西方文化导论Unit9
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论Unit
5. _P_o_p_a_r_t_ intends to set up a style of impersonality by employing the imagery of commercialized art or other art forms of the mass media.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
(1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise.
A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s C. van Gogh’s D. Paul Gauguin’s
_T_ 5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
_T_ 3. The role of TV is an important link between the individual
and the public or social side of life.
_F_ 4. The major four Western agencies are: Associated Press, BBC, Reuters and Press de France Nouvelle.
_fa_u_v_i_s_m_ and expressionism.
《西方文化导论》课程教学大纲.doc
《场方夂祀概崎》教曇丈詢学时：16课时学分：1学分授课对象：全校二年级、三年级学生教材：《四方文化概略》一、课程性质、目的和任务本课程是面向全校二年级、三年级学生设置的全院公共任选课程，旨在实现大学英语教学的个性化教育与综合索质培养的目标。
课程面向广犬学生，满足学生了解西方文化的个性化要求，结合语言学习，综合提高学生语言文化能力。
课程设置上按照时间的顺序对以欧洲文化为核心的西方文明进行导论性的介绍，内容包括古希腊、古罗马文化、文艺复兴、科学革命等对现代文化影响深远的古代文明及历史时期。
每个核心主题屮所涉及内容的选取侧重于文化继承和影响，结合语言方面的相关知识，综合介绍给学生。
二、教学基本要求本课程将英语语言文化背景知识系统的呈现给学生。
面向已具有一定的语言基础的二、三年级学生，课程内容的重心落在背景知识和文化了解的角度。
通过系统的内容丰富的语言文化知识的介绍，帮助学生更真切地掌握语言的深意和内涵，同时，开阔学生的视野，使学生得到全方位发展。
三、教学基本内容周次教学内容课时第二周爱琴文明与希腊神话传说2第三周希腊时期的文化2第四周罗马时期的文化2第五周中世纪时期的基督教文化2第六周文艺复兴时期的文化2第七周宗教改革时期的文化2第八周复习总结2笫九周课程考查2四、教学重点：第一章爱琴文明与希腊神话传说克里特文化的形成、成就和影响；迈锡尼文化的特点；荷马史诗的形成与成就。
1・克里特文化：建筑、壁画和彩陶、文字、宗教。
2. 迈锡尼文化：建筑、文字。
3. 荷马时代文化：《荷马史诗》、陶艺。
第二章希腊时期的文化希腊神话的内容与特点、古希腊宗教；古风吋代的希腊文学与艺术；古典吋代的希腊悲喜剧代表作家与作品，建筑、雕刻、哲学、科学和史学的成就。
新喜剧；亚历山大里亚、小亚细亚的雕刻艺术；亚历山大里亚城的建筑；犬儒学派、伊壁鸠鲁学派、斯多喝学派、怀疑论学派；希腊化时代的宗教特点及科学成就。
1 •早期希腊的文化：神话和宗教，文字和文学，艺术。
西方文化导论Unit9
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or false questions. ___ F 1. “Things in themselves” is Kant’s major philosophical idea. Fichte was influenced greatly by it and perfected the idea. ___ T 2. Nietzsche is generally regarded as the initiator of the modern philosophy of human life. ___ T 3. The modern term of “alienation” can be traced back to Nietzsche. ___ T 4. Schopenhauer’s philosophical view of human nature is basically pessimistic. ___ T 5. To Hegel, the best type of state is in the polity of the constitutional monarchy.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or false questions.
___ F 1. The earliest utopian doctrine came from Meyer’s book Utopia. ___ T 2. Utopian socialism started from mechanical materialism and had theoretical significance in the formation of Marxism. ___ T 3. The utopian representatives held that socialism and communism both had a rational basis. ___ F 4. The utopian socialist thinkers shared a similar view to change the society by violent means. ___ T 5. One of the limitations of utopian socialism is that it emphasized the anticipated change in man, denied the need for the class struggle and regarded their version of socialism as non-political socialism.
