语言学, 暗喻习语谚语

Teaching Content: The study of words connotations idioms, proverbs and metaphors. Teaching Objectives:Knowledge objectiveStudents master words’ connotation ,idioms, proverbs and metaphors.Ability objectiveStudents can understand words’ connotation and use idioms, proverbs and metaphors properly. Emotional objectiveStudents can communicate with foreigners fluently without barriers.Teaching Key Points:Words’ connotation, idioms, proverbs and metaphors.Teaching Difficult Points:How to put the new language into practice and use it to communicate.Teaching Aids:Related pictures and the blackboardTeaching Procedures:Step 1 Leading-in (3 minutes)Ask students a question “Do you know some differences between Chinese and English?”(Justification: This step can attract students’ attention.)Step 2 Presentation (25 minutes)1,The teacher tells students a same word in two different languages has totally different connotations and explains semantic differences.2, There is another difference. They are about idioms, proverbs and metaphors. Ask students to recall the examples.(Justification: Students can learn about the connotations, idioms, proverbs and metaphors.) Step 3 Practice (10 minutes)Activity1 Let students give some examples about the connotations.S: In Chinese, we sometimes say “敝人” in some occasions . However we usually transfer“敝人”into “my name” in English.T: Good. Another example....Activity 2 Teacher shows some pictures and let students describe the expressions in Chinese and in English.S: “wo qi si le” in Chinese. “Anger is fire.” In English.T: Excellent....(Justification: Help students have a better understanding o words connotations idioms, proverbs and metaphors )Step 4 Summary and Homework (2 minutes)Summary: Ask students to summarize what they have learned in class.Homework: Let them look for examples about the new knowledge and share it with the whole class next time.(Justification: Students could consolidate what they have learned on the class)所查资料9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotations(词汇在不同语言中的暗含意义）我们已经知道任何语言符号都具有外延意义、暗含意义和图像意义，因此，不难理解不同的语言中的同一个词可能包含不同的暗含意义。

根据《朗文现代英语辞典》，暗含意义指的是“一个词除其主要意义之外所暗含的意义”；或根据《韦伯斯特词典》是指“一个词除其明确命名或描述的事物之外所暗含的含义”。

因此，词的外延意义，即词典意义，不同与其暗含意义。

一般来说，两种语言之间的语义差别可以分类如下：a )一门语言中的某一术语在另一门语言中没有对应的词。

例如：在英语中没有对应词汇的中文词汇：拜年鄙人贱内在中文中没有对应词汇的英文词汇：pizza（披萨）mosaic（马赛克）b）两门语言中的词汇或术语表面上看似指的是同一事物或概念，但事实上所指的是不同的事物。

例如，“weekend”一词在汉语和英语中可能具有不同的暗含意义。

例如：Lover Drug store Rest room Labour Day中文意义爱人药店休息室五月一日劳动节英文意义情妇；情妇小杂货店公共厕所九月第一个星期一的劳动节c）一门语言中用一到两个术语表示的事物或概念，在另一门语言中由更多的术语来表示，也就是说，在另一门语言中区分得更细。

例如：Uncle-叔叔；伯父；伯伯；舅父；姨丈；姑父。

Aunt- 阿姨；姑妈；伯母；舅妈挥金如土：to spend money like water水底捞月：fishing in the air.d )术语的主要意义基本相同，但次要意义或附加意义确很不相同。

例如:农民9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors一、习语1.歇后语：孔夫子搬家——净是书（输）Loss every fight.擀面杖吹火——一窍不通The first thing about the modern drug business.2.成语：掌上明珠The apple of one’s eye对牛弹琴cast pearls before swine画蛇添足paint the lily毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service3.俚语：To wear the apron high (指妇女怀孕，不能翻译成围兜记的高高的。

）A lady-in-waiting (孕妇迫切的等待这小生命出生)4.谚语。

习语包含歇后语，成语，俚语，谚语等。

二、谚语1.体现一个国家的地理环境特征中国是农业大国有很多和农业相关的谚语。

春天起得早，秋后吃的饱。

平时多打井，天旱不求神。

农夫不种田，城里断烟火。

英国是岛国，温带大陆性气候，适合航海放牧。

有很多和航海放牧有关的谚语Any port in a storm.在风暴中任何一个港口都是好的。

A small leak will sink a great ship. 微小的裂隙都能使一艘巨轮沉没。

Being on sea,sail;Being on land,settle.在海上就航行，在陆地上就安居。

（类似于汉语随遇而安。

）2体现不同价值观英美体现个人主义，个人独立性，家庭观念淡薄。

Don’t put yo ur finger in the pie.不要多管闲事。

Don’t quarrel with your bread and butter.不要作为被自己利益的事。

Eat,drink and be merry,for tomorrow we may die.及时行乐。

汉语体现人与人之间互相关爱合作，尊老爱幼等集体主义。

众人拾柴火焰高一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。

老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。

3 不同的宗教信仰英美国家上帝是神圣和万能的，所以有很多与其相关的谚语，习语God’s mil l grinds slow but sure.上帝的磨盘碾的慢而细，但绝不会停息。

