:
Thus, when models form the basis for decision-making, uncertainty will be an inescapable component of environmental management and regulation. A key consideration in any modeling process is whether the model has undergone sufficient development and testing to address the problem being analyzed in a sufficiently meaningful manner.

SOLIDWORKS 在线试用教程说明书

SOLIDWORKS Product T rialsContentsWelcome to SOLIDWORKS in the Browser (3)Introduction (4)Evaluation Data (5)Video Resolution (6)Basic Tools (7)Exiting SOLIDWORKS (8)Using a Cloud Storage Account with SOLIDWORKS in the Browser (9)Uploading Files (10)Downloading Files (11)Working with SOLIDWORKS (12)FAQ (13)Welcome to SOLIDWORKS in the BrowserWelcome to SOLIDWORKS in the BrowserThank you for trying SOLIDWORKS.The SOLIDWORKS software has intuitive solutions for all aspects of the design process.When you sign up for a trial version with a MySolidWorks account,you get access to SOLIDWORKS in the browser for the duration of your trial.With your MySolidWorksaccount,you can access training videos,blog posts,and other content related to designing products with SOLIDWORKS.We are always working to make our products better and more useful for you.If you have questions,you will likely find the answer in MySolidWorks.We hope you enjoy your new SOLIDWORKS in the browser experience,SOLIDWORKS Sales TeamIntroductionThis SOLIDWORKS trial is streamed in a Web browser instead of installing it on your computer.This means you can run the SOLIDWORKS software from anywhere with an Internet connection.Evaluation Data•SOLIDWORKS in the browser runs inside your Web browser.You will need the latest Google Chrome™,Mozilla®Firefox®,Apple Safari®,or Windows®Internet Explorer11browser to use it.•With this evaluation,you cannot open or save data to your own computer.If you want to experiment with your own data,you can read&write data using DropBox,Box,or Google Drive.•Any files you create will be deleted from the evaluation system after you close the evaluation session.Video ResolutionThe SOLIDWORKS software is maximized(dynamic)to your browser window size.To experiment with video resolution settings to find the best balance ofperformance and clarity:•Click Settings>Change resolution(lower left of the browser window)to find the setting that works best.Most people use Dynamic resolution.You might also need to experiment with your browser’s zoom level.A value less than 100%causes buttons and menus in SOLIDWORKS to shrink.To make them moreaccessible,increase the zoom level through your browser’s settings.Basic ToolsHere are some basic tools for using SOLIDWORKS in a browser .Select running applications,change the resolution,reporta problem,show and hide usage statistics,share yoursession,and soon.Settings Upload files from your local computer to the Uploadsfolder (under Favorites )in thesession.Upload files Connects to your Dropboxaccount.Dropbox Connects to your Google Driveaccount.Google Drive Connects to your Boxaccount.Box Basic ToolsExiting SOLIDWORKSExiting SOLIDWORKSClose the browser window or tab to exit the SOLIDWORKS software.The SOLIDWORKS in the browser session may also end if it times out.Time outs happen if you:•Exceed the maximum duration.The maximum duration of a session is shown in a countdown timer at the bottom of the screen while you run SOLIDWORKS in the browser.•Do not interact with it(by keyboard or mouse)for20minutes.Make sure you save any work to your cloud storage account before leaving the session unattended.SeeUsing a Cloud Storage Account with SOLIDWORKS in the Browser on page9.Using a Cloud Storage Account with SOLIDWORKS in the BrowserUsing a Cloud Storage Account with SOLIDWORKS in the BrowserTo use a cloud storage account with SOLIDWORKS in the browser,you must first have an account with either DropBox,Box,or Google Drive.To use a cloud storage account with SOLIDWORKS in the browser:1.Start SOLIDWORKS in the browser.2.Open the Web page provided to you in the welcome email you received when yousigned up for trial access to SOLIDWORKS in the browser.3.Log in to MySolidWorks.4.Click the appropriate icon for your cloud storage account(lower right of the browserwindow).5.Click Connect.6.Log in using your account credentials.After the connection is made,a new drive is available in your Open and Save dialog boxes.Larger DropBox accounts might take a few minutes to fully populate.Uploading FilesInstead of using Dropbox,you can upload files from your computer to the browser.To upload files:Click Uploadfiles.The uploaded files appear