皮肤的力学性能概述

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生物软组织力学特性及超弹性模型

生物软组织力学特性及超弹性模型

生物软组织力学特性及超弹性模型生物软齟织力学待性属于生物粘弹性固体力学的研究范峙,己广泛应用于生狗怵的基础研允.如机肉讥皮肤国' 心肌阿及布横阿等.为ia袒工程握供了大盘的生物力学数据.宙于生命体结构与功能的复杂性和特殊性.便软组织在变形时表现岀各向杲性、非线性*粘弹性,墜性等特点(珂・其力学模型主要有粘弹性模型利趙弹性摸型.粘弹件锁魁吧研朮生物轮组织的…个早期榄型*理论成筋,c广泛应用到肌罔、闸帯、柏顺、戌|庆、粘贬朋血倚竽轶殂织的生韌力学研咒」山同吋•诫翦地粘押件理论研兗为超禅性模型的发展幵拓了思齬・尽管软组织的力学行为表现出与时间相黄的特性•但崔好应变卒范鬧内(即准静态条件卜[・展魅可将其觇为超弹性体-自上个世紀80年代以来.各圜学者対生物软组织的翘艸峙和为进苗了广泛地研究・程理论利临氐研冗方而血取得了氏足地逬燧・本章首先介细主物软组织力学性能的研宛冇法和歆组织变形时的力学特征.在介绍趙弹性应变能函数王曲,肯龙从连续介质力学出狀.介貂有限变形理论「在这一部分渓及有限变形时的桶种应山/陶变表达方式;隹介绍粗弹性模型吋.就简单的荐向局性应变能碉毀开始・邃歩引入横向同性超弹性模塑・最后提出前卿録腺准静歩轴向力学件能研託方江口因为木文卞要研究家殒前制艘腺在低疵变率下的撞忡力学忤施・故未研JE材料的粘弹杵櫃型.2 1生物软组织力学特性研究方法生樹软组织不冏于常见的金属或高聚物尊材料.其组织结构貝朵.力学ttttfiffi 处环境和实验方註的雖响较大,研覽具力学性醴的硏究方法構像篇考虫鞠理学与工凰学冇面的知HI.生物力学研眾方法主要包含以下儿个主要步悄问:(1)研眾宦砌須纵的i松在学和细观组织结构.以便于理W0FS对镇的几何构翹及对力学性能的滋响.(2)测定问趣屮涉及的M料或组织的力学性葩°在该却需屮・III/试样欣材不便、fj效试禅尺• f不足威试佯的离体狀态,塔加了确宦本构方程的难度,但可以枚为春晶的建立示构方用的粽学厢式,而把某此嚳筛鬲待牛.网实验卿俯定"(3)粮抿物理学基本定律和材科本构方程,推导岀微分方程或积分方程:⑷井清组织嶠肓府工作坏境.得到肖盘义的边界荼件;同时.粥解析圧或坡值法求解边界値何邂*⑸进存生理丈验.验证上述边界値问遞的解.在该步購中,釦必便实验与靂论相一魏・简華地说就绘幣戒拒同的假说;(6)将实验结果与相应的理论解进行对比.验证假设是否合理.求得本构方程:(7)探讨理论与丈验的实际应用。

生物医用材料:人工皮肤研究综述

生物医用材料:人工皮肤研究综述

生物医用材料:人工皮肤研究综述摘要:近些年来,运用组织工程来钻研人工皮肤是皮肤缺损修复临床医学研究中的主要课题,目前为止组织工程人工皮肤支架材料主要有两大类:一类是天然高分子材料,另一类是人工合成高分子材料。

