上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
06上外英汉互译部分
06上外英汉互译部分一：汉译英部分（75分）We boarded a steam launch to Guangzhou and left Hongkong at ten o’clock.As the boat started to move, my friend Hong called me outside the cabin. The moment I stepped out I heard him yelling："Look! Hongkong’s night view is marvelous, you can’t miss it".Outside on the deck I leaned against the railing, watching Hongkong receding from us.The sea was dark, so was the sky. There scattered some stars in the heavens but most of them not quite bright while Hongkong in the distance made a constellation of stars.Over the mountains, on the streets and buildings were lights, each resembling a star, yet in my naked eyes they outshone stars. Myriads of lights dotted here and there constituted a mountain of stars, shining with a spectacle of brilliance.Tranquility and peace reigned the night. Not a sound could be heard from cross the water as though Hongkong closed its big mouth. However, when I gazed at that starry mountain I felt as if those countless lights were whispering with each other. The ship was moving and so were the lights, together with the lamplights on the running trolley buses and cars on the opposite streets. I saw them turning dim and bright now and then just like children winkling or frolicking or chatting with each other. My visual and auditory senses blending, I was almost listening with my eyes. The star-studded mountain was no dumb; instead, they were busy with performing a magnificent symphony...I was almost lost in reverie.Presumably the ship was swinging around. The star-lit mountain retreated smaller and smaller, yet in my eyes there were shining with an expanse of golden rays and lingering on a touching melody.Slowly the ship sailed into the heart of mountains (I could not distinguish whether they were mountains or islands), for Hongkong was gone unseen. Lightless on the sea, our ship was enveloped by the pitch darkness. The mountain of stars disappeared like a vague dream. Standing lost there, I wished to find the mountain back yet there was noting in sight. Outside the air was cool, but the blowing wind was too much for my head, so I walked back to the crowded and noisy cabin, a completely different world. As I set my foot in to the cabin, I couldn’t help asking myself: was it only a mirage that I saw just now?06上外英汉部分I. Translate the following into English (75分)我们搭小火轮去广州。
上klu海英语高考卷中译英试题
上海英语高考卷中译英试题上海卷20011.我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强大。
（Never…）2.我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。
（before）3.据说那个湖底发现了一个古城的遗迹。
（discover）4.这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。
（quality）5.他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩火者必自焚。
（burn）分析指导1.参考译文: Never before has our country been so powerful as it is today.分析：本句子重点测试否定词never位于句首时候句子应倒装。
上海卷经常在语法中出现not, little, hardly, no, never 等否定词位于句首，句子部分倒装的考题。
考生应注意倒装后句子的词序，这是考试的热点。
2.参考译文：We will have a further discussion before we draw/ make a final conclusion.分析：对条件句中主句将来时，从句现在时的考察是本题测试的重点。
Farther, further的区别。
3.参考译文：It‟s said that the site of an ancient city has been discovered at the bottom of thelake.分析：It‟s said that (据说)是本题测试的重点，从句用了被动时态，如用主动时态，即：It‟s said that people have discovered an ancient city at the bottom of the lake. 也会得分。
4.参考译文：Although the economy in the area is developing rapidly, the qualities of somecitizens are still not satisfactory.分析：although 引导让步状语从句，决定了本题对复合句的考察。
上海海事大学期末考试笔译所有翻译
一、英译中ELYSEE PALACEThe Elysee Palace1 in France enjoys2 equal popularity in the world with the Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom, the Kremlin in Russia as well as the White House in the U.S.A. It is the residence of the president of the French Republic and the symbol of the supreme authority in France.The Elysee Palace, with3 an area of 11,000 square meters, is at3 the eastern end of the Champs Elysee in3 the bustling city of Paris proper and backed by a large and tranquil garden of more than twenty thousand square meters. Its main building, quite handsome and graceful, is a 2-story classical stone architecture of European style, flanked by two side buildings facing each other and with an extensive rectangular courtyard in the middle. There are altogether 369 halls and rooms of different size.法国的爱丽舍宫法国的爱丽舍宫与美国白宫、英国白金汉宫以及俄罗斯的克里姆林宫一样闻名于世（享有盛誉）。