in the Uploads folder(under Favorites). Uploading FilesDownloading FilesInstead of using Dropbox,you can download files from the browser to your computer.To download files:1.ClickSave(Standard toolbar).2.In the dialog box,select Download Now(under Favorites)as the save location.3.Enter a File name and click Save.Downloading FilesWorking with SOLIDWORKSWorking with SOLIDWORKS SOLIDWORKS®3D CAD software delivers powerful design functionality with the intuitive SOLIDWORKS user interface to speed your design process and make you instantlyproductive.If you are new to SOLIDWORKS,we recommend that you start with the Introducing SOLIDWORKS Guide.Below are free training videos from .You can open these videos in a separate Web browser so you can use the training videos along with the SOLIDWORKS in the browser version.•Editing Parts•Bottom up Assembly Modeling•Introduction to Drawings and DetailingYou can access the training files used in the videos.Click File>Open.In the dialog box, browse to Libraries>Documents>SOLIDWORKS Product Trial>Training Files.Tutorials are available in the product to help you learn SOLIDWORKS subjects from basic to advanced.Click Help>SolidWorks Tutorials to navigate to the topics.Finally,a collection of sample files are also included in the SOLIDWORKS Product Trial folder to help you further explore SOLIDWORKS capabilities.FAQ1.Which web browser should I use?•Chrome24.0.1312.52+•Safari v7.0.3+•Internet Explorer11.0.10+•Opera21.0.1432.67+•Firefox18.0+If you experience trouble launching SOLIDWORKS,first try updating your browser.For example,see https:///chrome/answer/95414?hl=en.2.How fast should my internet be?SOLIDWORKS is leveraging the latest technology to deliver you incredible3D software over the internet.With that in mind,we do suggest using this with a broadbandconnection of at least3000/300Kbps(Download/Upload).For best experience,wehave found5000/500Kbps to be ideal for1920x1080resolution.For an acceptableexperience,a minimum of1000/100is as low as a user should go.3.How do I save my work?During your browser-based session,any files created or modifications made to sample files are not saved on disk after the session is closed.The platform allows a direct connection to a cloud storage account.See Using a Cloud Storage Account with SOLIDWORKS in the Browser on page9.You can also download or upload individual files through the virtualization platform.See Uploading Files on page10.4.I’m seeing this error:Connection refused:It looks like you already connected….This can happen if you are kicked out of your session.Refresh(F5)your browser and wait30-60seconds for the previous session to close.5.The buttons and menus are too small in SOLIDWORKS.How do I make them bigger?Increase the zoom level in your browser’s settings to100%.This setting is available in all supported browsers,but its location varies.In Google Chrome,for example,the zoom level is in the Zoom section of the Chrome menu on the browser toolbar.6.If I get disconnected while working,will I lose my work?If for any reason you get disconnected,the platform will preserve your session for10 minutes.After10minutes,you will be given a new instance and any unsaved workwill be lost.Recommendation:Connect your browser session to an online storage account tosave your data periodically.7.What if I have performance trouble or errors during the evaluation?•Check your internet connection quality using .•Switch to an ethernet-wired instead of wireless connection.•Try a different,supported web browser.•Try reconnecting at a later time.8.What if I want to continue using web browser-based SOLIDWORKS after purchase?Today,SOLIDWORKS requires local installation on a Windows PC.See systemrequirements here:https:///sw/support/SystemRequirements.htmlWe do not currently offer any SOLIDWORKS tools through the browser platform-it is limited to free evaluations and trials only.。

英语数学科普书

