ifrs13(德勤翻译的中文版)

合集下载

IFRS3 国际财务报告准则第3号 英文版 简版

IFRS3 国际财务报告准则第3号 英文版 简版

Technical SummaryThis extract has been prepared by IASC Foundation staff and has not been approved by the IASB. For the requirements reference must be made to International Financial Reporting Standards.The objective of this IFRS is to specify the financial reporting by an entity when it undertakes a business combination.A business combination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity. The result of nearly all business combinations is that one entity, the acquirer, obtains control of one or more other businesses, the acquiree. If an entity obtains control of one or more other entities that are not businesses, the bringing together of those entities is not a business combination.This IFRS:(a)requires all business combinations within its scope to be accounted for byapplying the purchase method.(b)requires an acquirer to be identified for every business combination within itsscope. The acquirer is the combining entity that obtains control of the othercombining entities or businesses.(c)requires an acquirer to measure the cost of a business combination as theaggregate of: the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by the acquirer, in exchange for control of the acquiree; plus any costs directly attributable to the combination.(d)requires an acquirer to recognise separately, at the acquisition date, the acquiree’sidentifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisfy the following recognition criteria at that date, regardless of whether they had been previously recognised in the acquiree’s financial statements:(i)in the case of an asset other than an intangible asset, it is probable that anyassociated future economic benefits will flow to the acquirer, and its fair value can be measured reliably;(ii)in the case of a liability other than a contingent liability, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settlethe obligation, and its fair value can be measured reliably; and (iii)in the case of an intangible asset or a contingent liability, its fair value can be measured reliably.(e)requires the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisfy theabove recognition criteria to be measured initially by the acquirer at their fairvalues at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any minority interest. (f)requires goodwill acquired in a business combination to be recognised by theacquirer as an asset from the acquisition date, initially measured as the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilitiesrecognised in accordance with (d) above.(g)prohibits the amortisation of goodwill acquired in a business combination andinstead requires the goodwill to be tested for impairment annually, or morefrequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired, in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.(h)requires the acquirer to reassess the identification and measurement of theacquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities and themeasurement of the cost of the business combination if the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the items recognised in accordance with (d) above exceeds the cost of the combination. Any excess remaining after that reassessment must be recognised by the acquirer immediately in profit or loss.(i)requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financialstatements to evaluate the nature and financial effect of:(i)business combinations that were effected during the period;(ii)business combinations that were effected after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are authorised for issue; and(iii)some business combinations that were effected in previous periods.(j)requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financial statements to evaluate changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during theperiod.A business combination may involve more than one exchange transaction, for example when it occurs in stages by successive share purchases. If so, each exchange transaction shall be treated separately by the acquirer, using the cost of the transaction and fair value information at the date of each exchange transaction, to determine the amount of any goodwill associated with that transaction. This results in a step-by-step comparison of the cost of the individual investments with the acquirer’s interest in the fair values of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at each step.If the initial accounting for a business combination can be determined only provisionally by the end of the period in which the combination is effected because either the fair values to be assigned to the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities or contingent liabilities or the cost of the combination can be determined only provisionally, the acquirer shall account for the combination using those provisional values. The acquirer shall recognise any adjustments to those provisional values as a result of completing the initial accounting:(a) within twelve months of the acquisition date; and(b) from the acquisition date.。

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15译者注:本文译自ACCA-P2最新(2015年9月)两篇文章《Revenue revisited》。

收入可以说是最重要的会计科目,收入确认准则无疑也是极其重要的,影响深远的(对ACCA考试至少是F7F8P2P7)。

因为文章很长,且用词重复多,为方便阅读理解,译者对原文进行了改编和一些简化,比如:Financial Statements=FS; Standard=Std; Goodor Service = G/S简译“商务”,with=w/,without=w/o, management=mgt, 不解释IASB、FASB等会计人士默认熟悉的组织。

同时,在翻译过程中,译者参考了专业组织文献如《德勤会计聚焦》等,并从中摘选了一些图片。

背景介绍On 28 May 2014, IASB, as a result of the joint project w/ FASB, issued IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts w/ Customers. Application ofIFRS15 is mandatory for annual reporting periods starting from 1Jan 2017 (though there is currently a proposal to defer to 1 Jan 2018)& earlier application is permitted.IASB和FASB曾发起联合项目,统一收入准则。

2014年5月,IASAB发布《IFRS15-与客户合同产生的收入》(FASB发布《Topic606》)。

IFRS15适用于2017年1月1日及以后各期年报(有提议推迟到2018年1月实施),允许提前采用。

In line w/ ACCA’s established rule,accounting stds issued by 1 Sept in a given year are examinable from 1Sept in the following year, so IFRS15 are examinable in P2 from Sept 2015.据ACCA既定规则,当年9月1日前颁布的会计准则纳入次年9月起的考试范围。

德勤会计聚焦——IFRS15新收入准则如何对收入产生影响?

