对土木工程的认识及职业规划

一．浅谈土木工程：（一）土木工程的特点建造一项工程设施一般要经过勘察、设计和施工三个阶段，需要运用工程地质勘察、水文地质勘察、工程测量、土力学、工程力学、工程设计、建筑材料、建筑设备、工程机械、建筑经济等学科和施工技术、施工组织等领域的知识，以及电子计算机和力学测试等技术。

因而土木工程是一门范围广阔的综合性学科。

随着科学技术的进步和工程实践的发展，土木工程这个学科也已发展成为内涵广泛、门类众多、结构复杂的综合体系。

（二）古代土木工程在远古时代，人们就开始修筑简陋的房舍、道路、桥梁和沟澶，以满足简单的生活和生产需要。

后来，人们为了适应战争、生产和生活以及宗教传播的需要，兴建了城池、运河、宫殿、寺庙以及其他各种建筑物。

许多著名的工程设施显示出人类在这个历史时期的创造力。

例如，中国的长城、都江堰、大运河、赵州桥、应县木塔，埃及的金字塔，希腊的巴台农神庙，罗马的给水工程、科洛西姆圆形竞技场(罗马大斗兽场)，以及其他许多著名的教堂、宫殿等。

土木工程是具有很强的实践性的学科。

在早期，土木工程是通过工程实践，总结成功的经验，尤其是吸取失败的教训发展起来的。

从17世纪开始，以伽利略和牛顿为先导的近代力学同土木工程实践结合起来，逐渐形成材料力学、结构力学、流体力学、岩体力学，作为土木工程的基础理论的学科。

这样土木工程才逐渐从经验发展成为科学。

（三）近代土木工程从17世纪中叶到20世纪中叶的300年间,是土木工程发展史中迅猛前进的阶段。

这个时期土木工程的主要特征是：在材料方面,由木材、石料、砖瓦为主,到开始并日益广泛地使用铸铁、钢材、混凝土、钢筋混凝土，直至早期的预应力混凝土；在理论方面，、、结构力学、、等学科逐步形成，设计理论的发展保证了工程结构的安全和人力物力的节约；在施工方面，由于不断出现新的工艺和新的机械，施工技术进步，建造规模扩大，建造速度加快了。

在这种情况下，土木工程逐渐发展到包括房屋、道路、桥梁、铁路、隧道、港口、市政、卫生等工程建筑和工程设施，不仅能够在地面，而且有些工程还能在地下或水域内修建。

（四）现代土木工程到了20世纪，一方面社会向土木工程提出了新的需求；另一方面，社会各个领域为土木工程的前进创造了良好的条件。

因而这个时期的土木工程得到突飞猛进的发展。

在世界各地出现了现代化规模宏大的工业厂房、摩天大厦，核电站、高速公路和铁路、大跨桥梁、大直径运输管道长隧道、大运河、大堤坝、大飞机场、大海港以及海洋工程等等。

现代土木工程不断地为人类社会创造崭新的物质环境，成为人类社会现代文明的重要组成部分。

在土木工程的发展过程中，工程实践经验常先行于理论，工程事故常显示出未能预见的新因素，触发新理论的研究和发展。

至今不少工程问题的处理，在很大程度上仍然依靠实践经验。

土木工程技术的发展之所以主要凭借工程实践而不是凭借科学试验和理论研究，有两个原因：一是有些客观情况过于复杂，难以如实地进行室内实验或现场测试和理论分析。

例如，地基基础、隧道及地下工程的受力和变形的状态及其随时间的变化，至今还需要参考工程经验进行分析判断。

二是只有进行新的工程实践，才能揭示新的问题。

例如，建造了高层建筑、高耸塔桅和大跨桥梁等，工程的抗风和抗震问题突出了，才能发展出这方面的新理论和技术。

在土木工程的长期实践中，人们不仅对房屋建筑艺术给予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就；而且对其他工程设施，也通过选用不同的建筑材料，例如采用石料、钢材和钢筋混凝土，配合自然环境建造了许多在艺术上十分优美、功能上又十分良好的工程。

古代中国的万里长城，现代世界上的许多电视塔和斜张桥，都是这方面的例子（五）土木工程的发展前景现代土木工程的特点是：适应各类工程建设高速发展的要求，人们需要建造大规模、大跨度、高耸、轻型、大型、精密、设备现代化的建筑物。

既要求高质量和快速施工，又要求高经济效益。

这就向土木工程提出新的课题，并推动土木工程这门学科前进。

随着土木工程规模的扩大和由此产生的施工工具、设备、机械向多品种、自动化、大型化发展，施工日益走向机械化和自动化。

同时组织管理开始应用系统工程的理论和方法，日益走向科学化；有些工程设施的建设继续趋向结构和构件标准化和生产工业化。

这样，不仅可以降低造价、缩短工期、提高劳动生产率，而且可以解决特殊条件下的施工作业问题，以建造过去难以施工的工程。

土木工程专业是一门运用数学、物理、化学、计算机信息科学等基础科学知识，力学、材料等技术科学知识以及相应的工程技术知识来研究、设计和建造工业与民用建筑、隧道与地下建筑、公路与城市道路以及桥梁等工程设施的学科。