英语数学科普书Title: Introduction to Mathematics: Unlocking the World of NumbersIntroduction:Mathematics, often regarded as the language of the universe, is a discipline that encompasses the study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and quantities. This introductory book aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts and applications of mathematics.Chapter 1: The Beauty of NumbersNumbers are the building blocks of mathematics. This chapter explores the different types of numbers, such as natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. Through engaging examples and explanations, readers will discover the significance of numbers in everyday life and their role in solving real-world problems.Chapter 2: The Art of Problem SolvingProblem-solving is at the heart of mathematics. This chapter delves into various problem-solving strategies, including logical reasoning, deduction, and induction. By presenting arange of intriguing puzzles and challenges, readers will learn how to approach problems systematically and develop critical thinking skills.Chapter 3: Unraveling the Mysteries of AlgebraAlgebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols. This chapter introduces the basic principles of algebra, including variables, equations, and inequalities. Through step-by-step explanations and practical examples, readers will grasp the essence of algebra and its applications in various fields.Chapter 4: Geometry: Exploring the World of Shapes Geometry is the study of shapes, sizes, and properties of figures and spaces. This chapter explores the fundamental concepts of geometry, such as points, lines, angles, and polygons. By examining both two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes, readers will gain a deeper understanding of spatial relationships and geometric principles.Chapter 5: The Power of Functions and CalculusFunctions and calculus play a crucial role in modeling real-world phenomena and solving complex problems. Thischapter introduces the concept of functions and their properties, as well as the basics of calculus, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. Through clear explanations and practical examples, readers will see how functions and calculus are applied in fields like physics, economics, and engineering.Chapter 6: Statistics and Probability: Making Sense of Data Statistics and probability are essential tools for making sense of data and making informed decisions. This chapter covers the basics of data analysis, including collecting, organizing, and interpreting data. It also explores probability theory, including concepts like probability distributions and hypothesis testing. By understanding statistics and probability, readers will be equipped to critically evaluate information and navigate the world of uncertainty.Conclusion:Mathematics is a fascinating field that provides a framework for understanding the world around us. This introductory book has explored various branches of mathematics, from numbers and algebra to geometry, calculus, and statistics. By delving into these topics, readers will develop a solidfoundation in mathematics and gain the confidence to explore further. So, let's embark on this mathematical journey together and unlock the infinite possibilities that numbers hold!。

英文模特培训课程安排计划

英文模特培训课程安排计划Introduction:Modeling is a profession that requires a combination of talent, discipline, and hard work. It's not just about looking pretty or handsome, but also about having the right attitude, understanding the industry, and knowing how to take care of oneself. That's why at our modeling school, we provide a comprehensive training program that covers all these aspects and more. Our goal is not just to help our students become successful models, but also to prepare them for a long and fulfilling career in the fashion industry.Our training program is designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the world of modeling. Our team of experienced instructors will guide students through a series of courses that cover various aspects of modeling, including runway walking, posing, grooming, and more. In addition to practical training, students will also receive valuable insights into the industry, as well as tips on how to build a successful career.Course Structure:Week 1: Introduction to Modeling- Introduction to the modeling industry- Understanding the different types of modeling- Discussion on the qualities and characteristics of a successful model- Q&A session with experienced modelsWeek 2: Runway Techniques- Learning the basics of runway walking- Posture and body language- Tips on how to create a strong and confident presence on the runway- Practice sessions with feedback from instructorsWeek 3: Posing for Photoshoots- Understanding the different types of poses- Working with photographers and stylists- Tips on how to relax and be natural in front of the camera- Practice sessions with feedback from instructorsWeek 4: Grooming and Makeup- Skincare and haircare tips- Understanding different makeup styles- Tips on how to do your own makeup for auditions and castings - Practical sessions with professional makeup