德勤会计聚焦——IFRS15新收入准则如何对收入产生影响?
步骤1:识别与客户订立的合同 应用新收入模型的第一步是识别与客户订立的合同。合同是双方或多方之间建立可强制执行的 权力和义务的协议。合同可以采用书面形式、口头形式或依据主体商业惯例的其他形式,而且 合同必须具有商业实质,以及主体是很可能收回其有权获得的对价。
每一项合同通常应当单独核算。但在现实中,主体可能会因为法律或商业理由等就其与客户的 协议在形式上签订多份而实质上只是一份的合同。
主体与客户订立的合同包括的履约义务中可能有一部分是属于IFRS15的适用范围,而其他部分 则属于另一准则范围的情况。在这种情况,首先需要应用其他IFRS规定的单独区分及初始计量 要求,并将剩余金额归属至属于收入模型的要素。如果该等其他IFRS并不存在任何区分或初始 计量要求,则应当应用IFRS15的要求。 由于IFRS15只规范基于与客户签订合同而产生的收入,因此现时被IAS18规范的股利收入便不 属于IFRS15的适用范围。股利收入将在IAS39或IFRS9中规范。 新收入模型
合并合同(Contract Combination) 虽然合同通常应当单独核算,但是,如果符合下列条件,则与同一客户(或客户的关联方)在 同一时间或相近时间订立的一组合同应予合并:
是在单一商业目的下作为一揽子合同议定的; 其中一项合同的对价金额取决于另一项合同所交付的商品或服务;或 多项合同所承诺的商品或服务被视为单一的履约义务。
步骤3:确定交易价格
为确认收入,主体必须确定预计因交付合同所承诺的商品或服务而有权获得的对价金额。预计 有权获得的金额指预期将收取的金额,而并非以主体预计最终收回的金额为基础。也就是说, 收入应针对折扣及类似重大融资 成分的交易则属例外。对于此类交易,收入应基于应收款的公允价值确认,该金额反映了客户 的信用风险,因为信用风险已在确定折现率时加以考虑。

CRC_Handbook

CRC_Handbook

Compour full, legal name. The first and last name must match your government issued identification. Middle names are not considered. When completing the “Statement of Experience” section, list all positions for which the essential duties were performed. Dates of employment must match those listed on your CV/résumé. Include your CV/résumé. Include a job description with dates of employment for each position listed in the "Statement of Experience" section to support your eligibility. Include a program certificate or transcript (for work experience substitution only). PI Applicants only—Include a copy of your current medical license PI Applicants only— Include proof of employment documents, (i.e., IRB/IEB approval letter) Confirm all documentation is in English. If original documentation was translated into English, it must also be submitted in the original language, with the certified translated document. Complete all sections completely and accurately. Sign "Authorization and Agreement" (and "Payment" if paying by credit card) sections.

B-德勤-财务成熟度评估

B-德勤-财务成熟度评估
财务业务
财务部门如何实现投资者期望
领先优势 领先优势
绩效边界
5 4 3 2 1
CFO 财务管理 Focus 职能
1 2 3 4 5
促进因素
(进行财务业务所需能力)
-7-
©2013 Deloitte Consulting
什么是财务能力成熟度评价体系?
德勤在全球首家借鉴CMM的分级方法和定义,研发形成财务管理职能评价体系,自 2003年至今已经服务过多家客户,并结合国有企业情况进行针对性完善 评价体系是对整个企业财务管理能力的评价,不是特指对财务部门的能力评价, 也不仅仅是针对某项具体的经济业务,是站在企业的整体视角上对财务职能整体履 行状况的评估 评价的对象是关键活动:通过定性与定量的结合,明确国机集团296项关键活动的 评价标准。这些评价标准充分考虑了国际和国内财务管理的先进经验和最佳实务 ,按照评价标准对于财务工作进行从低到高5个级别的科学、系统的考核评价 评价标准仅指明每个标准该做什么,而没有指明如何达到这个标准,它不是全部的 方法论,但是可以从中借鉴评价实务的框架 根据发展战略和管理重点对于关键实务被赋予一定的分值和权重系数,然后将这些 分值依次向有关的流程、子流程和业务活动进行分解。
德勤的财务管理转型规划和方法论
我们的财务转型框架将对财务职能的期望与为实现这些期望所必须具备的能力进行了整合。正是这些期 望与能力之间的差距,为我们找出强大的、重点得当的完善方案提供了基础。
CFO的四张面孔 定义财务的角色,明确其如何创造企业价值
财务价值驱动因素及保证因素 明确为完成已定义的角色,财务所必备的能力
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2005 Source: Business Week, “Why CFOs Get Clawed in the Bear Market” 07/31/08 2008 5 years 4.1 years

标准ETSI EN300019-2-1

标准ETSI EN300019-2-1
O European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2000. All rights reserved.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright European Telecommunications Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ETSI No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright European Telecommunications Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ETSI No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
ETSI EN 300 O1 9-2-1 ~ 2 . 1 . (2000-09) 2
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Environmental Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 2-1 : Specification of environmental tests; Storage
Siret No348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la No Sous-préfecture de Grasse (06) 7803/88

Fitbit Inspire HR 手冊 V2.6说明书

使用手冊版本 2.6目錄開始 (5)包裝盒內物品 (5)為智慧手環充電 (6)透過手機進行設定 (7)在 Fitbit 應用程式中查看您的資料 (7)佩戴 Inspire HR (8)整日佩戴和運動時的佩戴方式 (8)慣用手 (9)佩戴與保養技巧 (9)更換錶帶 (10)移除錶帶 (10)安裝錶帶 (10)基本資訊 (11)導覽 Inspire HR (11)基本導覽 (11)快速設定 (13)調整設定 (13)變更錶面 (14)手機通知 (15)設定通知 (15)查看傳入通知 (16)關閉通知 (16)計時 (17)設定鬧鐘 (17)解除或休眠鬧鐘 (18)使用計時器和碼錶 (18)活動與健康 (19)查看統計資料 (19)追蹤每日活動目標 (20)2追蹤每小時的活動 (20)追蹤您的睡眠 (20)設定睡眠目標 (21)瞭解您的睡眠習慣 (21)查看您的心率 (21)練習引導式呼吸 (22)運動和心臟健康 (23)自動追蹤您的運動 (23)使用運動應用程式追蹤與分析運動 (23)GPS 要求 (24)自訂運動設定與快速鍵 (25)查看您的運動摘要 (25)查看您的心率 (25)預設心率區間 (26)自訂心率區間 (26)分享您的活動 (27)檢視心肺健康分數 (27)更新、重新啟動和清除 (28)更新 Inspire HR (28)重新啟動 Inspire HR (28)清除 Inspire HR (28)疑難排解 (29)找不到心率訊號 (29)沒有 GPS 訊號 (29)其他問題 (30)General Info and Specifications (31)感應器與元件 (31)材質 (31)無線技術 (31)觸覺反饋 (31)電池 (31)記憶體 (31)顯示幕 (31)3環境條件 (32)瞭解詳情 (32)退貨政策和保固 (32)Regulatory and Safety Notices (33)USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) statement (33)Canada: Industry Canada (IC) statement (34)European Union (EU) (35)Customs Union (36)Argentina (36)Australia and New Zealand (36)Belarus (37)China (37)India (38)Israel (39)Japan (39)Mexico (39)Morocco (39)Nigeria (40)Oman (40)Pakistan (40)Philippines (41)Serbia (41)South Korea (41)Taiwan (42)United Arab Emirates (44)Zambia (44)Safety Statement (44)45開始Fitbit Inspire HR 是一款方便的心率健身智慧手環,可幫助您每天養成健康的習慣。