二，职业规划对于土木工程，毕业后主要从事设计方面的工作，在1到3年内熟悉本行业的相关事项，能较熟练掌握各种工程的设计要点，提高自己的设计修养。

年薪2.5万～6万元在3到5年内，自己可以承担一些简单项目的设计，逐渐向项目经理靠拢，并准备好考全国一级注册结构工程师。

年薪50000～80000在5到8年内，自己担当项目经理。

20年后回学校教书The knowledge of civil engineeringFirst , characteristics of Civil engineeringBuild a project facilities to want to pass commonly survey, design and construction of three phases, need to use engineering geological and hydrogeological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, construction materials, construction equipment, mechanical engineering, building and construction technology and economy, the construction organization and the knowledge of the field, as well as electronic computers and mechanical testing techniques. Thus civil engineering is a wide range of integrated disciplinesAlong with the advancement of science and technology and engineering practice, the development of civil engineering discipline has become widely, categories and connotation of complex structure of the integrated system.The second ,Ancient civil engineeringIn ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, Bridges and ditch, in order to satisfy simple named the life and production needs. Later, people in order to adapt to the war, the production and the life and the spread of religion, built cities, canals, palaces, temples and other various buildingsMany famous works show in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, dujiangyan, the grand canal, zhaozhou bridge, so, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece, and Rome Parthenon water engineering, the Colosseum in Rome (coronado Roman coliseum), and many other famous churches, houses and so on.Civil engineering is strong practicality. In the early days, civil engineering is through the engineering practice and summarizes the success experience, especially from failure. From the 17th century began to Galileo, Newton and guide the modern mechanics with civil engineering practice, gradually formed combined mechanics of materials, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, as the basis of the theory of civil engineering discipline. Such civil engineering from experience to become science development.The third, Modern civil engineeringFrom the 17th century to the middle of the 20th century, is 300 years of rapid advance in civil engineering. During this period, the main characteristics of civil engineering in materials, wood and stone, brick by, to start and increasingly widely use of cast iron, steel, concrete and reinforced concrete, until the early prestressed concrete, In theory, structural mechanics, and gradually form, the development of theory,design and ensure the engineering structure of manpower saving, In the construction of the new technology, owing to the constant presence and new machinery, construction technology and construction scale, build up speed. In this case, the gradual development of civil engineering including houses, roads, Bridges, railways, tunnel, ports, municipal engineering and construction, health and engineering facilities, can not only in the ground, but some engineering of underground or in construction of waters.In the 20th century, on the one hand, to the civil engineering society puts forward new requirements, On the other hand, social fields for civil engineering forward created favorable conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering get by leaps and bounds. In the modern world appear large-scale industrial workshop, the skyscraper, nuclear power station, highway and railway, large-span bridge, big diameter pipeline long tunnel, the grand canal, large DAMS, big airport, sea port and Marine engineering, etc. Modern civil engineering unceasingly for the human society, create new material environment, human society is an important part of modern civilization.In the process of the development of civil engineering and engineering practice precedes theory, often failed to foresee accidents often shows the new theory, new factors triggering of research and development. Yet many engineering problems, still largely depends on practical experience.Civil engineering technology development is mainly with engineering practice rather than relying on scientific experiment and theoretical research, has two reasons: some objective conditions are too complex to truthfully the indoor experiment field test and theoretical analysis or. For example, foundation, tunnel and underground engineering force and deformation condition and changing with time, still need reference to engineering experience. 2 is only for the new project practice, reveals new problems. For example, built the high-rise buildings and large span mast and high tower bridge, the wind and aseismatic engineering problems, and to develop the new theories and technologies.In the long-term practice of civil engineering and architecture art, not only to the people to great houses, made outstanding achievements, And for other engineering facilities, and also through the different building materials, such as using stone, steel and concrete, cooperate natural environment built many on art is very beautiful, and very good function of the project. The ancient Great Wall of China, many of the tower in the modern world, and cable-stayed Bridges are examples of thisThe fourth,Civil engineering development prospectsModern civil engineering characteristics are: adapt to all kinds of engineering construction requirements of the high-speed development,people need to build large, large span and towering, light, large, precision equipment, modern buildings. Requests the high quality and rapid construction, and high economic efficiency. This new subject to civil engineering, and push forward the subject in civil engineering.With the scale enlargement of civil engineering and construction tools, equipment and machinery to many varieties, automation, large-scale development, construction increasingly towards mechanization and automation. While organization management system of engineering application start theory and method, rising scientific. Some engineering facilities to tend to structure and component standardization production and industrialization. So, not only can reduce cost, shorten the construction period and improve labor productivity, and can solve the construction operation under special conditions, to build the construction project is past. Civil engineering specialty is a mathematical, physical, chemical, computer information science foundation of scientific knowledge, mechanics, materials science and technology knowledge and corresponding engineering knowledge to research, design and build industrial and civil building, tunnel and underground construction, highway and city road and bridge engineering facilities.Personal career planningAfter graduation in civil engineering, mainly engaged in design, in 1 to 3 years of relevant matters, industry can be master of engineering design points, improve their design accomplishment. Earning 25,000 ~ 6 million yuanIn three to five years, can undertake some simple project design, gradually to the project manager, and ready to test national 1st class registered structural engineer. Salary 50,000-80,0005 to 8 years in own project manager.20 years back to school to become a teacher.。