西方文化导论考试范围
西方文化导论考试范围木星(Jupiter) Zeus the god of justice。
海王星(Neptune) 代表神Poseidon 海神冥王星(Pluto) 代表神普鲁陀Hades(冥府之神) 太阳(Sun)// 代表神阿波罗Apollo(太阳神) 金星(Venus) 代表神维纳斯Venus(爱与美之神Aphrodite) Athena雅典娜智慧女神月球(Moon) 露娜Luna，希腊人称之为瑟丽妮Selene和阿蒂蜜丝Artemis火星(Mars) 代表神马尔斯Ares(战神)水星(Mercury)// 代表神摩丘力Hermes(商业、旅行与偷窃之神)土星(Saturn) 代表神克隆纳斯(kronus)天王星(Uranus)-天王星是古希腊传说中的天界之神，最早的天神。
他也是克罗那斯（Cronus,土星）、独眼巨人（Cyclopes）和泰坦巨神（Titans，奥林匹亚众神的始祖）的父亲，妻子则是大地之母盖娅（Gaia）。
Athens Sparta polis城邦ruled by the leader owning aristocrat or the slave-turned king. archons首席执政官solon梭伦Cleisthenes 克里斯提尼Draco德拉古。
Socrates苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图The School of Athens 。
Apology辩解篇padres理想国Aristotle亚里士多德science logic。
Cynics 犬儒主义Epic poetry长篇史诗Homer Iliad Odyssey 奥德赛--Trojan war Lyric poetry Callimachus—Hymns Theocritus—The Syracusan Woman The GracesDrama 戏剧Aeschylus—Prometheus Bound，Agamemnon，the PersiansSophocles----Oedipus the king，Oedipus Complex恋母情结Electra，AntigoneEuripides ----Medea ，Trojan Women Electra Complex恋父情结Parthenon帕特农神殿Pantheon 万神庙Discobolis ，Disous Thrower 掷铁饼者Laocoon Group拉奥孔人物组雕Venus De Mile断臂维纳斯Julius Caesar 凯撒---Commentaries on the Gallic War ，The Civil War。
西方文化导论
Something special of the Ancient Olympic Games
• Women were not allowed to go and watch . • Each competitor covered his body with olive to highlight his physique, and then competed in the nude. • People who won the game would get a branch of olive as the highest honor. • Heracles and his father Zeus
The spirits of the Olympic are: Fair competition , Get to know each other, friendship, unity and equality.
Motto: Faster, Higher, Stronger.
the first Modern Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games
1894 the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) was formed in Lausanne, Switzerland . (Baron Pierre de Coubertin ) the first Modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896 .
The Olympic Flame
• The Olympic flame is the symbol of the Olympic games. The Olympic Torch today is ignited several months before the opening ceremony of the Olympic games at the Temple of Hera by the eleven women.