ifrs mandarin - new order



第二类 - 不作调整

32
IAS第10号: 资产负债表日后事项

第一类

记账并披露
持续经营 资产减值


贷款 应收款项 长期资产(有形或无形)
33
IAS第10号: 资产负债表日后事项

第二类

只需披露

非自愿性转换 建筑受损、征用 证券投资组合价值下跌 汇率变动 公布股息 放弃中期股息的合法权利 – 现金流不足
有助于管理层理解并描述其经济活动
4




1973年 国际会计准则委员会(IASC) = 国际会计准则(IAS)+ 解释公告(SIC) 1998年 国际证监会组织(IOSCO) = 核心准则 2002年 欧盟 = 2005 + 2007 2002年 国际会计准则委员会(IASB) = 国际财务报告准则(IFRS)+ 国际财 务报告解释 2008年 国际 = 100个国家 2011年 国际 = 150个国家
2008年国际财务报告准则(IFRS)
1

何人
何事 原因


2
新旧体系比较

旧体系(1973-2002) 新体系(2002年7月1日





10家组织经协商于1973 成立 委员会由13名兼职成员 组成 咨询机构 常设解释委员会(SIC) 指导委员会 颁布国际会计准则(IAS) 和解释公告
12
财务报表附注

编制依据

包括所有重要政策


提供公平列报必需的信息 按照系统的方式列报(包括财务报表中的交叉引用) 其他

XPSPEAK 说明书

Using XPSPEAK Version 4.1 November 2000Contents Page Number XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAK Version 4.1 (1)Program Installation (1)Introduction (1)First Version (1)Version 2.0 (1)Version 3.0 (1)Version 3.1 (2)Version 4.0 (2)Version 4.1 (2)Future Versions (2)General Information (from R. Kwok) (3)Using XPS Peak (3)Overview of Processing (3)Appearance (4)Opening Files (4)Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file (4)Opening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files (5)Saving Files (6)Region Parameters (6)Loading Region Parameters (6)Saving Parameters (6)Available Backgrounds (6)Averaging (7)Shirley + Linear Background (7)Tougaard (8)Adding/Adjusting the Background (8)Adding/Adjusting Peaks (9)Peak Types: p, d and f (10)Peak Constraints (11)Peak Parameters (11)Peak Function (12)Region Shift (13)Optimisation (14)Print/Export (15)Export (15)Program Options (15)Compatibility (16)File I/O (16)Limitations (17)Cautions for Peak Fitting (17)Sample Files: (17)gaas.xps (17)Cu2p_bg.xps (18)Kratos.des (18)ASCII.prn (18)Other Files (18)XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAKVersion 4.1Program InstallationXPS Peak is freeware. Please ask RCSMS lab staff for a copy of the zipped 3.3MB file, if you would like your own copyUnzip the XPSPEA4.ZIP file and run Setup.exe in Win 95 or Win 98.Note: I haven’t successfully installed XPSPEAK on Win 95 machines unless they have been running Windows 95c – CMH.IntroductionRaymond Kwok, the author of XPSPEAK had spent >1000 hours on XPS peak fitting when he was a graduate student. During that time, he dreamed of many features in the XPS peak fitting software that could help obtain more information from the XPS peaks and reduce processing time.Most of the information in this users guide has come directly from the readme.doc file, automatically installed with XPSPEAK4.1First VersionIn 1994, Dr Kwok wrote a program that converted the Kratos XPS spectral files to ASCII data. Once this program was finished, he found that the program could be easily converted to a peak fitting program. Then he added the dreamed features into the program, e.g.∙ A better way to locate a point at a noise baseline for the Shirley background calculations∙Combine the two peaks of 2p3/2 and 2p1/2∙Fit different XPS regions at the same timeVersion 2.0After the first version and Version 2.0, many people emailed Dr Kwok and gave additional suggestions. He also found other features that could be put into the program.Version 3.0The major change in Version 3.0 is the addition of Newton’s Method for optimisation∙Newton’s method can greatly reduce the optimisation time for multiple region peak fitting.Version 3.11. Removed all the run-time errors that were reported2. A Shirley + Linear background was added3. The Export to Clipboard function was added as requested by a user∙Some other minor graphical features were addedVersion 4.0Added:1. The asymmetrical peak function. See note below2. Three additional file formats for importing data∙ A few minor adjustmentsThe addition of the Asymmetrical Peak Function required the peak function to be changed from the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function to the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function. Calculation of the asymmetrical function using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function was too difficult to implement. The software of some instruments uses the sum function, while others use the product function, so both functions are available in XPSPEAK.See Peak Function, (Page 12) for details of how to set this up.Note:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.Version 4.1Version 4.1 has only two changes.1. In version 4.0, the printed characters were inverted, a problem that wasdue to Visual Basic. After about half year, a patch was received from Microsoft, and the problem was solved by simply recompiling the program2. The import of multiple region VAMAS file format was addedFuture VersionsThe author believes the program has some weakness in the background subtraction routines. Extensive literature examination will be required in order to revise them. Dr Kwok intends to do that for the next version.General Information (from R. Kwok)This version of the program was written in Visual Basic 6.0 and uses 32 bit processes. This is freeware. You may ask for the source program if you really want to. I hope this program will be useful for people without modern XPS software. I also hope that the new features in this program can be adopted by the XPS manufacturers in the later versions of their software.If you have any questions/suggestions, please send an email to me.Raymund W.M. KwokDepartment of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong KongTel: (852)-2609-6261Fax:(852)-2603-5057email: rmkwok@.hkI would like to thank the comments and suggestions from many people. For the completion of Version 4.0, I would like to think Dr. Bernard J. Flinn for the routine of reading Leybold ascii format, Prof. Igor Bello and Kelvin Dickinson for providing me the VAMAS files VG systems, and my graduate students for testing the program. I hope I will add other features into the program in the near future.R Kwok.Using XPS PeakOverview of Processing1. Open Required Files∙See Opening Files (Page 4)2. Make sure background is there/suitable∙See Adding/Adjusting the Background, (Page 8)3. Add/adjust peaks as necessary∙See Adding/Adjusting Peaks, (Page 9), and Peak Parameters, (Page 11)4. Save file∙See Saving Files, (Page 6)5. Export if necessary∙See Print/Export, (Page 15)AppearanceXPSPEAK opens with two windows, one above the other, which look like this:∙The top window opens and displays the active scan, adds or adjusts a background, adds peaks, and loads and saves parameters.