论华兹华斯诗歌情感中的自然性

1I、The introduction to Wordsworth as a poet and his major works 1．The introduction to WordsworthThe second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Cockermouth in Cumberland — part of the scenic region in north-west England, the Lake District. His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year. All of his siblings were destined to have successful careers. His elder brother Richard became a lawyer in London; John Wordsworth rose to the rank of Captain on a merchantman of the East India Company; and the youngest of the family, Christopher, became Master of Trinity College at Cambridge. After the death of their mother in 1778, their father sent William to Hawkshead Grammar School and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She and William did not meet again for another nine years. His father died when he was 13.Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge, and received his B.A. degree in 1791. He returned to Hawkshead for his first two summer holidays, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790, he took a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and also visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy. His youngest brother, Christopher, rose to be Master of Trinity College.2. The Introduction To Wordsworth as a poetWilliam Wordsworth(1770-1850) was born in the “Lake Region,” which, with its bold and varied mountains as well as its group of charming lakes, is the most picturesque part of England proper. In 1797 Wordsworth met S.T.Coleridge, and the two poets collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballad ,first published in 1798.The book marked the opening of an epoch in the history of English poetry—the break with the convention of the18t h century neoclassicism and the beginning of the Romanticism Movement in England. William Wordsworth, with Robert Southey as well as Coleridge, who lived in the English1论文完成时间：2013年5月姓名：王林出生年月：1990年08月民族：汉籍贯：河北石家庄专业：英语研究方向：英美文学Lake District, became known as the “Lake Poets”. Wordsworth was the representative poet of the first generation of Romantics and the chief spokesman of Romantic poetry. On the death of Southey(1843),he was made Poet Laureate. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry,the focal poetic voice od the period. He is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one thar inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry , the poetry of the growing inne r itself, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" which is called the 'manifesto' of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems ' experimental'. 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisely Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he also met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads, an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume had neither the name of Wordsworth nor Coleridge as the author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was significantly augmented in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry askeets "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.3. Wordsworth and his major worksWordsworth's best poems are descriptions of nature—of rivers,mountains,children and peasants. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups :poems about nature and poems about human life. Wordsw orth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature." Poems like “The Sparrow’s Nest,” “To a Skylark,” “To the Cuckoo,” and “To a Butterfly” are just a few examples to show his genuine love for the natural beauty. Other poems ,such as “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” ”An Evening Walk,” ”My Heart Leaps up.” ”Tintern Abbey” are all masterpieces on nature.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subjects of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.These poems include:The Thorn,” ”Michael,” ”The Affliction of Margaret,” ”The Sailor’s Mother, ” and ”The Old Cumberland Beggar”.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .To him ,life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end .His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.We are shown the development of human consciousness under the sway of an imagination uni ted in the grandeur of nature.4. Wordsworth and S.T. ColeridgeColeridge is the important representative of the19th century British lake poets, and he is the most influential British romantic socialist poets and thinkers. On October 21, 1772 Coleridge was born in England Devon ,a pastor family .Coleridge has been fond of reading, often treat reading as an escape from the reality, and from the madding crowd of machines, which lay the foundation of his future think that becomes more sensitive character and rich imagination and lay the foundation of studying in Cambridge University at 19. To learn, he read widely in school, and met the poet Robert Southey(1774 -1843) and became friends, who became famous lake school members. Because of the common political ideas in 1794,they wrote, the script Robespierre-failure, then imagined to establish an ideal America , and named it a utopian society . Coleridge moved to the west of England lakes, and started to write poetry with poets William Wordsworth(1770 - 1850) the acquaintance, which became an important turning point for each Coleridge literary road. Their creation in literary and achievements on the positive effect, and together for romantic literature movement made outstanding contributions. In 1789,Coleridge and Wordsworth wrote Lycrial Balldas not only for the romantic literary movement in Britain's development and laid a foundation of romantic poetry. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan and Christabel are Coleridge's most well-known three films, but also in English poetry are handed down from ancient times masterpiece. In the 1790 s, Coleridge have a very strong interest in British progress intellectuals.In 1787 he published many liberal political views, also published big amount of poetry and prose. In 1798 he and Wordsworth visited Germany in 1799, the trip to Germany which led his literary road to the second turning point, and he was profoundly affected by German idealism philosophy, whom he found the philosophy basis of the imagination theory. Back in England, according to the social situation at that time, he published lots of articles, expressing in such aspects as political literature, religious education, and began his teaching career and literary criticism which had a great influence at that time "later, he put much effort into religious and philosophy literature theory research. Studies "as Coleridge suffer from a variety of diseases such as rheumatism at young age, for analgesia, his ate opium long time .Dimming addiction, so health damaged .In his later years due to poor and sick, he published very few works .On June 25, 1834 he died in London.In general, Coleridge's poems are mainly divided into two kinds, one kind is the friendship poetry, Which representative works include The EolinaHpar( 1795), as a trilogy structure, rhythm of poems are slow, phonological are fluency, because the form similar to the dramatic monologue, the poet in writing as if to communicate with the audience, that is so called friendship poetry. Jhnspneeer Hin once said, friendship poetry tradition and personal talent for poetry can provides the perfect combination template, in order to adapt to the new era of literature and put the description of the natural scenery combined with other traditional in form, in a sense, it is the prophet of the romantic "another poem song is a symbol of poetry and mystery mainly include Chris TeBeiEr ( 1797), The Rime of Ancient Mariner( 1797) and Kubla Khan ( 1798) the three poems. The three poems represent an important aspect of British romanticism, namely supernaturaism , the poem full of gothic type of imagination and a lot of metaphor and symbol, make the poem critics been regarded as an important text theory in studying his poems, which is also the most can reflect the work of Coleridge thought theory. If Coleridge showed talent in poetry writing has been breathtaking, so in his article, learningachievements criticism at the time is unique, in addition to poetry writing, he also wrote many philosophy of life. Theology and literature theory ", "one of the representative works, The Statesman's Manual, Layman Sermons ,Aids to Reflections. his works in literary criticism and linguistics mainly Biographia Leteraria (published in 1817) and Shakespearean Criticism (published in 1818 ). All these works of his later Britain's poetry criticism has had a profound effect, and he has occupied an important position in the UK theory, especially his imagination at the time of the Britain is more unique in the literary theory.As a result, many western scholars of Coleridge and his works carried out many extensive researches and discussions, in this paper I list some typical monograph. In the UK, the most representatives Norman Fruman 's biography Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel, which offer us the most informative data; Setphen Prickett's Coleridge and Wordsworth, he elaborated on Coleridge and Wordsworth, for the heart feeling, perception and role ,in the poetry of different point of view, which will help us better analysis and control of their work. Another British scholar John SpencerHill in his A Coleridge Companion give a careful analysis of Coleridge's three ancient materpieces, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan and Christabel, providing us the detailed material . In Coleridge and the Psychology of Romanticism of David Vallins , from the analysis of psychology, points out that the Coleridge's theory of imagination and other differences, are sure in the history of romantic poetry in Britain.To sum up, although the studies of Coleridge has many system, but for Coleridge's imagination not enough in-depth and comprehensive theory, especially less on imagine language expression way. As a result, the paper from the philosophical basis of his theory of imagination, to imagine the content of the theory of carding and analysis, which evaluation about the definition of imagination, imagination and fantasy to distinguish Imagination and rational experience the relationship way of poetic point of view, so as to learn the value of his theory of imagination, and reveal its shadow on the contemporary literary criticism sound and meaning. II、The background for the formulation of natural feeling of his poems.1.. The Definition of NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in the second half of the 19th century in Europe. Especially France and Germany. Naturalism is an attempt to achieve fidelity to nature byrejecting idealized portrayals of lices. In literature. it can be further defined as a technique of objective view of man or a mood with frankness and accuracy. According to naturalists writes. man is shaped by hehedity and environment. over which they cannot control. They tend to show "true-to-life＇description without selection. They show man's struggling for survival.2. Wordsworth and RomanticismRomanticism consititutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.In essence, it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individuals as the very centre of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the centre of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.Britain is one of the earliest countries of romantic literature. The highest achievements of British Romantic literature