最新英文科技写作技巧与时态表达总结
如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分

如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分(一)TENSE(时态)撰写英文论文会涉及时态。
通常科技论文采用的时态为一般过去时,但在列表、进行统计分析或描述不争事实时应该采用一般现在时。
例如:"Table 4 shows that..."(列表);"These values are significantly greater than those of the females of the same age ,indicating that the males grew more rapidly” (统计分析);“Water was added and the towers became damp ,which proves again that water is wet(不争事实)。
但根据Day(1989)的建议,论文中凡涉及研究领域内已存在的理论和知识(包括他人在此之前发表过的论文)时均应采用一般现在时来表示对理论贡献者们的尊重。
以此推理,Introduction 和Discussion的绝大部分内容(即涉及研究领域内已有的理论和知识的部分)应采用一般现在时。
按照Day的建议,摘要通常应该采用一般过去时,因为作者在这里主要是介绍自己的工作。
(二)VOICE (语态)除了时态,语态也是撰写英文论文应该注意的方面。
读者可能会发现大量英文科技论文都采用被动语态,这虽然是事实,但并不是规则。
其实,使用被动态语态往往违背科技论文"精确”、"简洁”的要求。
譬如"It was found that” 就远没有"I found ”来的清晰明了。
我的一位同事在博士论文中通篇采用被动语态,结果答辩时考官不明白他到底是在引用别人的工作还是自己的工作。
科技论文中主动语态和被动语态可以并用,具体使用哪种语态首先取决于句子所要强调的重点,同时应该考虑表达的简练和精确。
最新英文科技写作表达总结

精品文档一.写作时态以前的研究:过去时,自己研究中做过的事:过去时,其他都用:现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词:can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究结果的评论不确定语气:appear, seem, it is likely that,as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident from, from Fig.2, from the results,by observi ng Fig.2, based on the above an alysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed)that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out,it is evident that , it is assumed that , As described below, as see n from, as expla ined above, as evide nt from, exhibitit follows that由此断定…,由此得出结论… point out cast doubt on :对产生怀疑2. 得到、获得、obta in, get, atta in, capture, acquire, achieve, gain, 完成,实现:complete, accomplish, realize, 通过什么方式去做,利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid of use, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影响Affect, i nflue nee, impact on, have an effect on,发生,开始,occur, take place, happe n, comme nee, begi n, start, to start with, to begi n with, at the beg inning,显然、明显,Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as see n, con spicuous,striking, dramatically解释,说明,考虑Explain, account for, allow for , take account for/of, be indicative of (表明,说明)Con sideri ng, take into acco unt, with/without/i n 精品文档con sideratio n of, regard ing, concerning,描述、提出、说明:Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict, anno tate, appear, take on, plot, dem on strate, propose, put forward, put forth, 比较大小、多少Less tha n, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比较的,相当的)经验的Empirical, experime ntal,做,执行等,Carry out, con duct, perform, do, impleme nt,一致性:Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreeme nt, i n full agreeme nt with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accorda nce with, coin cide with, con cord with, fit well with研究,调查Study, in vestigate, explore, exploratory exam ine, make an in vestigati on on/of/in to, carry out a research 达至U, To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, bey ond, out of reach,验证,假设Validate, verify, justify , hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumpti on, hypothesis, assume to be, it is assumed that postulate 公设增加、上升、减少、下降In crease, decrease, reduce, reduce to, in crease by(增加了多少),increase up to(增加到),rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (随…增长/增加)完全地,基本地,详细地,具体地,深入的,类似地,Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, in deed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details, Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, in adequately, no tably, overly(过度地、极度地),Experime ntally,改善、提高:improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相关,包括,大约大概:concerned with, relate to, with regard to,精品文档Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around, about, approximately,决定:determ ine, decide, depe nd on ,rely on目的、试图:an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,经历,保持:hold, keep, undergo, experienee, remain, retai n,导致:cause, in duce, lead to, result in, origi nate from, arise from,根据,基于:accord ing to, in terms of, i n the light of, judge by, on the basis of, i n view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with refere nee to, i n refere nee to除了:other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in additi on, additi on ally, 理论上,事实上:in principle, in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically,从某种程度上:|To some exte nt, to a large/certa in exte nt, i n a way, in a sen se, to some degree, in some sen se,from the viewpo ints of , from the perspective of, 得出结论:draw a conclusion, come to/reach a con clusi on,推断,猜测:Infer,derive from, deduce, speculate,认为,当作Con sider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create,build,run/do the simulatio nin the case of : 在… 情况下遵循趋势:obey, follow trend, tendency ,组成con sist of , contain, be composed of, i nclude,强调:highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中:focus on, concentrate on , be centered on 设定为to set to be辨另U、区分:d iscern, differentiate , identify as,其他专业词汇表达small batch product ion, small qua ntity product ion, high volume product ion, mass product ion, metal-formed product, micro-formed part, reproducibility: 再现性、重复性experimental determination, in particular, especially, 评估,评价:evaluate, assess,扮作:act as,分离,隔绝,separate from, isolate, set apart from 缺少:in the abse nee of by convention :按照传统,惯例,使成为:make sth sthno Ion ger (不再)but rather(相反的) be typical of (典型的)成反比:in versely scale with 涉及,牵涉至U: in volve, cover,拓展:exte nd into 最近,新近more recently , 到目前为止,迄今to date,解释、提示原因或结果的转接词:attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in gen eral, con seque ntly, as predicted, in con clusi on, sin ce, as for, fin ally, hen ce, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, con tribute to, tha nks to, lead to, the reas on is, that is because, devoted to, accord in gly, as a con seque nee of, arise from起逻辑演进作用的转接词:递进关系,不但…而且…等Furthermore, in additi on, besides, first, sec ond, third, fin ally, lastly, moreover, i ncide ntally, in fact, i n truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for in sta nee, take an in sta nee of , likewise/as such(同样),again(此外),at root, as well as, as follows, in the follow ing, below, based on, above, above-me nti on ed, aforementioned, as with(正如,与一样,就来说),as noted(正如前面所提到的),additi on ally,in parallel, as stated(如上所述) meanwhile :同时对比词,表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等But, however, in stead, n evertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrastto/with , for comparis on, whereas, while, even though, 精品文档although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparis on to与联系,联合:in associati on with同时, 同样的,at the same time, in the same way, in the same time对应关系A vs.B versus三.英文研究论文中的表达句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more in sight i nto,holds for all three materials,四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧,不可不看a) 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,比如However, little in formati on..little atte ntio n...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew in vestigati on s...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) bee n lessdone on ...focused onattempted tocon ductedin vestigatedstudied(with respect to) Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to con siderignoredmisi nterpretedn eglected tooverestimated, un derestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous results areincon clusive, misleadi ng, un satisfactory, questi on able, con troversial..Un certa in ties (discrepa ncies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。
英文科技写作方法