∙The lower window allows peak processing and re-opening and saving dataOpening FilesOpening a Kratos (*.des) text file1. Make sure your data files have been converted to text files. See the backof the Vision Software manual for details of how to do this. Remember, from the original experiment files, each region of each file will now be a separate file.2. From the Data menu of the upper window, choose Import (Kratos)∙Choose directory∙Double click on the file of interest∙The spectra open with all previous processing INCLUDEDOpening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files∙You can open up a maximum of 10 files together.1. Open the first file as above∙Opens in the first region (1)2. In the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, left click on 2(secondregion), which makes this region active3. Open the second file as in Step2, Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file,(Page 4)∙Opens in the second region (2)∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description box4. Open further files by clicking on the next available region number thenfollowing the above step.∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description boxDescriptionBox 2∙To open a file that has already been processed and saved using XPSPEAK, click on the Open XPS button in the lower window. Choose directory and file as normal∙The program can store all the peak information into a *.XPS file for later use. See below.Saving Files1. To save a file click on the Save XPS button in the lower window2. Choose Directory3. Type in a suitable file name4. Click OK∙Everything that is open will be saved in this file∙The program can also store/read the peak parameter files (*.RPA)so that you do not need to re-type all the parameters again for a similar spectrum.Region ParametersRegion Parameters are the boundaries or limits you have used to set up the background and peaks for your files. These values can be saved as a file of the type *.rpa.Note that these Region Parameters are completely different from the mathematical parameters described in Peak Parameters, (Page 11) Loading Region Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the upper window, click on Load RegionParameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on Open buttonSaving Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the XPS Peak Fit (Upper) window, clickon Save Region Parameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on the Save buttonAvailable BackgroundsThis program provides the background choices of∙Shirley∙Linear∙TougaardAveraging∙ Averaging at the end points of the background can reduce the time tofind a point at the middle of a noisy baseline∙ The program includes the choices of None (1 point), 3, 5, 7, and 9point average∙ This will average the intensities around the binding energy youselect.Shirley + Linear Background1. The Shirley + Linear background has been added for slopingbackgrounds∙ The "Shirley + Linear" background is the Shirley background plus astraight line with starting point at the low BE end-point and with a slope value∙ If the slope value is zero , the original Shirley calculation is used∙ If the slope value is positive , the straight line has higher values atthe high BE side, which can be used for spectra with higher background intensities at the high BE side∙ Similarly, a negative slope value can be used for a spectrum withlower background intensities at the high BE side2. The Optimization button may be used when the Shirley background is higher at some point than the signal intensities∙ The program will increase the slope value until the Shirleybackground is below the signal intensities∙ Please see the example below - Cu2p_bg.xps - which showsbackground subtraction using the Shirley method (This spectrum was sent to Dr Kwok by Dr. Roland Schlesinger).∙ A shows the problematic background when the Shirley backgroundis higher than the signal intensities. In the Shirley calculation routine, some negative values were generated and resulted in a non-monotonic increase background∙ B shows a "Shirley + Linear" background. The slope value was inputby trial-and-error until the background was lower than the signal intensities∙ C was obtained using the optimisation routineA slope = 0B slope = 11C slope = 15.17Note: The background subtraction calculation cannot completely remove the background signals. For quantitative studies, the best procedure is "consistency". See Future Versions, (Page 2).TougaardFor a Tougaard background, the program can optimise the B1 parameter by minimising the "square of the difference" of the intensities of ten data points in the high binding energy side of the range with the intensities of the calculated background.Adding/Adjusting the BackgroundNote: The Background MUST be correct before Peaks can be added. As with all backgrounds, the range needs to include as much of your peak as possible and as little of anything else as possible.1. Make sure the file of interest is open and the appropriate region is active2. Click on Background in the upper window∙The Region 0 box comes up, which contains the information about the background3. Adjust the following as necessary. See Note.∙High BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) ∙Low BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) NOTE: High and Low BE are not automatically within the range of your data. CHECK CAREFULLY THAT BOTH ENDS OF THE BACKGROUND ARE INSIDE THE EDGE OF YOUR DATA. Nothing will happen otherwise.