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结Unit11) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse.We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved ininternational affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we mustnever become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store theinformation of a small library5) That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do nothave any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres.6) These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideasand penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers. 7) The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have beenmodernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved.8) Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy aschildren, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds; and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields.9) Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, andthat person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”10) Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be moreimportant and useful compared with all other pursuits.Unit31) Health care must be available to all citizens regardless of their differences.We cannot justify the policy that denies the care to the large population living in the country.2) They claim to have discovered a universal law which applies to all nations.3) I often made a fool of myself when I was living with my uncle onhis farm. When asked to get rid of the weed in the rice fields, for example,I often failed to tell apart the weed and the rice seedlings.4) Why go there today? I’d much rather we st ay until the snow ceases.5) Rice requires large quantities of water and many scientists warn us thateven if we use our water sparingly, the day will inevitably come when we will be fighting over limited supplies of water resources.6) There has been quite a noticeable change in recent years. We no longerlean on export for economic growth. We now tend to put more emphasis on home consumption.7) Today’s tendency is to give little kids too many tests and exams until theyare no good for anything but taking exams.8) It is pointless to force professors to publish a fixed number of papersannually regardless of their quality. Besides, this is a demand even Einstein would not have been able to meet.Unit41)The fact that he was able to avoid the seemingly inevitable crash madehim a national hero.2)Of the four students who risked their lives to try to drag the drowningchildren to shore, two never returned.3)The Japanese are known for their long life span. They believe they owethis to their eating habits/composition of their diet, which contains a lot of fish products.4)I know Harris. I couldn’t imagine a man like him making such stupidremarks.5)After testing her loyalty many times, he was now going to give her themost dangerous task.6)I hear that Lincoln delivered an extremely powerful speech on thatoccasion. Whatever did he actually say?7)That this time they must be ready to challenge death was clear toeverybody. But no one regretted this move.8)As accidents go/As far as accidents are concerned, there was nothingout of the ordinary: a crazy young man drives a car on a university campus and kills a young woman student. What is unusual is the fact that the man dares to challenge the people who want to take him to court because his father is a local police officer.9)Every time/Whenever we decide on a financial policy, we have to makea clear distinction between short-term interests and long-term interests.10)Although it was early October, people could already be seen drivingacross the frozen river.Unit51）The government will have to decide when and how to put brakes on the economy before it speeds out of control.2）Why waste money building an airport in the middle of nowhere? We must not ignore the fact that what people here need most is clean water and clean air.3）They thought they might take a different route on their return trip so as to explore the great canyon in Tibet.4）She traveled around the world and came back home quite a changed person, educated and greatly revitalized.5）There is no easy fix for our social problems. We should explore all possibilities and move one step at a time.6）All old traditions die a slow and lingering death. Customs and habits that have taken so long to form can’t be expected to disappear overnight. 7）Madam Chang was considered a pioneer who advocated combining classic Chinese music with Western music.8）I was so stunned when I heard the news, that for quite some time I didn’t know what to say.9）The soldiers are learning how to survive in the wilderness.10）I’ll go there with you if you insist. But really I won’t be much help to you.Unit81) If it hadn’t been for one man’s courage and wisdom, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone could never have succeeded. This man was the first mayor of the city.2) ---- Sorry I cut you off just now. You were saying…---- I was saying that it is not easy to break down the resistance of those conservatives. But we must go at them step by step.3) The government knows only too well that it