西方文化课程小测验汇总(Unit 1-2-4-6-9+Unit 1-5)-共享版(1)
Unit 1 Fine Arts and MusicMultiple choice questions1.Leonardo da Vinci was born at the right time, which was called______________?A. Independence.B. Renaissance.C. Civil war.D. Roman Glory.2. Vincent Willem van Gogh was a _______________ painter of Dutch origin.A. post-ImpressionistB. realisticC. romanticD. naturalistic3. Which of following is not Leonardo da Vinci’s woks ____________?A. Mona LisaB. The Last SupperC. Die Taufe ChristiD. Starry night4. Which of the following is Monet’s works_______?A. Sunset at Montmajour. Van Gogh’sB. Le Bassin aux NympheasC. Sunflowers. Van Gogh’sD. The Last Supper da Vinci5. Which of the following of four principles to stimulate and encourage creative genius Leonardo da Vinci left is NOT true?A.Study the science of art.B.Study the art of science.C.Study the skill of paintings.D.Develop all your senses, especially your ability to see and realize everythingconnects, in some way, to everything else.True or false questions1.Leonardo da Vinci went to Florence to study art on his own when he was a teenager.(F) with his father2.Renaissance is a time of rebirth when people who had forgotten how to be curiousbecame curious again. (T)3.Leonardo da Vinci finished his horse finally before he died. (F) and last it wasnothing but a pile of mud stuck with arrows4.For roughly a century, the painting Sunflowers was considered a fake (F)5.Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky is widely credited with making the world’sfirst truly abstract paintings. (T)Unit 2 MythologyMultiple choice questions1.Where is the cradle (摇篮)of western civilization?A. MesopotamiaB. EgyptC. The Indus RiverD. The Yellow River2. Which word is the synonym（同义词） of treachery?A. enchantment（魅力）B. glimpseC. betrayalD. fragment（碎片）3.What does “Abraham” mean?A.The father is exalted (Abram)B.The father of multitudes （大众）C.Merchant (Cannaanite)nd of purple (Canna)4.He was ultimately overthrown and the country ＿＿ chaos.A. lapsed into（逐渐陷入）B. paid forC. bewared of（当心）D. resided in（住在，渗透）5. The strength of Greek mythology consists in its ＿＿.A. plotsB. charactersC. collective nature（集体性质）D. authorsTrue or false questions1.The belief systems of the Egyptians and Greeks are readily accessible. (T)2.Different myths tackle the great questions in the same way. (F) in distinct ways3.The story of Israelites begins with the story of Noah. (F) Abraham4.Patriarch refers more specifically to Abraham and his descendants Isaac, Jacob, andJoseph. (T)5.Roman mythology and Greek mythology have nothing in common. (F)Unit 4 Architecture and National CharacterMultiple choice questions1.Which of the followings contributed greatly to the architecture of new work atCanterbury(坎特伯雷大教堂)?A. the use of rib vaults(肋骨拱顶) and pointed archesB. graceful columnsC. the flying buttresses(飞梁结构)D. all of the above2.Why was Gothic architecture built with large stained-glass windows according toPassage C?A.For aesthetic value.B.So that God’s light could shine throughout the building.C.So that God can hear the prayers of his people.D.In order to build the architecture higher since the glass is lighter than theconcrete and bricks.3.Which historical painting is not included in the frescoed frieze（壁画） of The USCapitol Rotunda（美国国会大厦）?A. Baptism of PocahontasB. Landing of ColumbusC. Declaration of IndependenceD. The Apotheosis of Washington4.All the following statements about the Colosseum are true except______A.It is the largest amphitheatre in the Roman world.B.It was opened in AD 80 by Emperor Vespasian to shore up his shaky regime.（支撑他摇摇晃晃的政权） V espasian’s son and successor(继承者)C.It was a grand political gesture.D.The construction of it followed the classic model of Greek temple.5.Which of the following descriptions of the US Capitol Building is NOT true?A.It is located in Washington, D.C.B.It is the place where the Senate（参议院） and the House of Representatives（众议院）come together to craft the country’s laws.C.It is divided into four levels. (five levels)D.It is 19th-century neoclassical （新古典主义）architecture.True or false questions1.On the second floor of the Capitol Building, visitors can visit the chambers of the House of Representatives and the Senate as well as the Congress in session(在会议中) (F) as well as the offices of congressional leadership2.Much of the detail concerning the building of the Colosseum was worked out beforethe building started. (T)3.The Rotunda was intended to recall the Pantheon(万神庙), the ancient Roman temple. (T)4.The Colosseum had many stone socles（底座） which once held the masts（桅杆） used to support the awnings（雨棚） to shade about a half of thespectators. (F) one third of5.The Westminster Abbey(教堂) was one of the first and finest examples of the Decorated style in the late 16th-century English Gothic architecture. (F) late 13th- and 14th-centuryUnit 5 Work EthicsMultiple choice questions1.Which of the followings is not considered as work ethics?A. Integrity.