∙No. of Ave. Pts at end-points. See Averaging, (Page 7)∙Background Type∙Note for Shirley + Linear:To perform the Shirley + Linear Optimisation routine:a) Have the file of interest openb) From the upper window, click on Backgroundc) In the resulting box, change or optimise the Shirley + LinearSlope as desired∙Using Optimize in the Shirley + Linear window can cause problems. Adjust manually if necessary3. Click on Accept when satisfiedAdding/Adjusting PeaksNote: The Background MUST be correct before peaks can be added. Nothing will happen otherwise. See previous section.∙To add a peak, from the Region Window, click on Add Peak ∙The peak window appears∙This may be adjusted as below using the Peak Window which will have opened automaticallyIn the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, there will be a list of Regions, which are all the open files, and beside each of these will be numbers representing the synthetic peaks included in that region.Regions(files)SyntheticPeaks1. Click on a region number to activate that region∙The active region will be displayed in the upper window2. Click on a peak number to start adjusting the parameters for that peak.∙The Processing window for that peak will open3. Click off Fix to adjust the following using the maximum/minimum arrowkeys provided:∙Peak Type. (i.e. orbital – s, p, d, f)∙S.O.S (Δ eV between the two halves of the peak)∙Position∙FWHM∙Area∙%Lorenzian-Gaussian∙See the notes for explanations of how Asymmetry works.4. Click on Accept when satisfiedPeak Types: p, d and f.1. Each of these peaks combines the two splitting peaks2. The FWHM is the same for both the splitting peaks, e.g. a p-type peakwith FWHM=0.7eV is the combination of a p3/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV anda p1/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV, and with an area ratio of 2 to 13. If the theoretical area ratio is not true for the split peaks, the old way ofsetting two s-type peaks and adding the constraints should be used.∙The S.O.S. stands for spin orbital splitting.Note: The FWHM of the p, d or f peaks are the FWHM of the p3/2,d5/2 or f7/2, respectively. The FWHM of the combined peaks (e.g. combination of p3/2and p1/2) is shown in the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window.Peak Constraints1. Each parameter can be referenced to the same type of parameter inother peaks. For example, for four peaks (Peak #0, 1, 2 and 3) with known relative peak positions (0.5eV between adjacent peaks), the following can be used∙Position: Peak 1 = Peak 0 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 2 = Peak 1 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 3 = Peak 2 + 0.5eV2. You may reference to any peak except with looped references.3. The optimisation of the %GL value is allowed in this program.∙ A suggestion to use this feature is to find a nice peak for a certain setting of your instrument and optimise the %GL for this peak.∙Fix the %GL in the later peak fitting process when the same instrument settings were used.4. This version also includes the setting of the upper and lower bounds foreach parameter.Peak ParametersThis program uses the following asymmetric Gaussian-Lorentzian sumThe program also uses the following symmetrical Gaussian-Lorentzian product functionPeak FunctionNote:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.∙You can choose the function type you want1. From the lower window, click on the Options button∙The peak parameters box comes up∙Select GL sum for the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function∙Select GL product for the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function. 2. For the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function, each peak can have sixparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-Lorentzian∙TS∙TLIf anyone knows what TS or TL might be, please let me know. Thanks, CMH3. Each peak in the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function can have fourparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-LorentzianSince peak area relates to the atomic concentration directly, we use it as a peak parameter and the peak height will not be shown to the user.Note:For asymmetric peaks, the FWHM only refers to the half of the peak that is symmetrical. The actual FWHM of the peak is calculated numerically and is shown after the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window. If the asymmetric peak is a doublet (p, d or f type peak), the actual FWHM is the FWHM of the doublet.Region ShiftA Region Shift parameter was added under the Parameters menu∙Use this parameter to compensate for the charging effect, the fermi level shift or any change in the system work function∙This value will be added to all the peak positions in the region for fitting purposes.An example:∙ A polymer surface is positively charged and all the peaks are shifted to the high binding energy by +0.5eV, e.g. aliphatic carbon at 285.0eV shifts to 285.5eV∙When the Region Shift parameter is set to +0.5eV, 0.5eV will be added to all the peak positions in the region during peak fitting, but the listed peak positions are not changed, e.g. 285.0eV for aliphatic carbon. Note: I have tried this without any actual shift taking place. If someone finds out how to perform this operation, please let me know. Thanks, CMH.In the meantime, I suggest you do the shift before converting your files from the Vision Software format.OptimisationYou can optimise:1. A single peak parameter∙Use the Optimize button beside the parameter in the Peak Fitting window2. The peak (the peak position, area, FWHM, and the %GL if the "fix" box isnot ticked)∙Use the Optimize Peak button at the base of the Peak Fitting window3. A single region (all the parameters of all the peaks in that region if the"fix" box is not ticked)∙Use the Optimize Region menu (button) in the