但从结构和功能分,组织工程人工皮肤主要有表皮替代物、真皮替代物以及含有表皮和真皮双层结构的皮肤替代物。

本文从人工皮肤的概况、原料、现有缺陷进行了综述,并且分析、总结了人工皮肤研究现状、原料的选择问题以及一些问题的解决的方向。

关键词:生物医用材料人工皮肤组织工程学引言皮肤是人体面积最大的器官,是机体免于脱水、损伤、感染的第一道防线。

当创伤、Ⅲ度烧伤、大面积瘢痕切除造成皮肤严重缺损时,机体不能保持正常的自稳状态,极易引起系列并发症甚至导致死亡。

人工皮肤是目前为止最良好的替代皮肤的材料,人工皮肤是用生物材料或合成材料加工制造的薄膜样或海绵状的人体皮肤代用品,用以暂时或永久性覆盖烧伤或创伤创面。

人工皮肤在国外的研究相比较国内多些,一些人工皮肤研究成果已形成产品应用在临床上。

第一章人工皮肤的研究现状人工皮肤是目前为止在临床应用方面最为成功的组织工程材料,也是组织工程中首个面市产品。

目前,已经面世的产品有Biobrane一TM、eDmragraft一TC和Apligraft一TM等,且已在烧伤、大面积瘢痕切除造成皮肤严重缺损等疾病的医治方面都取得不错的成果。

研究开发性能符合真正皮肤的人工皮肤的人现在越来越多,越来越新的人工皮肤类的产品正在不断出现在市场上。

目前可用于组织工程化皮肤的天然高分子材料有:脱细胞真皮基质;天然蛋白类高分子材料,如胶原蛋白、明胶、丝素蛋白等;天然多糖类高分子材料,如纤维素、甲壳质、壳聚糖、糖胺聚糖(如硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、肝素等)、海藻酸盐等;生物合成聚酯,如聚羟基丁酸酯(polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB)等。

但是部分天然高分子材料大规模提取比较困难,价格较高,产品批次有差异,性质难以统一,大多天然高分子材料的力学性能难以符合操作要求,部分天然高分子材料降解速率不容易被控制等。

皮肤生理知识

皮肤生理知识

皮肤生理知识皮肤是人体最大的器官之一,具有多种重要的生理功能。

它不仅起到保护内部器官的作用,还参与体温调节、感觉传导和免疫防御等重要功能。

本文将以人类的视角,详细介绍皮肤的生理知识。

皮肤的主要组成部分包括表皮、真皮和皮下组织。

表皮是最外层的一层,由多层角质化的上皮细胞构成。

它起到了防止外界物质和微生物侵入的作用。

表皮中还含有黑色素细胞,它们产生黑色素来赋予我们的皮肤颜色。

真皮位于表皮下方,由结缔组织和弹性纤维构成。

真皮中含有毛囊、汗腺和神经末梢等结构,它们与皮肤的感觉和调节有关。

皮下组织位于真皮下方,主要由脂肪组织构成,起到保护和绝缘的作用。

皮肤的一个重要功能是调节体温。

当我们体温升高时,汗腺会分泌汗液,通过蒸发来散发热量,从而降低体温。

另外,皮肤中的血管可以调节血液的流动,通过扩张或收缩来调节体温。

当环境温度较低时,血管会收缩,减少热量散失;而当环境温度较高时,血管会扩张,增加热量散失。

感觉传导也是皮肤的重要功能之一。

皮肤中的神经末梢能够感知各种刺激,如触觉、痛觉和温度等。

这些感觉信息会通过神经传递到大脑,使我们能够感知和反应外界刺激。

例如,当我们触碰到热物体时,神经末梢会立即传递热觉信息到大脑,引发我们的回避反应。

皮肤还具有免疫防御的功能。

它作为我们与外界环境的第一道屏障,能够抵御细菌、病毒和其他有害物质的侵入。

表皮细胞的角质化过程使得皮肤表面形成一层保护膜,防止微生物进入体内。

同时,皮肤中的免疫细胞也能够识别和消灭入侵的病原体,保护我们的身体免受感染。

总结起来,皮肤是一个复杂而重要的器官,具有保护、调节体温、感觉传导和免疫防御等多种生理功能。

通过深入了解皮肤的生理知识,我们能够更好地保护和维护我们的皮肤健康。

只有保持良好的生活习惯和皮肤护理,才能使我们的皮肤保持光滑、健康和年轻。

皮肤组织的热力学行为表征:Ⅰ. 拉压行为

皮肤组织的热力学行为表征:Ⅰ. 拉压行为

皮肤组织的热力学行为表征:Ⅰ. 拉压行为(作者:___________单位: ___________邮编: ___________)【摘要】目的重点研究在不同温度下猪皮肤组织的拉压行为,探讨温度和真皮层胶原质热变性对皮肤组织力学性质的影响。