represents the nineteenth C entury European romantic literature.The romantic period is an age of poetry.As a leading figure and representative poet of English Romanticism,the focal poetic voice of the period,William Wordsworth has exerted great influence on the Romanticists both in Britain and in America.He started a rebellion against the Neo-classical literature,which was later regarded as the poetic revolution and,explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing.He believed that poetry can purify both individual souls and the society. Most of Wordsworth’spoems are about the relationship between man and nature.The preface to the secong edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school and sets forth his own critical creed.Wordsworth defines t he poet as “a man speaking to men ”and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”Wordsworth has been regarded as “a poet of nature.”3．Wordsworth’s recognition of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsEmphasis on that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, the poet’s self-position reigned all the height. In Wordsworth’s point of view, poetry is not from reason, but comes from the poet's mind. He pointed out that the situations of poetry shold be reated in “language really used by men” and the poet should use a diction as natural and direct as that of the most natural speech.He also believes that all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.The language of the poet should not be abstract,it is the figure of speech which makes poetry,not the elegance of vocabulary.A constant theme of Wordsworth’s poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural environment and he skillfully combined natural description with expressions of inward states of mind. Wordsworth defines the poet as “a man speaking to men ”and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in emoti on recollected in tranquillity.”His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor simple persants,and a passionate love of nature.They have been much admired for their perfect simplicity, vivid imaginary, directness of language,and unadorned beauty.4．Wordsworth and pantheismGenerally speaking, if the poetry position to express oneself, it is easy to be self-pity or self-complacence, leading to the abandonment of the world. But Wordsworth's poems hang on to the performance of poet’s inner experienc e and emotions, instead of a personal emotion of the narrow scope. The important reason is that t Wordsworth has special requirements on poets’emotion .He thinks that the poet is a poet who is also a teacher. In his Preface to Lyrical Ballads wrote: "a great poet must cultivate the nature of man, afford a person with new feelings composition, make its feelings become more perfect, pure and permanent, in a word, getting closer to nature, that is closer to the nature of the permanent, and all the great motive force. (曹葆华2-8)The so-called permanent nature and all things’ great impulse, in Wordsworth's pantheism point of view,is in a divine nature. Therefore, the nature and the natural person became the source ofcreation.It is the recognition of nature that b ring up the great Romantic natural poet.5.The the Study of Naturalism in England and AbroadFacing the chaos of British society at that time, the naturalism tide has witnessed the industrial revolution and technological rationality. The British romantics aware that the world was in lack of spiritual foundations of the source and meaning of scarcity, and must be looking for new meaning and value basis for human survival. Divine nature, is a striking feature of the British romantic poetry which emphasize natural is a sacrosanct organic unified whole. It advocates the harmonious nature, ecology and whole responsibility of nature, but against anthropocentrism. The deep motivation for Romantic poets loved nature lies in the love of mankind itself. Their awareness of the natural ecology is actually the ultimate care for human destiny. Romantic poets emphasize the natural language of the emotion, romance is not a simple level, it is consistent with the common feelings of emotion, it is a sense of natural and pure immense reverence and harmony of revolution. They expect natural poetry subject and the nature of poetic language to present the beauty of the natural ecosystem and harmony, then arouse people to this kind of inner beauty .Therefore, English romantic poet's concept of freedom and life consciousness contains poets rational consideration to the person's position and destiny.With the process of the United States of America industrialization, the original agricultural civilization harmony calm was broken from the beginning of the kind of "a small village far away." It was later transformed into the memories of rural life ; and gradually lead to the determinism and pessimism later literary naturalism. Especially after the middle of nineteenth century, the United States social spiritual crisis showed up. The reform movement that swept the country is trying to facing the crisis in social production, racial discrimination, gender differences, personal habits and poverty and the city of level. These revolutions sprang up a lot of “social reform literature”. They record the difficult search people encountered with the industrialization and led to the literature transformation of natural survival and violence theory in the end of 19th century.III、The analyses of Words worth’s poetical texts1．The natural feeling in Influence of Natural ObjectsIn Wordsworth’s view, nature is not only a divine, but also a great motive force. In his Influence of Natural Objects ,he wrote:对自然……我感到仿佛有灵物, 以崇高肃穆的欢愉把我惊动; 我还庄严地感到仿佛有某种流贯深远的素质,寓于落日的光辉、浑圆的碧海,蓝天、大气, 也寓于人类的心灵,仿佛是一种动力, 一种精神,在宇宙万物中运行不息, 推动着一切思维的主体、思维的对象和谐地运转。