upper window4. All the regions∙Use the Optimize All button in the lower window∙During any type of optimisation, you can press the "Stop Fitting" button and the program will stop the process in the next cycle.Print/ExportIn the XPS Peak Fit or Region window, From the Data menu, choose Export or Print options as desiredExport∙The program can export the ASCII file of spectrum (*.DAT) for making high quality figures using other software (e.g. SigmaPlot)∙It can export the parameters (*.PAR) for further calculations (e.g. use Excel for atomic ratio calculations)∙It can also copy the spectral image to the system clipboard so that the spectral image can be pasted into a document (e.g. MS WORD). Program Options1. The %tolerance allows the optimisation routine to stop if the change inthe difference after one loop is less that the %tolerance2. The default setting of the optimisation is Newton's method∙This method requires a delta value for the optimisation calculations ∙You may need to change the value in some cases, but the existing setting is enough for most data.3. For the binary search method, it searches the best fit for each parameterin up to four levels of value ranges∙For example, for a peak position, in first level, it calculates the chi^2 when the peak position is changed by +2eV, +1.5eV, +1eV, +0.5eV,-0.5eV, -1eV, -1.5eV, and -2eV (range 2eV, step 0.5eV) ∙Then, it selects the position value that gives the lowest chi^2∙In the second level, it searches the best values in the range +0.4eV, +0.3eV, +0.2eV, +0.1eV, -0.1eV, -0.2eV, -0.3eV, and -0.4eV (range0.4eV, step 0.1eV)∙In the third level, it selects the best value in +0.09eV, +0.08eV, ...+0.01eV, -0.01eV, ...-0.09eV∙This will give the best value with two digits after decimal∙Level 4 is not used in the default setting∙The range setting and the number of levels in the option window can be changed if needed.4. The Newton's Method or Binary Search Method can be selected byclicking the "use" selection box of that method.5. The selection of the peak function is also in the Options window.6. The user can save/read the option parameters with the file extension*.opa∙The program reads the default.opa file at start up. Therefore, the user can customize the program options by saving the selectionsinto the default.opa file.CompatibilityThe program can read:∙Kratos text (*.des) files together with the peak fitting parameters in the file∙The ASCII files exported from Phi's Multiplex software∙The ASCII files of Leybold's software∙The VAMAS file format∙For the Phi, Leybold and VAMAS formats, multiple regions can be read∙For the Phi format, if the description contains a comma ",", the program will give an error. (If you get the error, you may use any texteditor to remove the comma)The program can also import ASCII files in the following format:Binding Energy Value 1 Intensity Value 1Binding Energy Value 2 Intensity Value 2etc etc∙The B.E. list must be in ascending or descending order, and the separation of adjacent B.E.s must be the same∙The file cannot have other lines before and after the data∙Sometimes, TAB may cause a reading error.File I/OThe file format of XPSPEAK 4.1 is different from XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0 ∙XPSPEAK 4.1 can read the file format of XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0, but not the reverse∙File format of 4.1 is the same as that of 4.0.LimitationsThis program limits the:∙Maximum number of points for each spectrum to 5000∙Maximum of peaks for all the regions to 51∙For each region, the maximum number of peaks is 10. Cautions for Peak FittingSome graduate students believe that the fitting parameters for the best fitted spectrum is the "final answer". This is definitely not true. Adding enough peaks can always fit a spectrum∙Peak fitting only assists the verification of a model∙The user must have a model in mind before adding peaks to the spectrum!Sample Files:gaas.xpsThis file contains 10 spectra1. Use Open XPS to retrieve the file. It includes ten regions∙1-4 for Ga 3d∙5-8 for Ga 3d∙9-10 for S 2p2. For the Ga 3d and As 3d, the peaks are d-type with s.o.s. = 0.3 and 0.9respectively3. Regions 4 and 8 are the sample just after S-treatment4. Other regions are after annealing5. Peak width of Ga 3d and As 3d are constrained to those in regions 1 and56. The fermi level shift of each region was determined using the As 3d5/2peak and the value was put into the "Region Shift" of each region7. Since the region shift takes into account the Fermi level shift, the peakpositions can be easily referenced for the same chemical components in different regions, i.e.∙Peak#1, 3, 5 of Ga 3d are set equal to Peak#0∙Peak#8, 9, 10 of As 3d are set equal to Peak#78. Note that the %GL value of the peaks is 27% using the GL sum functionin Version 4.0, while it is 80% using the GL product function in previous versions.18 Cu2p_bg.xpsThis spectrum was sent to me by Dr. Roland Schlesinger. It shows a background subtraction using the Shirley + Linear method∙See Shirley + Linear Background, (Page 7)Kratos.des∙This file shows a Kratos *.des file∙This is the format your files should be in if they have come from the Kratos instrument∙Use import Kratos to retrieve the file. See Opening Files, (Page 4)∙Note that the four peaks are all s-type∙You may delete peak 2, 4 and change the peak 1,3 to d-type with s.o.s. = 0.7. You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa. ASCII.prn∙This shows an ASCII file∙Use import ASCII to retrieve the file∙It is a As 3d spectrum of GaAs∙In order to fit the spectrum, you need to first add the background and then add two d-type peaks with s.o.s.=0.7∙You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa.Other Files(We don’t have an instrument that produces these files at Auckland University., but you may wish to look at them anyway. See the readme.doc file for more info.)1. Phi.asc2. Leybold.asc3. VAMAS.txt4. VAMASmult.txtHave Fun! July 1, 1999.。

