翻译的语言对比规律

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翻译中的语言对比和对等性

翻译中的语言对比和对等性

翻译中的语言对比和对等性随着全球化的进程,人与人之间的交流越来越频繁。

在这种情况下,翻译这一行业也越来越重要。

无论是在商业、政治还是文化领域,翻译都发挥着重要的作用。

但是,在翻译过程中,语言对比和对等性是一个需要注意的问题。

本文将探讨这个问题。

语言对比语言对比是指两种语言在语言结构、语法、词汇等方面的差异。

不同的语言之间差异很大,这就给翻译造成了很大的难度。

其中,不同语言的语法结构是最大的差异之一。

比如,在中文中,一个句子中主语与谓语之间没有任何标点符号,而在英语中,主语与谓语之间通常有一个动词。

例如,“我喜欢吃苹果”在英语中应该是“I like to eat apples”或“I like eating apples”。

另外,不同语言的词汇含义也有所不同。

虽然每个语言都有自己的翻译词典,但有时候一个词的翻译并不能完全涵盖它在原文中的意思。

因此,语言对比是翻译中面临的最大问题之一。

在翻译过程中,翻译人员需要综合考虑语法、词汇和语言结构等因素,尽量准确地传达原文的意思。

对等性对等性是指翻译中的原文和译文在表现效果上的一致性。

在翻译中,对等性越高,原文和译文越接近,越容易被读者理解。

有时候,由于语言差异或者翻译人员经验不足等原因,译文与原文之间的对等性会变得很低。

这时候就需要对翻译进行修订,以提高翻译的质量。

在实际翻译中,对等性往往是翻译质量的一个重要评价标准。

如果翻译与原文在表现效果上没有很高的对等性,那么就很难达到预期的翻译效果。

语言对比与对等性的关系语言对比和对等性在翻译中常常是相互制约的。

对于语言差异较大的语种,如果翻译人员只顾着保持译文和原文在表现效果上的一致性,那么可能会舍弃很多原文中的细节或者特点,这就会导致翻译的失真。

比如,中文中有许多成语和俗语,这些成语和俗语具有很强的文化元素,翻译人员需要对这些成语和俗语进行妥善的处理,以免翻译意思的发生偏差。

但是,在翻译成英语或者其他语言时,这些成语和俗语的表达方式可能与原文不同,这就需要翻译人员在语言对比的基础上把握对等性。

英汉互译中的语义比较

英汉互译中的语义比较

英汉互译中的语义比较摘要:英语和汉语这两种语言分别隶属于世界两大语系。

从其形态上看两者没有相似之处,但从语义上有其异同性。

英语和汉语有很多同义词,众多专家和学者在英汉互译方面做了大量研究,但这一类研究大多是从文化背景和文化差异方面入手的。

作者运用义素分析法与语义比较对英汉语义进行微观层次的分析并以此指导翻译实践。

关键词:英汉互译语义比较义素分析一、引言语言是社会的产物,是一种音译结合的符号系统,为人类进行沟通交际所服务。

汉语属于汉藏语系,汉语族;英语属于印欧语系,日耳曼语族,西日耳曼语支。

对这两种分别隶属于世界两大板块的语言来说,两者在其形态上没有相似之处,更找不到两者间语音上的对立规律(外来借词除外),但从语义上有其相似性。

同义词的存在在英语和汉语中屡见不鲜,众多专家和学者也在英汉互译方面做了大量研究,这一类研究大多是从文化背景和文化差异方面入手的,成果丰富。

语言学规律告诉我们,在同一种语言范围内寻找概念完全对等的词是非常困难的。

而在两种语言之间,寻找概念完全相同的词,更是难上加难。

英汉两种语言在词义界定上虽有大量相似之处,但存在更多的是差异。

所以,只有准确把握英汉语义上的异同性,才能在翻译中最大限度地忠于原文。

语义学是研究语言意义的科学,是语言学的重要分支,其研究范围除语言学外,还涉及哲学、社会学、文学等多个学科,是一门跨学科的学问。

本文主要运用义素分析法与语义比较对英汉语义进行微观层次的分析,分析难免带有主观色彩,没有音位分析那样精确、系统,仍有不完善之处,但我认为,要比较英语和汉语的关系,从语义上入手,则更具有现实意义。

二、语义比较(一)对英汉义素的分析比较hjelmslev和jakonbson借鉴音位学中的区别性特征(distinctive feature)理论,提出了义素(sememe)的概念,指出可以将语义成分,即义素作为语义学中说明词汇结构的最基本、最小的单位。

义素是词义的最小语义构成成分,又叫做语义特征。

中英语言翻译对比

中英语言翻译对比
History is made by the people.
句子结构
汉语强调意合,多短句而结构简单;英语强调形合,多长句而结构复杂。
Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。 Association with the good can only produce well, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 吃苦在前,享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 在解决环境问题时,不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益,还要考虑全世界的长远 利益。 When we tackle environment problems, consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of the whole world.
In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
肯定与否定
汉英逻辑思维差异的另一个方面体现在话语表达时肯定与否定的运用。
Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午,学生统统要交书面作业。
中英的逻辑差异体现在很多方面,以下是几种典型差异:

第三章翻译中的语言对比分析ContrastiveAnalysisin

第三章翻译中的语言对比分析ContrastiveAnalysisin
1.2.3增补语气词
1) Is more growth really better?经济发展得越快越好吗?
2)Tess is queer.苔丝的脾气可古怪呢。
3)“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them/my daughters”(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
2)Over time, Kelley has learned to move her fingers enough to use a computer and to get around daily with the help of a wheelchair.随着时间的推移,凯里学会了灵活地移动手指并可以使用计算机,借助电动轮椅,能够处理自己的日常生活。
英语的形合句汉语也可以用汉语的形合句来翻译
1)You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.
2) A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change

翻译的语言对比规律

翻译的语言对比规律
翻译的语言对比规律
Pronunciation
• • • • • 1. 磕头 Kowtow 2. 四十四只石狮子 Forty-four stone lions 3. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention. • 一种新型飞机---体积小,便宜,无人驾驶--正在越来越引起人们的注意。
• 3) The U.S. Constitution separates the federal government into three distinct branches (judicial, legislative and executive) with a system of “checks and balances” among their powers. • 美国《合众国宪法》将联邦政府分为三个 各司其职的部门(司法、立法和行政), 并在它们的权力上实行“制衡”制度。
• 露丝·凯利对朋友说过,由于她在堕胎和 节育方面的观点,她无法在卫生部或国际 开发事务部工作,况且,她还反对议会下 院有关胚胎研究的动议。她说过:“我是 个虔诚的天主教徒。显然,我有坚定的个 人原则。如果说这些是坚定的个人原则, 那么,在我的政治生涯中,我就得遵守。” 然而,在某些问题上,她采取的是自由主 义的态度。
• Another fan said Saakashvili-who has a reputation as a hothead-is a better president with his wife at his side. “Don’t worry, Sandra will keep him in line,” said Dzhaeni, another Tbilisi resident. “He must have done something right if he got her to be his wife.” •

第二章 翻译中的语言对比分析

第二章  翻译中的语言对比分析

第二章翻译中的语言对比分析1.语义的差异1)词汇意义:完全对应;部分对应:不对应:一词多义tuberculosis The U.S.State Department The Pacific ocean marriage gun sister cousin beddo,overkillHe is a loose man.He is a loose woman.2)搭配能力to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nailswear glasses and thick jersey3)词序方面A little ,yellow,ragged,lame unshaven beggar.2.词法差异英语——静态--- 综合性语言—词的关系靠词本身的形态变化来表现汉语——动态——分析性语言---词的关系靠词序或虚词/助词/量词等来表现1)英语名词化Don't believe him.You should know he is a good kidder.Would you like to take a walk with him?That Would be the confirmation that it Was in general use.2)英语介词优势,Mother is On the telephone with father.She is On maternity leave.,The failure gave me a heavy blow and l was at a loss about my future.3)英语中形容词,副词的动态特征I'm doubtful whether he is Still alive.Water is incompatible with fire.I must be Off now, for my sister IS expecting me.After staying in bed for a week,he iS now Up and about.4)英语中有动词时态的体现, 汉语无Mrs. Long has just been here,and she told me all about it." What was l talking Of?”said he, beginning again when they were all in the street.5)代词使用上的差异Money is a wonderful thing6)量词的增补表达法Before l arrived in sight of it,a11 that remained Of day was a beamless,amber light along the west;but l could see every pebble on the path,and every blade Of grass:by that splendid moon.P1ease go there and give it to him.7)增补语气词,汉语中有,英语中无“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife,“how can you be SO tiresome! You must know,that I’m thinking of marrying one of them/my daughters.3.句法的差异1) 形合与意合的差异The gate was opened, and the audience came crowding in.The more you give, the more you will get.If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious claim, it will investigate the claim as ameans of protecting itself against false claims.It's easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.. ,A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.Grasp all, lose all.Out of sight, out of mind.Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live along in the sea without some kind of warmth..With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.2) 句序的差异Nothing has happened since we parted:As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.4.思维的差异1) 语篇的衔接与连贯Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with homes, factories, slag-heaps and other productsof his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favors the multiplicationof others,人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。

翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)资料

翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)资料

linguistically is the contrast between
hypotaxis and parataxis.
Hypotaxis: Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.

他们断然拒绝了这个建议。 请把发动机熄灭。 他穿得很时髦,十分吸引人 你说的话笑死我了。/你的动 作笑死我了。 她宠坏了小孩。

--He took a snack to kill his hunger. --He killed time every day at the park. --He killed the motion when it came from the committee. --He killed the spirit of the group. --The news killed their hope. --These flowers kill easily. --He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.