cannot increase taxes atwill without hurting home consumption. But to shift the emphasisfrom export to domestic consumption takes time.4) Even with all these home appliances, it is impossible to do away with/ eliminate our domestic labor completely.5) Our town must have looked this way three hundred years ago. Manyold buildings were about to fall in ruins. Some of our leaders wanted to tear them down and put up new tall buildings in their place. But due to lack of money, the plan had to be abandoned. Looking back that was actually a blessing. Today our town has become a tourist attraction.6) Ironically, sometimes, the more we increase production, the more wedecrease profit.7) This project has occupied too much of my time. I could not launch anew project even if I wanted to.8) To tell the truth, I’m more worried about social stagn ation thaneconomic slowdown. Of course, you may not share my view.9) Sadly enough, not everyone realizes that if we do not improve oureducational standards, we will lag behind other countries for ever.Unit9`1)Mr. Lin has always concerned himself with the desertification problem. Ifully agree with him that this is a serious concern as regards our environment protection.2)The spokesman of our government expressed our deep concern for thetwo Chinese engineers who were recently taken hostage by the pirates.3)It is hard to visualize how we can protect the dam from enemy attack.4)Freedom of religion means not only that people can pursue differentfaiths. It also means that they have the right not to have any religion.5)We teachers usually meet once every week to compare notes about ourteaching.6)The situation of this area is very delicate. No country should be allowedto do anything to threaten the precarious balance.7)To be adequate as a translator, we must have a good command of boththe foreign language and Chinese. And I consider myself terribly inadequate in this respect.8)However we differ in our opinion, we must face the challenge together.9)The way I define a good education is that, when you get through it, younot only know how to make a living, but you also know how to live.。
专业英语结课翻译
经济管理学院公共事业管理专业英语翻译班 级：姓 名：学 号： Solid waste disposal survey of nine cities in the United StatesAdauto Fernandes Marconsina,Derval dos Santos RosabKeywords: ManagementEnvironmental sustainabilityurban solid residuesBiological cycle each year on the nation's annual survey of municipal solid waste disposal situation. This year, the magazine published the United States in 2000 in nine major cities solid waste disposal Survey report, the main contents include the following three aspects:1. Municipal solid waste collection and resources garbage collection caseShown in Table 1, the solid waste collection system of the City of New York City is the most complete, and the only one to provide garbage collection service to all households in the city, New York City solid waste disposal budget than several other City much more. As can be seen from Table 1, in nine major cities, the amount of garbage collected by the collection department of public garbage collection departments and private companies are significantly different. New York City and Dallas public collection departments and private companies refuse collected almost 1:1; than in urban areas and the amount of waste collected by private companies in Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San DiegoPublic collected departments much more. As can be seen from Table 1, the vast majority of the city's public waste collection system has not yet reached 100%, this is mainly because these cities is not responsible for the public collection system to collect high-rise building household garbage, this part of the garbage by the private sector collection. Another point worth noting is that three years ago, the city resource garbage collection has not yet reached every home, now, the urban resource garbage recycling and solid waste collection to achieve synchronization, figures can be seen from Table 1, the two between almost a 1:1 relationship.2. Waste recycling and organics collection numberTable 2 provides municipal waste recycling and organics collection number three cities to provide private sector waste recycling. New York City waste collection statistics withinthe jurisdiction of New York City most of the waste is transported to places outside New York City for processing, where the waste recycling statistics is very difficult, for the lack of these places waste recovery data, it is relatively low quantities of waste recovered in New York City. New York City Municipal officials estimate that 5 to 6 times higher than the figures in the table, in New York City, the total amount of waste recycling. Chicago and Philadelphia, the implementation