London School语言学伦敦学派

Phatic communion (as a type of situation)
Language as action
Malinowski meant that the meaning of a word is not given by the physical properties of its referent, but by its function. When a savage learns the meaning of a word, the process is not accompanied by explanation but by learning to handle it. Likewise, a verb, a word for an action, receives its meaning through an active participation in this action.
• Firth did not define prosodic [prəu'sɔdik] units. However, his discussion indicates that prosodic units include such features as stress, length, nasalization (neizəlai'zeiʃən), palatalisation, and aspiration. In any case, these features cannot be found in one phonematic [,fəuni'mætik] unit alone.
• Firth’s second important contribution to linguistics is his method of prosodic analysis, called prosodic phonology. • 弗斯对语言学的第二个重要贡献是韵律分析，叫做韵律音位学。 • Firth pointed out that in actual speech, it is not phonemes that make up the paradigmatic relations, but phonematic units. • 在实际话语中构成聚合关系的并不是音位，而是准音位单位.
Phatic communion (as a type of situation)
refers to cases of “language used in free, aimless, social intercourse”. The meaning of utterance in this case is just the “atmosphere of sociability and… that fact of the personal communion of these people.” Malinowski called such utterance “phatic communication”.
B. Malinowski
J.R. Firth
M.A.K. Halliday
Malinowski
the first important scholar great influence on J.R. Firth Professor of Anthropology
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伦敦学派 主要代表人物及成就： 1.马林诺夫斯基的"情境意义" 思想20 世纪20 年代，英国出现了马林诺夫斯基的"情境意义"思想。马林诺夫斯基以研 究土著文化著称，是"人类学功能学派"的创始人。马林诺夫斯基重视语言的功能，强调 语境研究的重要性。他说，"真正的语言事实是实际语言环境中的完整话语，即使在人 类思维和语言运用的最抽象、最理论性的各个方面，词的真正意义，归根结底，总是 取决于亲身经历中的这些方面。" 2.弗斯的情景语境理论 弗斯是伦敦学派的始祖，他的语言理论在英国语言学史上具有划时代的意义。弗斯的 学说主要集中在语言学和语义学两个方面。在马林诺夫斯基的影响下，弗斯把语言看 成是人类生活的一种方式，并非仅仅是一套约定俗成的符号和信号。弗斯认为语言研 究的目标不是语言系统而应该将语言的使用作为"社会过程"的一部分来观察。他说，意 义不仅与一个特定景象和声音的环境相连，而且深深地根植于人们赖以生存的社会活 动过程中。和马林诺夫斯基一样，弗斯也认为话语的意义在于它的使用。弗斯扩大了 马林诺夫斯基的"情景语境"概念，
London School
London School
context of situationthe systematic aspect of langauge
systemic linguistics
functional linguistics
London School
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
different types of linguistics should be used to describe different purposes, which was one of the precious thoughts
• 英国理论语言学的创始人是与琼斯同时代的约翰· 鲁珀特· 弗斯，因弗 斯长期在伦敦大学任教，故以 他为首的语言学派被称作 “伦敦语言 学派” 。 他培养的学生中最著名者有韩礼德 、 罗宾斯 、 莱昂斯等。
Theories
Language as action
Meaning derives from situational context
• 弗斯没有给韵律单位下定义。但他在论述中表表明了韵律成分，包括 重度、音长、鼻化、硬腭化和送气等特征。在任何情况下，这些特征 都不是一个韵律单位独有的特征。
• There are fewer features in phonematic [,fəuni'mætik] units than in phonemes, because some features are common to phonemes of a syllable or a phase (even a sentence). When these features are considered in syntagmatic[,sintæ g'mæ tik] relations , they are all called Prosodic [prəu'sɔdik] units. • 准音位单位比音位的特征要少一些，因为有些特征是一个音节或短句 （甚至句子）中的音位所共有的。这种共有特征归到组合关系中去， 统称为韵律成分。
Meaning derives from situational context
The meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of the words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs.
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• 3.韩礼德的系统功能语言学理论 • 韩礼德继承和发展了弗斯的学说，一是在弗斯"情景上下文"的观点上 提出了著名的"语域"或"语言环境"理论，从社会学的角度去研究语言， 提出了语言学中的社会符号学；二是在弗斯语境结构关系--实际上是 语言、语境统一结构关系的基础上，将"统一结构关系"说发展成"系统 语言学"说，提出了统一"系统"中的一系列范畴，从而将弗斯的情境化 为范畴。韩礼德认为，语言与典型的社会情境有密切的联系，语言不 能脱离其赖以存在的社会文化环境， 语言是一种社会现象，语言行为 是个体间、个体与社会环境之间交互作用的社会行为。