方法实验采用新鲜猪皮,在特殊设计的温控制拉伸系统和压缩系统条件下观察猪皮肤在不同温度下的拉压行为。

结果在拉伸实验中,皮肤的刚度随着温度的升高而降低,而在压缩实验中则相反。

结论温度对皮肤组织的拉伸和压缩行为都有影响:拉伸性质的变化主要是由于随着温度的升高皮肤胶原蛋白的热变性所引起,而压缩性质的变化则有可能是由于在热变性的影响下水合的变化所引起。

【关键词】皮肤组织变性热力学行为拉伸行为压缩行为ABSTRACT: Objective This paper aims to characterize the tensile and compressive behaviors of skin tissue under different temperatures and to study the effect of temperature and corresponding dermal collagen denaturation on the mechanical properties of skin tissue. Methods The uniaxial tensile and compressive tests of fresh pig ear skin underdifferent temperatures have been performed by using two specifically designed hydrothermal experimental systems. Results In tensile tests, the skin stiffness decreases with increased temperature, while a contrary trend is observed in compressive tests. Conclusion The results show that temperature has a great influence on both tensile and compressive properties of skin tissue, but the mechanisms are different. The variation of skin tensile properties is caused by the thermal denaturation of skin collagen with increased temperature, while the variation of skin compressive behavior of skin tissue may be due to the hydration change with thermal denaturation.KEY WORDS: skin tissue; thermal denaturation; thermomechanical behavior; tensile behavior; compressive behavior皮肤覆盖于人体表面,约占人体重量的16%,容纳了人体约1/3的循环血液和约1/4的水份,具有多种重要的生理功能。

人体皮肤摩擦和弹性性能的试验研究

人体皮肤摩擦和弹性性能的试验研究

的研究了性别 试验部位 试验设备和护肤品对人体皮肤摩擦和弹性性能的影响 性别对皮 其保湿性能 不同试验部位皮肤的摩擦性能存在差异 硅油霜显著影响皮肤的摩擦性能 2 皮肤摩擦性能
的测试结果因试验设备不同而异
不同试验部位和不同试验设备之间差别不大 未见皮肤的弹性有显著变化 摩擦性能 弹性性能 硅油霜
在选定人群样本
从而产生了许多皮肤摩擦问题
许多生理功能的实现都依赖于其力学性能 提高生活质量具有重要的意义
而皮肤的弹性性能是皮肤力学性能的
人体皮肤摩擦和弹性性能的研究对于人们保持皮肤健康
国内外关于皮肤摩擦性能的研究主要是在传统的摩擦试验装置上进行 测试部位的局限性 为此 本文在研究中 适用 使用方便
这些试验装置大多只能针对人体上肢部位皮肤进行测试 国内外有关专用的皮肤摩擦试验装置的研究比较少 不但可以测试人体上肢部位皮肤的摩擦系数 该装置灵活小巧
图 2.4 FS-1 便携式皮肤摩擦试验装置 ..................................................................... 18 图 2.5 FS-1 便携式皮肤摩擦试验装置结构示意图 ................................................. 19 图 2.6 图 2.7 图 2.8 图 2.9 试验示意图 FS-1 ...................................................................................... 19 数据采集卡实物图 .......................................................................................... 20 数据采集的结构框图 ...................................................................................... 20 数据传输模块原理图 ...................................................................................... 21