德勤咨询业务服务介绍

8.5.7.1 项目实施的五个阶段...................................................................................................................................18 8.5.7.2 项目实施管理要素 ................................................................................................................................. 23
• 消费品行业 全球 2 大软饮料公司之一 全球 4 大酿酒厂中的 3 家 全球 4 大烟草公司中的 3 家 全球 30 大消费品公司中的 20 家 全球 50 大零售商中的 32 家
• 金融服务行业 全球 20 大银行中的 13 家, 包括美国 50 大银行中超过 50%的银行 全球 15 大证券公司中的 12 家, 包括美国 25 大证券公司中的 80% 全球 20 大保险公司中的 11 家, 包括美国 100 大保险公司中超过 50%的公司 20 大资产管理公司中的 85%
• 公共部门 美国、英国、德国、意大利、挪威、法国、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非和日本的联邦和国家 政府部门 美国 50 个洲政府中的 44 个,哥伦比亚区和波多黎哥 加拿大 13 个省中的 7 个 北美洲最大的 19 个城市
几十个郡县、学校园区和地方政府实体 • 房地产
房地产 IT 公司前 50 位中的 27 家(按市场资本排列) 10 大零售房地产 IT 公司中的 9 家 25 家产业和办公室房产 IT 中的 14 家 20 家公寓房产 IT 中的 11 家 50 大房地产开发商中的 18 家 10 大工程和建筑公司中的 4 家(按综合运营收入排列) 10 大酒店运营商中的 8 家 20 大财产管理公司中的 2 家 • 运输 根据服务的财富 500 强和财富 1000 强中运输行业客户的年收益总和,德勤领先于其竞 争对手,排名第一。
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
IFRS 13 同时明确,类似于公允价值但并非公允价值的计量(如, 《国际会计准则第 2 号——存货》(IAS 2)中的可变现净值或者 《国际会计准则第 36 号——资产减值》(IAS 36)中的使用价 值)不属于 IFRS 13 的范围。
IFRS 13 豁免以下项目遵循其披露要求: • 按照《国际会计准则第 19 号——雇员福利》(IAS 19)以公允价值计量的计
观察 基于净敞口计量金融资产和金融负债组合的公允价值并不影响此类工具在财务报 表中的列报。为列报净头寸,仍然必须满足针对资产和负债抵销的其他国际财务 报告准则的要求。如果不能满足此类要求从而资产和负债是以总额基础列报,主 体应当“采用适合于当前情况的方法按合理和一致的基础”将在组合层次进行的 调整分摊至个别资产和负债。
另一方面,如果初始确认时的公允价值不同于交易价格,除非另一国际财务报告 准则规定了不同的处理方式,否则所产生的利得或损失必须计入损益。对于金融 资产或金融负债,IFRS 9 及 IAS 39 均规定了应如何核算初始公允价值与交易价 格之间的差额。
披露
IFRS 13 规定了有关公允价值计量的若干定量和定性披露。许多此类披露均与以 下基于估值技术变量的三个公允价值层级相关:
在财务报表 脚注中以 公允价值披露
如果非金融资产的最高效和最佳使用不



同于其当前使用方式,应披露该事实以
及该非金融资产的使用方式并未达到其
最高效和最佳使用的原因
足以允许在按照公允价值层级对各类资


产和负债的披露和在财务状况表中列报
的单列项目之间进行调节的信息
如果主体决定采用运用第 46 段所述的
初始确认后在财务状况表中以 公允价值计量的资产和负债
连续基础上 非连续基础上 的公允价值 的公允价值
பைடு நூலகம்