Like priest,like people. 有怎样的牧师就有怎样的教徒。

Man propose,god disposes.谋事在人成事在天。

4 习语体现不同的历史背景Love is blind.源于古罗马的爱神Eros(别称blind god)这句的意思相当于汉语的情人眼里出西施。

Don’t carry coals to Newcastle.相当汉谚要倒贩槟榔到广东。

二者都是勿多此一举的意思Newcastle 是接近产煤地的一个煤港，广东盛产槟榔Two hands are better than one 类似于三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮英从实际出发，中是一个历史典故三、隐喻DefinitionMetaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit ,implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share common characteristics.2. Similarities of “Anger” Metaphors in English and Chinese IdiomsAnger is another basic human emotion. According to psychologists, when an individual’s wish is not met, and the behavior to fulfill this wish is frustrated again and again, stress accumulates and the emotional experience of anger is produced. When the individual knows the source of frustration, people or things, he will normally show angry reactions toward it.1. ANGER IS HEATIn the view of Lakoff (1980) and Kovecses (1986), one basic physiological effect of anger is increased body heat. Given the general metonymic principle that the physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion, we get a typical conceptual metaphor in English to express anger: ANGER IS HEAT. It has two versions: one is ANGER IS FIRE, the other is ANGER IS HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER. The metaphorical concept ANGER IS FIRE is present in both English and Chinese. In English we can find it in the following idioms: add fuel to the fire, to blaze up, to blaze out, hot under the collar to flash/ shoot fire.The Chinese equivalent for anger is 发火恼火. In Chinese we also have such expressions: 怒火中烧, 火冒三丈, 七窍生烟.3. Differences between “Anger” Metaphors in English and Chinese Idioms1. ANGER IS SOMETHING HOT IN A CONTAINERBoth in English and Chinese, anger is compared to something hot in a container. But in the basic English cultural model, anger is more often hot fluid (blood). The English feel something strange with their blood when they are in anger. Their blood may be “up”, “hot / warm” and“boiling”. We might as well bear it in mind that when an English speaker mentions his blood, you may just keep away from him because that implies he is not in a good mood. (However; in Chinese the conceptual metaphor is BOILING BLOOD IS ENTHUSIASM: when a Chinese feels his blood is hot and boiling (热血沸腾, he is actually fairly emotional and ambitious). Human body is the container of emotions, so ANGER IS HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER, e.g. (to be) in hot (warm) blood, to make somebody’s blood b oil. Therefore, anger has every characteristics of heated fluid in a container. One thing we know about hot fluids is that, when they start to boil, the fluid goes upward: one’s blood is up, to get (have) one’s blood up, to get somebody’s blood up. We also know that intense heat produces steam and creates pressure on the container. When the pressure on the container becomes too high, the container explodes. In an explosion, parts of the container go up in the air: to go up in the air, blow one’s top, hit th e ceiling / roof.In Chinese the conceptual metaphor ANGER IS HOT AIR IN A CONTAINER is more common, which can be found in idioms:气势汹汹, 怒气冲冲, 杀气腾腾, 肝气郁结, 气冲牛斗, 气急败坏.These different features stem from the different views of world of two cultures and languages. Stanli, a philosopher in the ancient West, considers water to be the source of the universe. Therefore, it’s no wonder that in English anger is compared to fluid in a container. But in traditional Chinese culture, qi (air) is the source of the universe. In Chinese classical philosophy, qi (air) is the basic form of physical existence and the source of life.In the oldest Chinese medical work “黄帝内经”, it is pointed out that all diseases originate from the malfunction of qi (百病生于气也, 怒则气上, 喜则气缓, 悲则气上, 恐则气下, 惊则气乱, 思则气结……). And the philosopher Wang Chong in the East Han Dynasty said all things in the universe have evolved from qi (天地合气, 万物自生. “论衡·自然”). Qi is so pervasive in Chinese culture and language that we can find various forms of it in idioms and idiomatic expressions: qi signifying weather, e.g.天气睛朗, 秋高气爽; qi signifying destiny, e.g.好运气, 气数己尽; qi signifying physical condition, e.g.有气无力, 元气大伤; qi signifying spirit and morale, e.g.勇气可嘉, 血气方刚, 英雄气概, 气派不凡, 暮气沉沉, 喜气洋洋, 颐指气使; qi referring to people’s persona lity and characteristics, e.g.气度非凡, 气量狭小, 脾气暴躁, 气宇轩昂; qi in art and aesthetics, e.g.气韵, 荡气回肠; and qi signifying power and momentum, e.g.气势雄伟, 一鼓作气, 气吞山河etc.We can also explain why Chinese language prefers “fire” and “qi (air)” in “anger” metaphors with another important theory in Chinese classical philosophy--Yin Yang theory. According to this theory, all the things in universe are generally divided into two categories: Yin and Yang, which are mutually promoted, restrained and are interchangeable. The qi (air) and fire belong tothe category Yang which is related to “hot”; water and other fluids belong to the other category Yin which is related to “cold”. So it’s easier to understand why the Chinese choose fire and qi(air ) as the metaphorical concept for anger,while English choose fire and hotfiuid,because in English there is no such conceptual system as “qi (air ) is the source of th e world” nor the metaphorical system about air.1。