（正直）B. Honesty.C. Intelligence.D. Sense of teamwork.2. When an employee finds his or her colleague has committed ethical misconduct（行为不当）, he wants to reveal it to the public, we can say he is to_______________.A. blow the whistle （告发）B. blow the windC. kick the bucket （翘辫子）D. address the issue （着手解决问题）3. Some reasonable alternatives to whistle-blowing include ____________.A. mediation （调停）B. strict supervisionC. continuing educationD. all of the above4.Which of the following is not for effective communication skills?A.Develop effective listening skills.B.Engage audience and make eye contact.C.Manifest（表现出） constructive attitudes and beliefs.D.Emphasize quality.5.Which of the following explanations of whistle-blower is NOT true?A.A person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is illegal.B.A person who discloses unethical or incorrect conducts within an organization.C.A person who supervise others who have wrong behaviors.D.A person who discloses information to authorities about his colleague out ofpersonal “pay back”.True or false questions1.Defamation（诽谤） can take two forms: the harmful written and oral statements.(T)2.Integrity means fair and equal in word and action. (F) honest, just, and consistentin word and deed.3.Both good communications skills and good command of academic knowledgecontribute to a strong work ethic. (F) develop integrity; positive communication skills; a can-do attitude; accomplishing all things as if they were great and noble 4.In the perspective of work ethic, the small office tasks are as great and noble assome great tasks. (T)5.Cheating on exams and copying others’ homework are considered as ethicalmisconduct of students. (T)Unit 6 Ritual and EtiquetteMultiple choice questions1.Which of the followings is not considered as the appropriate table manners?A.Eat as soon as you are served.B.Do not talk with your mouth full.C.Put the napkin on your leg before eating.D.Do not make sound with eating the soup .2.Which of the followings is not among the utensils(器具) for informal table setting?A. Dinner plateB. TeaspoonC. Coffee cup and saucerD. Centrepiece （置于桌子中央的装饰品）3.For Muslims, the importance of Ramadan does not includes____________.A.It helps develop a closer relationship with God.B.It is a time to think about the less fortunate.C.It is a great occasion for families to get together with each other.D.It is a chance to learn thankfulness and appreciation.4.What are the common ways of celebrating Ramadan?A. Fasting.B. Pray.C. Takbeer.（大赞词）D. All of the above5.Which of the following descriptions of Egyptian tomb is NOT true?A.It contained some sort of provision for afterlife.（对余生的规定）B.Most are built of concrete and steel.C.It became increasingly important as Egyptian civilization advanced.D.It eventually advanced in the form of “true pyramid”.True or false questions1.Putting the napkin on the chair is a sign to show your temporary leaving. (T)2.Knife goes to the right of spoon. (F) plate3.The formal table setting differs from informal one in the amount of utensils thatmight be used and decorations of the table. (T)4.During Ramadan, Muslims won’t eat anything at any time in order to fast. (F) theymay not eat or drink anything including water while the sun is shining.5.The body of all the deceased(已故的) in Egypt will be preserved in the same wayin the practice of Mummification.（木乃伊化） (F) there were 3 levels of quality and corresponding price in Egyptian burialUnit 9 The Rise and Fall of Greco-Roman Civilization Multiple choice questions1. Which of the following innovations were not mentioned in building the ancient Rome? aqueducts(引水渠); concrete; newspapers; welfare; bound books; roads and highways; the Julian calendar; battlefield surgeryA. ConcreteB. NewspaperC. HighwaysD. Gregorian calendar (公历年)2. Which of the following is NOT a factor of Rome’s fall?A. Attacks by barbarians （野蛮人）B. Plague (瘟疫)C. Social changesD. The death of Marcus Aurelius （罗马皇帝）3. The use of the aqueducts made the Romans enjoyed many amenities（便利设施）, except _____.A. public toiletsB. underground sewage（下水道） systemC. fountainsD. free laundry service4. Among the following names, who was NOT a Greek?A. Caesar （凯撒，古罗马将军）B. AlexanderC. Archimedes （阿基米德）D. Socrates （苏格拉底）5. Constantinople（君士坦丁堡） was ________.A. located in the Latin West(Greek East)B. a city of Christianity(基督教)C.associated with Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. (be akin to moving the US capitalfrom Washington, DC to Lincoln, Nebraska)D.renamed by Constantine (now renamed)True or false questions1.Papyrus（草纸） was invented by the ancient Romans. (F) Caesar created an earlyversion of a codex(法典) by stacking pages of papyrus to form a primitive notebook 2.The Aqua Virgo was one of ancient Rome’s 11 aqueducts. (T)supplied water toTrevi Fountain3.The women’s status in the ancient Greece was higher than that of men. (F)4.Barbarians was named thus because they offered the best barbers(理发师) in thehistory.(F)5.Constantine’s economic policy of minting （铸造钱币）abundant smaller bronzecoins caused serious inflation（通货膨胀）. (T)。