皮肤科学资料

皮肤科学资料

皮肤科学皮肤是人体最大的器官,承担着保护身体、调节体温、感知外界刺激等重要功能。

而皮肤科学则是研究皮肤结构、功能以及与疾病相关问题的学科领域。

通过对皮肤科学的了解,我们可以更好地保护和护理我们的皮肤,预防皮肤疾病的发生。

皮肤的结构皮肤是由三层组成的:表皮、真皮和皮下组织。

表皮是皮肤最外层的一层,主要由表皮细胞和角质细胞构成,起到保护体内器官的作用。

真皮在表皮下方,包含有血管、神经末梢、汗腺和毛发等组织,是皮肤最厚的一层。

皮下组织则主要是由脂肪组织构成,起到保护和储存能量的作用。

皮肤的功能皮肤具有多种重要的功能,其中包括:1.保护功能:作为身体最外层的屏障,皮肤可以防止外部细菌、病毒等有害物质进入体内,保护身体免受外界环境的侵害。

2.感知功能:皮肤含有大量神经末梢,可以感知外界的触摸、温度、疼痛等刺激,使我们能够及时感知到外界环境的变化。

3.调节体温:皮肤可以通过出汗、散热等方式帮助调节体温,保持身体的稳定状态。

4.分泌代谢:皮肤中的皮脂腺可以分泌皮脂,有助于保持皮肤的水分和滋润度,同时具有抗菌作用。

皮肤科学的重要性皮肤科学在医学和美容领域中具有重要的意义。

在医学方面,皮肤科学可以帮助医生诊断和治疗各种皮肤病,如湿疹、疱疹、皮肤癌等。

在美容领域,皮肤科学可以帮助人们了解如何正确保养皮肤,选择合适的护肤品,延缓皮肤衰老的过程。

皮肤科学的研究方向皮肤科学的研究方向非常广泛,包括皮肤生理学、皮肤病理学、皮肤药理学等多个方面。

皮肤科学的发展还涵盖了皮肤抗衰老、皮肤免疫学等新兴领域。

通过对皮肤科学的不断研究,我们可以更加全面地了解皮肤的结构和功能,从而更好地保护和护理我们的皮肤。

结语总而言之,皮肤科学是一门重要的学科,对于我们的健康和美容都具有重要的意义。

通过加强对皮肤科学的研究和了解,我们可以更好地保护和护理我们的皮肤,享受健康美丽的皮肤所带来的好处。

愿每个人都拥有健康、亮丽的皮肤!以上是关于皮肤科学的简要介绍,希望对您有所帮助。

软物质的相互作用与力学性能

软物质的相互作用与力学性能

软物质的相互作用与力学性能咱们在日常生活中,常常会接触到各种各样的软物质,像果冻、牙膏、胶水这些东西。

可您有没有想过,它们为啥会有那样独特的性质呢?这就得从软物质的相互作用和力学性能说起啦。

我记得有一次,我在家做手工,想用胶水把两块木板粘在一起。

我拿起胶水,挤了一些在木板的接口处,然后使劲儿把它们压在一起。

等了好一会儿,胶水干了,两块木板牢牢地粘在了一起。

这时候我就开始琢磨,这普普通通的胶水,怎么就能有这么大的“魔力”,能让两块木板紧紧相依呢?其实啊,软物质内部的相互作用可有着大学问。

就拿胶水来说,它里面的分子之间有着各种各样的吸引力和排斥力。

这些力相互作用,让胶水在液体状态下能够流动,容易涂抹,而一旦涂到物体表面,经过一段时间,分子之间的相互作用增强,胶水就会固化,实现黏合的作用。

再比如说,我们常吃的果冻。

果冻那 Q 弹的口感,也是因为软物质的特殊相互作用和力学性能。

果冻里面的大分子形成了一种网络结构,这种结构既能让果冻保持一定的形状,又能在受到外力挤压时发生变形,然后再恢复原状。

像洗发水、沐浴露这类东西,也是软物质的典型代表。

您在挤压瓶子的时候,它们很容易流出来,这是因为它们内部的分子相互作用相对较弱。

但是当您把它们涂抹在头发或者身体上,又能起到清洁和滋润的作用,这是因为它们能够与污垢或者皮肤表面发生特定的相互作用。

软物质的力学性能也是非常有趣的。

比如说,橡皮泥可以被我们随意地揉捏成各种形状,这是因为它在受力时能够发生很大的形变,而且这种形变是可逆的。

而像面团,在揉面的过程中,它的性质会逐渐改变,从一开始的松散变得有韧性,这也是因为其中的分子结构和相互作用在不断变化。

还有那柔软的橡胶,我们用它制作轮胎、橡皮等物品。

橡胶能够承受很大的拉力和压力,并且在力消失后能够恢复原状,这都要归功于它特殊的分子结构和相互作用。

在科学研究中,对于软物质的相互作用和力学性能的研究可是非常重要的。

科学家们通过各种先进的技术和实验方法,试图揭示软物质背后的奥秘。

面部皮肤结构基础知识

面部皮肤结构基础知识

面部皮肤结构基础知识面部皮肤是身体最外层的组织,它起着保护内部器官、调节体温和感知外界刺激的重要作用。

了解面部皮肤的结构和功能对于保持皮肤健康和美观至关重要。