of a Waste Recycling Act of decrees prescribing privatization of municipal waste collection companies must regularly report to the municipal government and relevant data, so these two cities waste recycling data are listed in the table. Other cities do not have the situation in this regard.Table 2 also shows the total collection of the organic matter collection system, the vast majority of the city to provide organic matter to collect data, very large changes in the various cities of the amount of organic matter collected. City of Los Angeles organics collection accounted for 49.3% of the total amount of waste recovery; Chicago, organics collection accounted for 46.7% of the total amount of waste recovery. Both cities attaches great importance to the weekly yard waste collection activities, Chicago's "blue bag" collection activities, including the collection of items such as paper, glass bottles, plastic containers and beverage cans, and organic matter. In addition, environmental professional and technical personnel of the City of Chicago to design a the precision mixed waste processing equipment, such equipment can be automatically mixed waste sorting organics materials, the last organic particles made of high calorific value used as fuel. The amount of organic matter collected in San Diego (organics collection accounted for 73% of the total waste recycling, which is 84,400 tons), including major public places and parks greenery garbage and residents yard waste curbside collection.Can also be seen from Table 2, we recognize the significance of the collection of organic matter, Los Angeles, San Diegoand Chicago, this attaches great importance to the collection of organic matter, and achieved very encouraging results. Several other cities did not attract enough attention the collection of organic matter, thus the relatively low number of organic collection. Compared, and several other cities in New York City waste recovery rate is the highest, according to New York City municipal officials say, this is caused by a number of factors, in New York City waste recycling regulations allow residents in the volume of large metal containers with food residue, beverage cans and paper together on both sides of the street waiting for curbside collection. New York City waste paper recycling accounted for 58%, metal, glass and plastic recycling 42%, because the addition of a large volume metal container recycling, the amount of waste recycling in New York City increased by 20 million tons based on the original.New York City made gratifying achievements Another factor that New York City is a densely populated regions, households, mostly residents of high-rise buildings, waste recycling activities is likely to yield results. In addition, the New York City waste disposal channels - Flesch Jier Zi waste sanitary landfill was closed last year, the development of new sanitary landfill is very difficult, forcing New York City garbage recycling and waste re- use to find a way out, to minimize waste generation, thus greatly increasing waste recovery.3. Municipal solid waste disposal budget allocationsAs can be seen in Table 3, investment and budget of major U.S. cities in the waste recycling, composting and other forms of waste recycling is very different, up to 23%, a minimum of 4%. Automatic waste recycling processing facilities and organic treatment facilities in the city, the capital invested and fees should be higher, there is no automatic recovery of waste processing facilities and organic treatment facilities in the city, only with the waste collection system in the city, the investment costs to be lower.Table 3 also shows that: nine major cities each family ofmunicipal solid waste disposal costs, up to $ 215.75, a minimum of $ 144.18, which is constituted by a variety of factors, including local processing costs, equipment and human resource allocation policy, housing density, and waste recycling range, all of these factors determine household waste disposal costs. Chicago with a huge investment in the mixed waste processing facilities, waste recycling cooperation in the entire city collection part of the project, for which Table 3 fails to list the City of Chicago waste recycling funding figures. Follows that the budget percentage of solid waste disposal in the city of Chicago will be relatively high.4. Materials and methodsA qualitative study involving socioeconomic and environmental aspects was undertaken based on the criteria defined by André(2005). This work was done in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo and involved interviews with public managers, members of the São Bernardo do Campo city hall, members of the Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e CidadaniaRaio de Luz” and managers of the solid waste collection company Vega Engenharia Ambiental, as well as the analysis of appropriate documents made available by the São Bernardo do Campo city hall (Prefeitura Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo, 2010). Theforms of municipal solid waste management in the MC and MPPP were identified and quantified through interviews and documentary research, essentially as described by Boni and Quaresma (2005) and Mundina (2005).Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of waste management in the MC program of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo. Solid waste collection by MC involves 203 voluntary delivery points, four ecological collections points and 700 containers. Two associations of recyclers (the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”) sort and commercialize the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is taken to the Lara embankment.Fig. 2 shows a flowchart of waste management by the managementby MPPP program of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo.Solid waste collection by MPPP involves 603 voluntary delivery points, 26 ecological collections points, door-to-door selective collection and 2500 containers. In addition, morefour associations of recyclers, sort and commercialize the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is sent to the waste processing and recuperation system (WPRS) that produces more recyclable material and compost. The organic compounds and new recyclable materials are marketed; any additional non-recyclable waste is directed to the energy recovery unit (ERU). The resulting energy is commercialized and used to generate slag and ashes that is subsequently disposed of at an environmentally correct destination.The data for 2011 and 2012 shown in Tables 1–4 were based on samples of municipal solid waste collected throughout the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, i.e., the entire municipality was included in this analysis. Data were collected from (a) two public managers, a director and a technical assistant in the Department of Urban Sanitation ofthe São Bernardo do Campo city hall, (b) two managers, the Chairman and the Secretary of each of two Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors (the “Centro de Ecologiae Cidadania Refazendo” and the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”) and (c) two directors from each ofthe two companies responsible for managing the collection of municipal waste in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo.The primary documental source that provided a basis for estimating the data from 2013 to 2040 was generated by the Prefeitura Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo (2010).This work was supported by São Bernardo do Campo cityhall, the Association of Recyclable Material Collectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Lua” and the waste collectioncompany Vega Engenharia Ambiental.Table 1Current and projected recovery of municipal solid waste from thewaste collected by year (data A); current and projected cos millions of US$ of the management of municipal solid waste in Sao Bernardo do Campo (data B); current and projected investments in millions ofUS$ ofthe management of municipal solid waste in Sao Bernardo do Campo (data C).Data A (1000t/year) DataB(inmillionsofUS$) Data C (in millions ofUS$)Yearabcdeabab20112828816123120122891212211247201329515152613452014301181828142 2015307253154109 301111 2016313313155117 321212 2017319323256120 33120 2018325333357122 35130 2019331333358124 38140 20203403459127 40140 2021346353560130 421510 2022352353561132 451513 2023357363662134 471720 2024363363663136 501810 2025369373764138 531912026375373766141 562010 2027381383867143 602230 2028386393968145 632330 2029392393968147 672420 2030398404070149 712620 2031404404071152 752720 2032410414172154 802840 2033416424273156 853140 2034422424274158 903320 2035428434375161 953523 2036435434376162 1013722037441444477165 1074050 2038447454578168 1144250 2039453454570170 1204440 2040458464680172 128474Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the system of waste management in the municipality of Sao Bernardo do Campo considering MC.Table 3 shows the services that the municipalityofSao Bernardo do Campo provides for the Association of Recyclable Material Col¬lectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Lua”through the MC and MPPP programs. There were 50 collectors of recyclable mate¬rial in the MC program compared to 600 in the MPPP program (a reduction in social impact); this difference reflected primarily the construction of six new centers for the selective sorting of urban solid waste in the latter program. The infrastructure for the