在财务报表 脚注中以 公允价值披露


√ √
IFRS 聚焦 第 4 页
要求提供的披露
初始确认后在财务状况表中以 公允价值计量的资产和负债
连续基础上 非连续基础上 的公允价值 的公允价值


例外情况的会计政策(请参见本简讯有
关抵销的讨论),应披露这一事实
对于以公允价值计量的负债,应披露是


否存在任何信用增级及其是否已在负债
的公允价值计量中反映
下列披露要求适用于使用重大不可观察变量(第 3 层)的公允价值计量
有关公允价值计量中使用的重大不可观
引言
国际会计准则理事会(IASB)于 2011 年 5 月 12 日发布了《国际 财务报告准则第 13 号——公允价值计量》(IFRS 13)。IFRS 13 是按照国际财务报告准则计量公允价值的单一指引。
IFRS 13 定义了公允价值、提供了确定公允价值的指引、并引入了 有关公允价值计量的一致披露要求。IFRS 13 并未包含何时必须以 公允价值计量的要求;只是规定了在其他准则要求以公允价值计量 的情况下,如何计量公允价值。
主要(或最有利)市场 公允价值是在主要市场(即,该资产或负债拥有最大交易量及交易水平的市场) 中向市场参与者出售资产(或转移负债)所使用的价格。如果不存在主要市场, 则应使用在最有利市场(即,主体可获得最有利价格的市场)中的价格。
在不存在相反证据的情况下,假设主体通常进行交易的市场为其主要市场或最有 利市场。如果地点是资产特有的特征,则应针对该资产运进/运出主要(或最有 利)市场所发生的成本对价格进行调整。但是,交易成本不应纳入公允价值计 量,因为此类成本并非资产或负债所特有的。
划资产。 • 按照《国际会计准则第 26 号——退休福利计划的会计和报告》(IAS 26)以
公允价值计量的退休福利计划投资。 • 按照《国际会计准则第 36 号——资产减值》(IAS 36)核算的、其可收回金
额为公允价值减出售费用后的余额的资产。
“公允价值”的定义 IFRS 13 将公允价值定义为“市场参与者之间在计量日进行的有序交易中出售一 项资产所收到的价格或转移一项负债所支付的价格”。这有时被称为“脱手 价”。
某些披露要求根据公允价值是在连续还是非连续基础上进行计算而有所不同。 IFRS 13 中有关资产和负债的连续和非连续公允价值计量的定义如下: • 连续基础上的公允价值——其他国际财务报告准则要求或允许在每一报告期末
的财务状况表中列报的公允价值。
• 非连续基础上的公允价值——其他国际财务报告准则要求或允许在特定情况下 在财务状况表中列报的公允价值。
要求提供的披露
报告日的公允价值
以公允价值计量的原因
属于 3 个公允价值层级中的那一层
第 1 层与第 2 层之间转移的金额,转移 的原因,以及主体确定何时发生各层级 之间的转移的政策
对于第 2 层和第 3 层,所使用的估值技 术和变量的描述
对于估值技术发生变更的第 2 层和第 3 层公允价值计量,披露有关变更及作出 变更的原因
在资产与某一资产组(如,业务)相结合时才能达到最高效和最佳使用、但会计 单位是个别资产的情况下,可以基于市场参与者已经或能够获得互补性资产或负 债的假设计量该资产的公允价值。
负债和主体自身权益 主体的负债或权益工具公允价值的确定应基于该工具将在计量日转让但仍未结算 的假设(即,是转让价值而非消除或结算工具的成本)。
范围
IFRS 13 适用于国际财务报告准则要求或允许以公允价值计量的所 有交易和余额(无论是金融项目还是非金融项目),但按照《国际 财务报告准则第 2 号——以股份为基础的支付》(IFRS 2)核算的 以股份为基础的支付交易和属于《国际会计准则第 17 号——租 赁》(IAS 17)范围的租赁交易除外。
内容概要 • 在其他准则要求以公允价值计量的情况下,IFRS 13 确立了计量
公允价值的单一框架。IFRS 13 适用于以公允价值计量的金融项 目及非金融项目。 • 公允价值的定义为“市场参与者之间在计量日进行的有序交易 中出售一项资产所收到的价格或转移一项负债所支付的价格” (即,脱手价)。 • IFRS 13 对自 2013 年 1 月 1 日或以后日期开始的年度期间生 效,允许提前采用,并且应采用未来适用法自采用 IFRS 13 的 年度期间的期初起应用。
抵销市场风险或交易对方信用风险
在下述情况下,IFRS 13 允许存在基本公允价值计量原则的有限例外情况:报告 主体持有的一组金融资产和金融负债持有如《国际财务报告准则第 7 号——金融 工具:披露》(IFRS 7)所定义的特定市场风险或者(IFRS 7 所定义的)交易对 方信用风险的抵销头寸,并且主体基于对上述风险之一的净敞口来管理所持有的 项目。该例外情况允许报告主体在满足特定标准的情况下,按与市场参与者对净 风险头寸相一致的定价方式计量净资产或负债头寸的公允价值。
IFRS 聚焦 第 3 页
观察
有关会计单位的指引不属于IFRS 13的范围。因此,主体应参阅其他国际财务报告 准则中有关会计单位的指引。
初始确认时的公允价值
如果某一项目的交易价格被确定为在交易日的公允价值,则必须对利用不可观察 变量的任何估值技术进行校准,以反映初始确认时的公允价值,从而确保未来的 重新计量仅反映初始确认后的价值变动。
公允价值的确定 IFRS 13 指出,主体必须确定以下各项以得出公允价值的适当计量: • 所计量的资产或负债(与其会计单位相一致)。 • 资产或负债进行有序交易的主要(或最有利)市场。 • 对于非金融资产,资产的最高效和最佳使用,以及资产是与其他资产相结合使
用还是单独使用。主体计量公允价值时所采用的适当估值技术,着重关注市场 参与者对资产或负债进行定价时所使用的变量。 • 市场参与者对资产或负债进行定价时所使用的假设。
• 第 1 层——完全可观察的变量(如,主体在计量日可获得的相同资产及负债在 活跃市场中未经调整的标价);
• 第 2 层——除第 1 层中的标价以外的直接或间接可观察的变量;以及 • 第 3 层——不可观察的变量。
资产或负债应基于对其估值而言重大的最低层级的变量,整体纳入上述 3 个层级 之一。
IFRS 7 已包含基于上述公允价值层级的针对金融工具的披露,但是,IFRS 13 将 此类披露延伸至属于其范围的所有资产和负债。要求提供的主要披露请参见下 表。
IFRS 聚焦 第 2 页
IFRS 13 提供了得出该价值的分级方法,规定当无法获得负债或权益的市场标价 时,应当首先采用从市场参与者将该项目作为资产持有的角度而言该负债或权益 工具的公允价值,继而才应考虑使用估值技术确定的价值。
无论采用哪一种方法,负债的公允价值均必须考虑不履约风险——包括主体自身 的信用风险。
某些准则(例如,《国际会计准则第 40 号——投资性房地产》 (IAS 40))要求在持续基础上计量特定项目的公允价值(IFRS 13 中称为“连续基础上的公允价值”);某些准则(例如,《国 际财务报告准则第 5 号——持有待售的非流动资产和终止经营》 (IFRS 5))要求仅在特定情况下才以公允价值计量(IFRS 13 中 称为“非连续基础上的公允价值”);而某些准则(例如,《国际 财务报告准则第 3 号——企业合并》(IFRS 3))则要求仅当初始 确认某一项目时才以公允价值计量。
请注意,IASB于2011年1月28日发布了征求意见稿ED/2011/01《金融资产和金融 负债的抵销》。该征求意见稿为现行《国际会计准则第32号》(IAS 32)中抵销 原则的应用提供了更明确的指引,并建议针对进行抵销的金融资产和金融负债提 供额外的定性和定量披露。有关该征求意见稿的更多信息,请参阅德勤于2011年 2月发布的《IFRS聚焦》简讯。
最高效和最佳使用 非金融资产的公允价值计量是以市场参与者对该资产的最高效和最佳使用为基 础。在确定最高效和最佳使用时,主体必须考虑资产的使用是否“实际上可能、 法律上允许、及经济上可行”。除非市场或其他因素表明存在其他情况,否则主 体对非金融资产的当前使用将被假定为该资产的最高效和最佳使用。
相关文档
最新文档