本文将介绍面部皮肤的基础知识,包括其组织结构、生物化学成分以及与身体其他系统的关联。

1. 面部皮肤的组织结构面部皮肤主要由三个层次组成:表皮、真皮和皮下组织。

•表皮:表皮是面部皮肤的最外层,由多层角质化细胞组成。

它起到防止水分流失、抵御外界环境刺激和提供屏障功能的作用。

表皮还含有黑色素细胞,负责产生黑色素以保护皮肤免受紫外线损伤。

•真皮:真皮位于表皮下方,由蛋白质纤维和胶原蛋白组成。

它为皮肤提供弹性和支撑力,并供给皮肤所需的养分和氧气。

真皮含有汗腺、毛囊、血管和神经末梢,这些结构对于保持皮肤的保湿、散热和感知外界刺激起着重要作用。

•皮下组织:皮下组织是面部皮肤的最底层,主要由脂肪组织组成。

这一层具有保护和保暖身体的功能,并为面部提供光滑的外观。

脂肪组织还可以储存能量,并在受伤时提供缓冲作用。

2. 面部皮肤的生物化学成分面部皮肤的生物化学成分包括水分、油脂和蛋白质。

•水分:面部皮肤中的水分含量对于维持皮肤的健康至关重要。

适当的水分可以保持皮肤的弹性和柔软性,并预防干燥和脱屑。

为了保持皮肤的水分平衡,我们需要定期摄入足够的水分,并使用保湿产品。

•油脂:面部皮肤产生的油脂有助于维持皮肤的水分和柔软性。

油脂还可以阻止水分流失,形成皮肤表面的保护层。

然而,过多的油脂会导致毛孔堵塞和皮肤问题的产生。

因此,对于油性皮肤的人来说,适当的清洁和控油是必不可少的。

•蛋白质:面部皮肤中的蛋白质是构成皮肤结构的基本组成元素。

蛋白质负责维持皮肤的弹性和支撑力,并参与修复受损组织。

适当的蛋白质摄入可以促进皮肤细胞的再生和修复。

3. 面部皮肤与其他系统的关联面部皮肤不仅仅是一个外部的保护层,它还与身体其他系统密切相关,包括神经系统、循环系统和免疫系统。

•神经系统:面部皮肤富含神经末梢,它们对于感知外界刺激和传递神经信号至大脑起着重要作用。

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皮肤的力学性能概述作者:卢天健, 徐峰, LU Tianjian, XU Feng作者单位:卢天健,LU Tianjian(西安交通大学强度与振动教育部重点实验室,西安,710049), 徐峰,XU Feng(剑桥大学工程系,CB2 IPZ,英国剑桥)刊名:力学进展英文刊名:ADVANCES IN MECHANICS年,卷(期):2008,38(4)被引用次数:1次nir Y Skin mechanics 19872.Parsons K C Human Thermal Environments 19933.Silver F H.Siperko L M.Seehra G P Mechanobiology of force transduction in dermal tissue 2003(01)4.Dombi G W.Haut R.C The tensile strength of skin and correlations with collagen content,1985 Advances in Bioengineering 19855.Reihsner R.Balogh B.Menzel E J Two-dimensional elastic properties of human skin in terms of an incremental model at the in vivo configuration 1995(04)6.Cotta-Pereira G.Rodrigo G.Bittencourt-Sampaio S Oxytalan,elaunin,and elastic fibers in the human skin 19767.Weber L.Kitsch E.Muller P Collagen type distribution and macromolecular organization of connective tissue in different layers of human skin 1984(02)8.Holzapfel G A Biomechanics of soft tissue 20019.Elsner P.Berardesca E.Wilhelm K P Bioengineering of the 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