artistsWeek 5: Nutrition and Fitness- Importance of a healthy diet for models- Tips on how to maintain a fit and toned physique- Creating a personalized fitness and nutrition plan- Q&A session with a nutritionist and fitness trainerWeek 6: Building Your Portfolio- Understanding the importance of a strong portfolio- Tips on how to select the right photographers and stylists- Practice photoshoot sessions with professional photographers - Review and feedback on portfolio developmentWeek 7: The Business of Modeling- Understanding contracts and agreements- Tips on how to negotiate with clients and agencies- Building a professional network- Q&A session with industry professionalsWeek 8: Industry Insights- Understanding the different roles in the fashion industry- Tips on how to navigate through the industry- Developing a personal brand- Q&A session with successful models and industry professionals Week 9: Building Your Personal Brand- Understanding the importance of personal branding- Tips on how to create and maintain a strong personal brand- Developing a social media strategy- Practical sessions on creating a personal brandWeek 10: Marketing Yourself- Understanding the different marketing channels for models- Creating a strong online presence- Tips on how to get noticed by agencies and clients- Q&A session with successful models and industry professionalsWeek 11: Casting and Audition Techniques- Understanding the casting process- Tips on how to prepare for auditions- Practice auditions with industry professionals- Feedback and tips on improving audition skillsWeek 12: Final Project - Fashion Show- Organizing a fashion show featuring the students- Runway walking, posing, and showcasing personal style- Feedback and evaluation from industry professionals- Graduation ceremony and award presentationConclusion:Our model training course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the modeling industry and to equip them with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed. Our goal is to not only help students become successful models, but also to prepare them for a long and fulfilling career in the fashion industry. We believe that with the right training and guidance, anyone can achieve their dreams of becoming a successful model.。

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Chapter13.Introduction to Modeling Species Transportand Reacting Flows FLUENT provides several models for chemical species transport and chemical reactions.This chapter provides an overview of the species transport and reaction models available in FLUENT.Details about the models are provided in Chapters14–18.Models for engine ignition and pollutant formation are described in Chapters19and20,respectively.•Section13.1:Overview of Species and Reaction Modeling•Section13.2:Approaches to Reaction Modeling•Section13.3:Choosing a Reaction Model13.1Overview of Species and Reaction ModelingFLUENT can model species transport with or without chemical reactions.For information about modeling species transport without chemical reactions,see Section14.4:Species Transport Without Reactions.Chemical reactions that can be modeled in FLUENT include the following:•Gas phase reactions that may involve NO x and other pollutant formation,etc.•Spark and autoignition(Chapter19:Engine Ignition Model)that involve volumetricand chemical kinetics of reactingﬂow.•Surface reactions(e.g.,chemical vapor deposition)in which the reaction occurs ata solid(wall)boundary.•Particle surface reactions(e.g.,coal char combustion)in which the reaction occursat the surface of a discrete-phase particle.Additional information on modeling of droplet/particle reactions is presented in Sec-tion23.3:Heat and Mass Transfer Calculations.Introduction to Modeling Species Transport and Reacting Flows13.2Approaches to Reaction ModelingFLUENT providesﬁve approaches to modeling gas phase reactingﬂows:•Generalizedﬁnite-rate model•Non-premixed combustion model•Premixed combustion model•Partially premixed combustion model•Composition PDF Transport modelA brief overview of each model is provided in Sections13.2.1–13.2.5.See Section13.3:Choosing a Reaction Model for guidelines on choosing a model.13.2.1Generalized Finite-Rate ModelThis approach is based on the solution of transport equations for species mass fractions.The reaction rates that appear as source terms in the species transport equations are com-puted from Arrhenius rate expressions.You can use chemical kinetic mechanisms from the FLUENT database,create one yourself,or import a mechanism in