selec¬tive sorting of urban solid waste in the management by contract scheme was considered inadequate by the two collector associa¬tions working in this program.2Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the system of waste management in the municipality of Sao Bernardo do Campo considering management by MPPP.Aquino et al. (2009) indicated that when cooperatives are cor¬rectly organized they can create a legal entity to coordinate their resources, share transportation and organize the sale of recyclable materials directlyto large dealers or recycling companies. This type of incorporated network can provide economic advantages to waste collectors. In the two management forms described here, the major partner of the Association of Collectors was the Sao Bernardo do Campo city hall, which provided the recyclable materials, trans¬port, space for the selective sorting of recyclable urban solid waste and legal support, when necessary.Table 4 shows the services provided by the company VegaEngenharia Ambiental through the MC and MPPP programs. Note that the amount of recyclable material collected by the manage¬ment by public-private partnership was 10 times greater than that collected through management by contract. This difference reflected the implantation of door-to-door selective collection and the expansion of selective collection at voluntary collection points and ecological collection points. The implementation of these services increased the number of kilometers traveled and the cost of selective waste collection.The MC collected on average 371,167 t of urban solid waste per year that was destined for the Lara Energia Brasil sanitary embank¬ment and the total distance traveled/day was 1000 km at a fuel cost of US$1500/day. In contrast, the MPPP collected on average 194,1671 of urban solid waste per year that was also destined for the Lara Energia Brasil sanitary embankment and the total distance traveled/day was 300 km at a fuel cost of US$450/day (representing a reduction in the environmental and economic impact).The marked reduction in the cost and number of kilometers trav¬eled in the MPPP reflected the significant expansion in selective waste collection (door-to-door, voluntary collection point, ecolog¬ical collection points) and the implantation of a WPRS-ERU. Based on data from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model, Blengini (2008) has shown that, from a life cycle perspective, the current system of organic waste management based on composting leads to sig¬nificant environmental benefits when compared with alternative traditional landfills.5. ConclusionThe results obtained through interviews and the analysis of documents indicated that MPPP was more advantageous for Sao Bernardo do Campo than management MC. The latter model restricts the actions of the public sector and of the contracted company because it limits the duration of the contract to a maximum of 60 months and has little scope for investment or financial return for the private partner. Incontrast, MPPP elim¬inates these problems by allowing contracts of up to 35 years and encouraging the sale of energy and recycled materials; this in turn stimulates strong investment in door-to-door selective col¬lection, an increase in the number of voluntary collection points and ecological collection points and the implantation of WPRS- ERU.From an environmental point of view, MPPP generated about 52% less residue for final disposal in sanitary embankments, with a consequent decrease in air, soil and water pollution; there was also a decrease in the use ofnatural resources and an increase in the amount of material obtained through selective collection. This part¬nership also led to recovery of the Alvarenga embankment with the transformation of this area into a public park. Through this manage¬ment by public-private partnership it was also possible to develop plans to enhance public awareness and to invest in environmen¬tal education in the management of urban solid waste as part of an effort to increase the participation of the general population in selective waste collection.In addition to the advantages indicated above, MPPP provided more job opportunities by expanding the number of collectors; all of these collectors were employed in six new sorting centers equipped with presses, vehicles for moving bales and suitable benches or tables for sorting the material. Those employed in these centers had previously spent years on the streets where they had worked on their own using “pushcarts”. All of those employed in both programs (MC and by MPPP) receive training in citizenship, environmental issues, administration and work safety in which they develop the habit of using personal safety equipment. How¬ever, only