英文科技写作方法要想与国外同仁共享自己的成果,用英文写作必不可少。
写英文科技有什么方法呢?XX(1) 题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
例如: The fabrication of 。
短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
**个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述**易使题目具有式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
题目中的缩略词语:已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。
另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。
总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。
(2)摘要:XX与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。
XX摘要写作注意事项:摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。
我审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误,Microelectroc Engineering期刊的那篇,后来我给他指出错误并给他,不要轻易下结论,这很糟糕的。
我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了,特别是理论性的西,所以他下错误结论。
后来在修稿中改正了。
XX IEEETransactions on nents and PackagingTechnologies的那篇,我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果,图中曲线的解释不是很好。
科技英语作文总结

科技英语作文总结引言科技英语作文是现代社会中日益重要的一方面,它涉及到科技发展、创新、新技术的推广和应用等诸多方面。
本文旨在总结科技英语作文的要点和技巧,并提供一些例子作为参考。
主体1. 选择合适的主题写科技英语作文时,首先要选择一个适合的主题。
可以从以下几个方面进行考虑:•科技创新:讨论最新的科技创新和发明,如人工智能、大数据、云计算等。
•科技应用:探讨科技在不同领域的应用,如医疗、交通、环境保护等。
•科技发展:分析科技的发展趋势和未来前景。
2. 组织结构清晰科技英语作文的组织结构应该清晰,便于读者理解和跟随你的思路。
一个常用的组织结构包括:•引言:简要介绍你要讨论的主题,概述你的论点。
•主体段落:每个段落都应该有一个明确的主题句,然后通过提供证据和例子来支持你的观点。
•结论:总结你的观点,并强调你的论点。
3. 使用恰当的科技英语词汇和短语在科技英语作文中,使用恰当的科技英语词汇和短语非常重要。
以下是一些常用的科技英语词汇和短语的例子:•Artificial intelligence - 人工智能•Internet of Things (IoT) - 物联网•Virtual reality (VR) - 虚拟现实•Augmented reality (AR) - 增强现实•Big data - 大数据•Cloud computing - 云计算•Blockchain technology - 区块链技术•Genetic engineering - 基因工程•Nanotechnology - 纳米技术4. 提供实例和证据支持观点在科技英语作文中,为了增加可信度和说服力,应该提供实例和证据来支持你的观点。
例如:。
如何在科技论文中使用时态