他吃零食充饥。 他每天上公园消磨时间。 他否决了委员会提出的动议 他抹杀了团体精神。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ


这消息使他们的希望破灭了。 这些花很容易枯死。 他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。
4. Differences in lexicology
1) Part of speech (词性)
中文中没有的: articles: a, an ,the relative words (pronouns: who, whom, whose that,which, as ; adverbs: when, where, why; ) 英文中没有的: measure words modal particles

翻译-英汉语言对比

翻译-英汉语言对比
英汉语言对比
小组成员:周洁 邱文姿 周雯 徐倩倩 戴文君 丁家华
1. 主语与主题
英语的特点是主语突出 subject-prominent
“主语突出”是指在该语言里主语和谓语这两 个语法成分是句子的基本结构,句子中通常都 有“主语—谓语”结构(即SV结构)。
It is the time for class.
句子之间依靠各种关系词(介词、关系代 词、关系副词、连接词)来过渡和连接, 往往形成长句。
例1:
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
英语——形合
重词形与句法,语言中有明显的逻辑 关系,强调形式上紧密结合,结构完 整。主要采用句法手段和词汇手段。 句间常用连接词语。
汉语——意合
重直觉,强调意念流,强调意识上结 合紧密。语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏 在字里行间。主要使用语义手段,多 依靠语义的贯通,语境的映衬,少用 连接词语。
例:
上梁不正下梁歪 If the upper beam in not straight, the lower ones will go aslant.
例2:
昨天的事多亏你帮忙。
参考译文: Thank you for your help yesterday.
2. 形合与意合
形合 (hypotaxis):
借助语言形式手段来实现词语或句子的连接(包括 句法手段和词汇手段)
意合(parபைடு நூலகம்taxis):
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• 2. Did you at least total the guy that hit you? • 对那个揍你的家伙,你至少已经向他报复 了吧?
• 3、词义对比的文化内涵
• 4、Exercises • 1) At a memorial in New York, a little boy left his football with a note for his lost father, “Dear Daddy, please take this to Heaven. I don’t want to play football until I can play with you again someday.” • 在纽约举行的一次追思会上,一个小男孩留下他 的足球和给他死去的父亲的留言:“亲爱的爸爸, 请将这个足球带到天堂去。我不想再踢足球了, 除非有一天能与您一起踢。”
• 3) The U.S. Constitution separates the federal government into three distinct branches (judicial, legislative and executive) with a system of “checks and balances” among their powers. • 美国《合众国宪法》将联邦政府分为三个 各司其职的部门(司法、立法和行政), 并在它们的权力上实行“制衡”制度。
翻译的语言对比规律
Pronunciation
• • • • • 1. 磕头 Kowtow 2. 四十四只石狮子 Forty-four stone lions 3. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention. • 一种新型飞机---体积小,便宜,无人驾驶--正在越来越引起人们的注意。
• 2) An American and his wife were driving in Canada and got lost. Finally they came into some city. They saw a gentleman on the sidewalk, so the gentleman pulled up to the curb, and the lady let down her window and asked: “Excuse me, sir. Where are we?” The gentleman on the street replied, “Saskatoon, Saskachewan.” The lady rolled up the window, turned to her husband and said, “We really are lost. They don’t even speak English here!”
• 4. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. • 大麻通常被看作是软性麻醉毒品。 • *(麻醉毒品)毒性较轻的;软性的 • 5. At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him for the hip. • 在目前,关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分 的情报,我们不能鲁莽行事。
• *(情报等)非百分之百可靠
Total
• 1. Mr. Smith was given a new Corvette by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month. • 史密斯先生从丹佛的一个经销商处弄到了 一辆崭新的考文特牌汽车,一个月后,这 车子就撞得无法修理了。 • *彻底撞毁
• 一对美国夫妇在加拿大开车迷了路。最后, 他们来到某个城市。他们看见人行道上有 位先生。先生走到路边,妻子放下车窗问 道:“先生,请问,这是什么地方?”站 在路边的先生答道:“Saskatoon, Saskachewan (萨斯喀彻温省的萨斯卡 通)。”妻子摇上车窗,回过头对丈夫说: “我们真的迷路了。他们这儿甚至不讲英 语。”
Байду номын сангаас
• 4) Sandra Roelofs has said that she plans to keep living in the family’s modest flat near a McDonald’s restaurant in downtown Tbilisi, even though they are now entitled to move into a luxurious government residence. “She is Dutch, she doesn’t care about fancy houses and cars,” Malika, a 29-year-old civil servant in Tbilisi, said approvingly.
英汉语义对比
• • • • • • 1.、语言是随着社会实践的发展而发展的。 2、意义的对等程度 1)完全对等 2)部分对应 3)不能确定 4)一词多义
soft
• 1. a soft aboveground launching site • 无坚固掩体的地面发射基地 • 2. The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. • 自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来,人们一 直认为它是很容易被打破的。 • *(导弹设施等)无坚固掩护工事的,可攻 破的
• 3. The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. • 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆,即着陆时 的飞行速度在每小时18英里(约29)公里 左右。 • *(宇宙飞船的着陆)飞行速度在32公里/小 时左右的;软着陆
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