MPPP establish labor agreement governed by Federal Law 5.452 (1943) which deals with the consolidation of work laws.6.ReferencesAssociacao Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Publica e Residuos Especiais. Panorama dos Residuos Solidos no Brasil em 2009; 2009. <http://www.abrelpe.org.br/_download/informativo_recuperacao_energetica.pdf> [Setembro, 2012].Aquino I, et al. A organizacao em rede dos catadores de materials reciclaveis na cadeia produtiva reversa de pos-consumo da regiao da grande Florianopolis: uma alternativa de agregacao de valor. Gestao & Producao 2009;16(1):15-24.Best H, Kneip T. The impact of attitudes and behavioral costs on environmental behavior: a natural experiment on household waste recycling. Social Science Research 2011;40(3):917-30. Blengini G. Using LCA to evaluate impacts and resources conservation potential of composting: acase ofAsti District in Italy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2008;52(12):1373-81.Brezina I, et al. Green and reverse logistics as streamlining instrument of waste combustion in Slovak Republic. Ekonomick y Casopis 2011;59(2):132-47.Boni V, Quaresma SJ. Aprendendo a entrevistar: como fazer entrevistas em Ciencias Sociais. Em Tese 2005;2(1):68-80. Buttol P, et al. LCA of integrated MSW management systems: case study of the Bologna district. Waste Management 2007;27(8):1059-70.Chawla L, Cushing DF. Education forstrategic environmental behavior. Environmen¬tal Education Research 2007;13(4):437-52. De Feo G, Malvano C. The use ofLCA in selectingthe best MSW management system. Waste Management 2009;29(6):1901-15. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatistica. Indicadores de desenvolvimento susten- tavel. Dimensao ambiental. Saneamento; 2002. <.br.pdf> [Setembro 2012].Joos W, et al. Social aspects of public waste management in Switzerland. Waste Management 1999;19(6):417-25.Klang AB, Vikman Per-A, Brattebo H. Sustainable management of combustible household waste-Expanding the integrated evaluation model. Resources, Con¬servation and Recycling 2008;52(8-9):1101-11.Massukado, LM. Sistema de apoio a decisao: avaliagao de cenarios de gestao integrada de residuos solidos urbanos domiciliares. Disserta<:ao de Mestrado. Universidade Federalde Sao Carlos, Brasil; 2004.Meireles, FG, Betancourt, A. From waste to Green Jobs: a Green Jobs approach for waste management in the informal sector; 2011, </ global/lang-en/index.htm#a1 > [Setembro 2012].Muhle S, Balsam I, Cheeseman CR. Comparison ofcarbon emissions associated with municipal solid waste management in Germany and the UK. Resources, Conser¬vation and Recycling 2010;54(11):793-801.Mundina JB. Analisis de contenido. Posibilidades de aplicacion em la inves- tigacion educativa. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formacion de Profesorado 2005;19(2):157-74.Nunesmaia MF. A gestao de residuos urbanos e suas limitacoes. Revista Baiana de Tecnologia 2002;17(1):120-9.Prefeitura Municipal de Sao Bernardo do Campo. Plano Municipal de Resi¬duos Solidos Urbanos; 2010. <.br/comuns2/pqt_container_novo2.asp?srcpg=ResiduosSolidos&area=residuo&tipo=Res%EDduos%2OS%F3lidos&unidade=solidos> [Setembro 2012].Polaz CNM, Teixeira BAN. Indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestao municipal de residuos solidos urbanos: um estudo para Sao Carlos (SP). Eng Sanit Ambient 2009;14(3):411-20.Santos GGD. Analise e perspectivas de alternativas de destinacao dos residuos soli¬dos urbanos: o caso da incineracao e da disposicao em aterros. In: Dissertac互o de mestrato; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Brasil;2011. Ticar B, Zajc K. Public-private partnerships in Slovenia: recent developments and perspectives. Review of Central and East European Law 2010;35(2): 191-215.Wittmaier M, et al. Possibilities and limitations of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the development of waste utilization systems - applied examples for a region in northern Germany. Waste Management 2009;29(5):1732-8.美国九大城市固体废弃物处理情况调查Adauto Fernandes Marconsina,Derval dos Santos Rosab关键词： 管理城市固体残渣环境的可持续性美国《生物循环》杂志每年对全美进行一次城市固体废弃物处理状况年度调查。
期末考试翻译整理
词级等值翻译but‖said he,impressively ―be not disturbed by that—remain tranquil—give yourselves no uneasiness—their dust rises far before us,you shall see it fade and disappear far behind us.Right you tranquil,leave all to me—I am the king of drivers.Behold!‖– a Tramp Abroad不过，别烦恼、别急噪、别发毛。
别看他们现在尘埃滚滚走在我们前头，管叫他们不久将望尘莫及落在我们后头。
放宽心，我担保。
我本是车夫王嘛！‖他这番话说得我们来了劲头We sat down to study and enjoy this singular spectacle.—A Tramp Abroad我们坐下来欣赏玩味这别具一格的景色。
This paper is our passport to the gallows.But there’s no backing out now.If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.‖—1776这文件就是我们上绞刑架的护照。