如何在科技论文中使用时态英语谓语动词时态共有16种,在英文科技论文中用得较为频繁的主要有三种:即一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。
正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功,我们在撰写英文论文时,如不能正确选用时态,常常会改变文章所要表达的意思,从而影响评审专家与读者的理解。
一篇典型的科技论文有一个基本的框架结构:Abstract (综述科研背景,提出研究的问题和假设(hypothesis)),Materials and Methods (描述自己的研究方法),Results (分析所得的研究结果),Discussion (深入讨论研究结果的意义并简要指出将来的研究方向)。
我们现根据这个论文框架,就一些规律性问题做些探讨,希望对大家有所帮助。
首先应该把握以下三个基本要点:1、一般现在时:主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述,或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等。
值得注意的是,出于尊重,凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为"previously established knowledge",在引述时普遍都用一般现在时。
2、一般过去时:用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述。
例如描述自己的材料、方法和结果。
3、一般将来时:用于撰写论文之后发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如提出下一步的研究方向。
摘要(Abstract):摘要反映我们自己的研究结果,一般采用过去时。
概述(Introduction):(1)概述中的研究背景通常会引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实,以及你所做研究的重要性,这些通常采用现在时。
例如:Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug design.(2)在概述中也可能引用与你从事项目相关的一些研究结果,为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性,即使已经是很久以前的研究结果,可使用现在时。
英语科技论文表述中常用的时态

英语科技论文表述中常用的时态英语句子中作谓语的动词发生的时间和存在状态不同,其表达形式亦不同,谓语动词的这种不同的形式称作时态。
在写句子的时候,准确地把握句子的时态是科技论文写作中的关键之一。
英语句子中的谓语动词虽然有16个时态,但在科技论文中常用的只有5种,即一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时、过去完成时和现在完成时。
而用得最为频繁的只有一般过去时和一般现在时。
(1)一般现在时态用于正式发表的内容。
Optically active amines bearing the stereogenic center as the position areimportant compounds because of their broad range of applications and theirpharmacological properties.用于前言中的一般性背景叙述。
In most cases, the pharmacological activities of these amines are relatedto the configuration of the stereogenic center.用于图或表的引出。
Fig.2 representsthe binding mode of the substituents of R-amines 1~6.The results are collected in Table 1.用于对实验结果的讨论。
Amphetamine shows a lower E value than those of its methoxy analogous,which is due to the fact that (R)-methoxyamphetamines react faster than(R)-amphetamine and that (S)-amphetamine is transformed more quickly than(S)-methoxyamphetamines. In the same way, the higher E value for mexile- tineis mainly a consequence of the slower reactivity of its (S)-enantiomer. Theseresults can be explained to a large extent on the basis of the size of thesubstituents attached to the stereocenter and size of the small pocket.用于一般性真理的描述。
英文科技文章写作方法总结

英文文章阅读总结1、题目(title)题目主要包含目的或者信息,吸引读者,不能太长。
例如:Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery Under High Pressure Air Injection. 这个题目首先说明了文章的目的- Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery,而High Pressure Air Injection既告诉读者研究的范围,又起到吸引读者的作用。
2、摘要(abstract)摘要主要包含四部分:研究工作的目的,方法,结果,结论。
摘要中不出现“本文”,“我们”“作者”等字眼,也不一般不出现“首次”,“最后”,“简单”,“主要”和“次要”等修饰词。
摘要中一般不出现的缩写词,出现的话需要解释一下。
摘要最大的特点就是简单、直接并且可以概括统领全文。
下面这个例子很好的说明了英文摘要写作特点:An experimental study was carried out to investigate the mechanism and contribution of miscible displacement, by in situ generated flue gases, to the recovery of light oil in reservoirs undergoing HPAI. The flue gas displacements were carried out on recombined reservoir oil in a slim tube apparatus at a reservoir temperature of 116˚ C and pressures ranging from 27.77 MPa(4,028 psi) to 46.06 MPa(6,680 psi).Results show that miscibility could not be achieved between the test oil and flue gases under the test conditions. Experiments conducted between 41.28 MPa(5,987 psi) and 45.04 MPa(6,532 psi), however, gave an indication of near-miscible displacement of the test oil. The flue gases displaced the oil in a forward contacting extraction process, resembling amechanism and contribution of miscible displacement,这部分必须简洁明了,一句话即可。
英文科技文章中的动词时态