西方文化导论 课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
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A. Robert Owen
B. John Stuart Mill
C. David Hume
D. Kant
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Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. 4. According to Jeremy Bentham, both right and obligation should come from law and they both have three aspects: ______. A. political, religious and moral
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Multiple choice. 2. Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism is founded on two principles: the psychological principle of the association of ideas and _________. A. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people B. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the minority of people C. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the elite D. the achievement of the greatest happiness of the laboring classes
Multiple choice. 5. The difference between Bentham and Mill on utilitarianism is: _______.
A. Utilitarianism means the doctrine for achieving the greatest happiness B. Utilitarianism includes not only the pursuit of happiness, but also the avoidance of pain C. Utility could differ by degree and in quantity D. Utility is different in quality and happiness could be classified by advantages
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Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
The Wealth of Nations is acknowledged as the 1. Adam Smith’s ___________________ sign of the inception of classical economics. 2. Classical economists reoriented economics away from an analysis of the ruler’s personal interests to ___________ a class-based interest. 3. Adam Smith is most often recognized for the expression ________________ “the invisible hand” , which he used to demonstrate how selfinterest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation’s economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product.
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Supplementary Resources
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. 1. The parliamentary reform of 1832 in England enabled ___________ to come to power on behalf of the interests of the bourgeoisie. A. the Conservative Party B. the Liberal Party C. the Whig Party D. the Tories
B. political, natural and moral
C. natural, religious and moral D. natural, religious and political
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Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. 3. Utilitarianism is established by Jeremy Bentham and perfected by __________.
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Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or false questions.
___ F 1. The earliest utopian doctrine came from Meyer’s book Utopia. ___ T 2. Utopian socialism started from mechanical materialism and had theoretical significance in the formation of Marxism. ___ T 3. The utopian representatives held that socialism and communism both had a rational basis. ___ F 4. The utopian socialist thinkers shared a similar view to change the society by violent means. ___ T 5. One of the limitations of utopian socialism is that it emphasized the anticipated change in man, denied the need for the class struggle and regarded their version of socialism as non-political socialism.
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks. 4. David Ricardo defined rent as “the difference between the produce obtained by the employment of two equal quantities of ______ capital and _____ labor . 5. Malthus’s hypothesis implied that ______________ actual population always has a tendency to push above the food supply.
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Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or false questions. ___ F 1. “Things in themselves” is Kant’s major philosophical idea. Fichte was influenced greatly by it and perfected the idea. ___ T 2. Nietzsche is generally regarded as the initiator of the modern philosophy of human life. ___ T 3. The modern term of “alienation” can be traced back to Nietzsche. ___ T 4. Schopenhauer’s philosophical view of human nature is basically pessimistic. ___ T 5. To Hegel, the best type of state is in the polity of the constitutional monarchy.