退路是没有啦！如果我们不在一起缠着，就必然将分开吊着As the last man signs,the sound of the tolling Liberty Bell in the belfry above become almost deafening.但最后一个人签名时，钟楼上自由子钟悠扬的钟声越敲越响，几乎震耳欲聋。
His discourse became lost in fantastic digression(希特勒的谈话越说越远，越说越离奇，最后不知说到哪里去了The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.His gaze move on to sweep the spacious,well-appointed room,encompassing the Duke who face them uncertainly,his back to a window.—Blackmail旅馆侦探那张下巴嘟噜的脸上那对猪样的眼睛讥讽地打量着她，接着向这宽敞的设备齐全的房间扫视一圈，最后目光围绕背朝窗户，心神不定地面对着他们的公爵打转。
期末-英语翻译
期末-英语翻译第一篇：期末-英语翻译Sentence Translation 1.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die.由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。
2.When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.当一个人看到某种东，闻到某种东西，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在运用感官在感受。
3.We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.电池并联时提供的电流更大。
4.There are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金属具有导电和被磁化的能力。
5.The speech synthesis process typically begins with recording a human voice and analyzing it to extract important frequency and amplitude data.言语合成过程一般是先记录人的说话声并通过分析获得重要的频率和振幅数据。
6.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。
7.About 20 kilometers thick, this giant umbrella is made up of a layer of ozone gas.地球的这一巨型保护伞有一层臭氧组成，其厚度约为20公里。
大学英语A4 中译英
我们每年花费巨额资金观察气候的变化以及群星的运行。
诚然这是必要的，但是我们忽视了海洋对我们这颗行星的影响，为了解海洋所做甚少。
海洋对我们的生存至关重要。
它们以其表层下的无数物种为我们提供给养。
它们帮助减轻我们日益增长的人口对地球造成的负担。
另外，海洋在调控气候方面起着重要的作用。
因此，我们必须增加对海洋探测的投入。
Every year we spend huge amounts of money obseving the change in our climate and the movement of the stars. True, this is necessary, but we have overlooked the influence of the oceans on our planet , and have done little to understand the ocean. The oceans are vital to our survival . They feed us with countless species beneath their surface. They help reduce the burden that our growing population on Earth. Besides, the oceans play an important role in climate control. Therefore, we must increase our investment in ocean exploration.二“我们过去认为不仅已经征服了陆地还征服了大海……，实际上我们没有。
生命在海洋里繁衍生息，一如既往。
时至今日，人的影响只不过是浮光掠影。
这一发现意味着我们可能会发现其他类鱼生物，这些生物被认为已经灭绝但却仍然生活在海洋里。
”与人们认为已经灭绝的腔棘鱼不同，早在数世纪之前，我们就知道巨鱿存在于海洋深处。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。
也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。
一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。
模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。
A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic).一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。
大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。
微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。
Lesson 2Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching).超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。
超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。
It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously.它是一个中型计算机。
在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。
但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。
大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display(LCD) or cathode ray tube(CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology.大多数桌面显示使用液晶显示器(LCD)或阴极射线管(CRT)技术，而几乎所有便携式计算设备如笔记本电脑包含LCD技术。
For widescreen LCD monitors, the aspect ratio is 16:9(or sometimes 16:10 or 15:9).Widescreen LCD displays are useful for viewing DVD movies in widescreen format, playing games and displaying multiple widows side by side. High definition television (HDTV) also uses a widescreen aspect ratio.对于宽屏液晶显示器来说，屏幕高宽比是16:9，(或有时为16:10或15:9)。
宽屏液晶显示器对于用宽屏格式观看DVD电影，玩游戏和并排显示多个窗口是有用的。
高清晰度电视(HDTV)也使用一个宽屏高宽比。
For LCD monitors, screen size is measured diagonally from the inside of the bevel edge. The measurement does not include the casing as indicated in the image below.对于液晶显示器来说，屏幕尺寸是从斜面边缘的内侧对角测量的。
而测量不包括下面的图像显示的外壳。
Lesson 4Single-user, single task—As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computer is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.. 单用户，单任务。
顾名思义，这个操作系统被设计来管理计算机，以便一个用户可以有效地在一个时间做一件事。
用于掌上电脑的Palm OS是一个现代化的单用户单任务操作系统的一个很好的例子。
Single-user, multi-tasking—This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operating at the same time.单用户，多任务。
这是如今大多数人在他们的台式机和笔记本电脑上使用的操作系统类型。
微软的Windows和苹果的MacOS的平台是两个可以让一个单用户在同时操作几个节目的操作系统的例子。
Multi-user—A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer’s resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn’t affect the entire community of users.多用户。
一个多用户操作系统允许许多不同的用户同时利用计算机的资源。
操作系统必须确保各用户的需求是平衡的，并且他们正在使用的每个程序具有充分和独立的资源，以便一个用户的一个问题不会影响用户的整个社区。
Agile software development processes are built on the foundation of iterative development. To that foundation they add a lighter more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes use feedback, rather than planning, as their primary control mechanism.敏捷软件开发过程是建立在迭代开发的基础上的。