英文科技文章中的动词时态英文中的动词都有三种时态:过去时、现在时、和将来时。
正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功,初学者应该有意识地掌握本领域中英语科技论文中的习惯用法和动词时态的准确用法。
不同的科学领域可能有一些约定俗成的术语,包括动词的时态形式,可能有些特殊的的用法;但是,一般而言,科技论文中的动词时态使用规则是有章可循的。
一篇典型的科技论文,有一个基本的框架结构:综述科研背景,提出研究的问题,对相关工作的评述,提出自己的研究方法,描述自己的试验过程,分析自己的试验结果,把自己的方法和结果与已有的工作进行对比,最后得出结论并简要指出将来的研究方向。
根据这个论文框架,我们下面来分析动词的三种语法事态的使用。
1过去时:用于描述自己的方法和结果。
1.1在撰写科技论文时,你已经完成了研究、设计、和试验工作,所以在描写自己的研究方法的章节里,在叙述研究结果的章节里,动词都应该用过去时。
例句:We hypothesized that adults would remember more items than children.We extracted tannins from the leaves by bringing them to a boil in 50% methanol.In experiment 2, response varied.1.2在描述别人的相关工作时,动词时态要用过去时。
1.3在引用别人已完成的工作时,动词时态要用过去时。
例句:Smith (2008) reported that adult respondents in his study remembered 30 percent more than children.这里 Smith的研究是在过去做的,他的发现具有领域的特殊性。
Previous research showed that children confuse the source of their memories more often than adults (Lindsey et al., 1991).1.4这项以前的研究结果在今天已广为接受。
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英文科技论文写作技巧与时态表达总结
英语谓语动词时态共有16种,在英文科技论文中用得较为频繁的主要有三种:即一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。
正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功。
此次分享的是英文科技论文写作技巧与时态表达总结。
首先应该把握以下三个基本要点:
1、一般现在时:主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述,或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等。
值得注意的是,出于尊重,凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为"previously established knowledge",在引述时普遍都用一般现在时。
2、一般过去时:用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述。
例如描述自己的材料、方法和结果。
3、一般将来时:用于撰写论文之后发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如提出下一步的研究方向。
摘要(Abstract):
摘要反映我们自己的研究结果,一般采用过去时。
概述(Introduction):
(1)概述中的研究背景通常会引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实,以及你所做研究的重要性,这些通常采用现在时。
例如:Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug design.
(2)在概述中也可能引用与你从事项目相关的一些研究结果,为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性,即使已经是很久以前的研究结果,可使用现在时。
例如:Many of the lakes and wetlands in the region are located in craters or valleys blocked by early Pliocene lava flows (Ollier & Joyce, 1964).
Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.
需要注意的是如果引用的是一些已经过时或失效的科研结果,动词要使用过去时。
例如:Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.
(注意这里从过去时态过渡到现在时态)
材料与方法(Materials and Methods):
对写论文之前自己所做工作的描述,通常采用一般过去时。
例如:(例1) Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in the laboratory using standard procedures.
(例2)The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock solutions.
结果(Results):
对自己得出的研究结果,采用过去时进行详细的阐述。
例如:(例1)Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected were
non-phytophagous.
(例2) Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle resumed in both groups.
描述图表内容通常采用现在时。
例如:(例1) Figure 1 displays the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.
(例2) Table 1 below shows the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.
图1和表1表达的论文写作时的状态,所以要用现在时。
讨论(Discussion):
采用现在时表达研究结果的意义。
例如:Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes appears to negatively affect the water quality of streams.上学吧论文查重
采用过去时总结研究结果,并采用现在时对研究结果进行讨论与解释。
例如:(例1)Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggestthat feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock.
(注意这里用过去时描述了实验发现,但在讨论这个发现的意义时用的是现在时。
) (例2)Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not differ across sites, indicating that the response of
secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water is complex.
(这句的描述几乎没有假设的意思,表示作者坚信其研究结果和结论的正确性及相关性)
结论(Conclusion):
可用多种时态,使用过去时强调过去的研究成果,并可采用现在时或将来时表达未来的研究方向或研究前景。
例如:Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.。