Chemkin format.For turbulentﬂows,turbulence-chemistry interaction can be ignored using the Laminar Finite-Rate model,or modeled with the Eddy Dissipation[215]or EDC models[214].The Generalized Finite-Rate Model is suitable for a wide range of applications including premixed,partially premixed,non-premixed turbulent combustion,and ignition delay in diesel engines(Section19.2:Autoignition Model).FLUENT provides several options to handle the stiﬀnumerics of detailed kinetic mechanism.See Chapter14:Modeling Species Transport and Finite-Rate Chemistry for details.13.2.2Non-Premixed Combustion ModelIn this approach individual species transport equations are not solved.Instead,trans-port equations for one or two conserved scalars(the mixture fractions)are solved and individual component concentrations are derived from the predicted mixture fraction distribution.This approach has been speciﬁcally developed for the simulation of tur-bulent diﬀusionﬂames and oﬀers many beneﬁts over theﬁnite-rate formulation.In the Non-Premixed Combustion Model,turbulence eﬀects are accounted for with the help of an assumed shape Probability Density Function(PDF).Reaction mechanisms are not required;species and temperature can be modeled as in chemical equilibrium.Alterna-tively,the steady Laminar Flamelet model can include localﬁnite-rate kinetic eﬀects due to straining by the turbulence.See Chapter15:Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion for details.13.2Approaches to Reaction Modeling13.2.3Premixed Combustion ModelThis model can be applied to turbulent combustion systems that are of the purely pre-mixed type.In these problems perfectly mixed reactants and burned products are sepa-rated by aﬂame front.The“reaction progress variable”is solved to predict the position of this front.The inﬂuence of turbulence is accounted for by means of a turbulentﬂame speed.See Chapter16:Modeling Premixed Combustion for details.13.2.4Partially Premixed Combustion ModelThe partially premixed combustion model has been developed for turbulent reacting ﬂows that have a combination of non-premixed and premixed combustion.The mix-ture fraction equations and the reaction progress variable are solved to determine the species concentrations and position of theﬂame front,respectively.The knock model (Section19.2:Autoignition Model)demonstrates the use of the concepts discussed in Chapters16and17.13.2.5Composition PDF Transport Combustion ModelThe composition PDF transport model simulates realisticﬁnite-rate kinetic eﬀects in turbulentﬂames.Arbitrary chemical mechanisms can be imported into FLUENT,and kinetic eﬀects such as non-equilibrium species and ignition/extinction can be captured. This model is applicable to premixed,non-premixed,and partially premixedﬂames.Note that the model is computationally expensive.See Chapter18:The Composition PDF Transport Model for details.Introduction to Modeling Species Transport and Reacting Flows13.3Choosing a Reaction ModelTheﬁrst step in solving any problem involving species transport and reactingﬂow is to determine which model is appropriate.Consider the following guidelines:•For cases involving the mixing,transport,or reaction of chemical species,or re-actions on the surface of a wall or particle(e.g.,chemical vapor deposition),usethe generalizedﬁnite-rate model.See Chapter14:Modeling Species Transportand Finite-Rate Chemistry for more information about the generalizedﬁnite-ratemodel.•For reacting systems involving turbulent diﬀusionﬂames that are near chemicalequilibrium where the fuel and oxidizer enter the domain in two or three distinctstreams,use the non-premixed combustion model.See Chapter15:Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion for more information about non-premixed combustion.•For cases with a single,perfectly premixed reactant stream,use the premixed com-bustion model.See Chapter16:Modeling Premixed Combustion for more informa-tion about premixed combustion.•For cases involving premixedﬂames with varying equivalence ratio in the domain,use the partially premixed combustion model.See Chapter17:Modeling PartiallyPremixed Combustion for more information about partially premixed combustion.•For turbulentﬂames whereﬁnite-rate chemistry is important,use the LaminarFlamelet model(see Chapter15:Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion),the Lam-inar Finite-Rate or EDC model(see Chapter14:Modeling Species Transport andFinite-Rate Chemistry),or the composition PDF Transport model(see Chap-ter18:The Composition PDF Transport Model).。