语言学简明教程Chapter_3

indiscreet
inconceivable input impossible

alveolar [n] velar [η] bilabial [m] bilabial [m]
Assimilation in Mandarin 好啊 hao wa 海啊 hai ya 看啊 kan na 跳啊 tiao wa 天啊 ……
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3.2 The Distinctive Sounds of Language
sound (声音） Phone（语音）
Phoneme （音素/音位）
Allophone （音位变体）
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A phone(语音)
— a speech sound; a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, h some do, some don‘t, e.g. [ beit ] & [ bait ], [spit] & [pit].
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ReflБайду номын сангаасct

Why do we pronounce /l/ differently when it occurs in different positions of words? [li:d], [fi:ł], [helθ], [plei]
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3.3
Minimal pair (最小对立体)
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Deletion
rule
—the omission of a sound segment which would be present in deliberate pronunciation of a word in isolation. It tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, E.g. delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant: design, paradigm, there is no [g] sound; but the [g] sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms: signature, designation, paradigmatic.
—assimilates one
sound to another by ―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in- is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:
For example, the words ―pan‖ and ―ban‖ differ only in the initial sound: ‗pan‘ begins with /p/, and ‗ban‘ with /b/. Therefore, /p/and /b/ are phonemes in English. The number of phonemes varies from one language to another. English 6 is often considered to have 44 phonemes.
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Phonetics & phonology
Both are concerned with the same aspect of language--the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is the study of sound production and properties. It is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

How about beat and pit?
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Exercise
Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? 1. pat, pen, main, more, heat, four, bun, fat, ban, chain, pan 2. tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel
3.5 Beyond the Sound Segments 超音段特征
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3.1 Introduction
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns (systems) of language. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. It is also called phonemics.
It is the smallest identifiable unit in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol.
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A phoneme(音素,音位)
— is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pit], [tip] and [spit]. It is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words in meaning.
Complementary distribution 互补分布 --allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark [ ～ l ] & clear [l], aspirated [ph] & unaspirated [pˆ].

For example, pat [ ph ] aspirated
sport [p ] regular
[ p ˆ ] unaspirated The above three phones of [ ph ] [ p ] [ p ˆ ] are called tip
the allophones of the same phoneme/p/.
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3.4 Some rules of phonology
Sequential
rules 序列规则
Assimilation Deletion
rule 同化规则 省略规则
rule
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Sequential rules
— the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, e.g. in English, ―k b i l‖ might possibly form: blik, klib, bilk, kilb. 1. If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. 2. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.