经济学原理英文版第十四章PPT
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
经济学原理第十四章宏观经济政策
d
d
IS0
IS0
LM
E1 E0
E
y0
y0 yI1S1
IS1
y
y1
30
需求管理（一）——财政政策：六、财政政策
的机制和效果
（2）LM曲线越平缓
r
投机需求对利率越敏感
交易需求对收入越不敏感 rr0
政策效果越大
r0
IS
IS
LM
E0 LM
E
E
rmk y hh
o
y0 y0 y1
y
y
31
第三节 需求管理（二） ——货币政策：一、中央银行和商业银行
第十四章 宏观经济政策
第一节 宏观经济政策目标 第二节 需求管理政策（一）
——财政政策 第三节 需求管理政策（二）
——货币政策 第四节 供给管理政策 第五节 对外经济管理政策
1
宏观经济政策
宏观经 济政策
需求管 理政策
供给管 理政策
对外经 济政策
财政政策
货币政策 收入政策 指数化政策 就业政策 增长政策 对外贸易政策
12
需求管理（一）——财政政策：二、自动稳定 器与斟酌使用的财政政策
2、斟酌使用的财政政策 又称“权衡性的财政政策”或“相机抉择的财政政
策”，指政府根据经济形势和财政政策有关手段的特点，主 动地变动政府支出和税收，以稳定经济、实现无通货膨胀的 充分就业的财政政策。
13
需求管理（一）——财政政策：二、自动稳定 器与斟酌使用的财政政策
出售政府资产
22
需求管理（一）——财政政策：五、赤字与公 债
2、赤字、公债、利息的恶性循环
赤字
公债
利息
经济学原理英文版课件-国民经济核算
▪ includes spending on ▪ capital equipment (e.g., machines, tools) ▪ structures (factories, office buildings, houses) ▪ inventories (goods produced but not yet sold)
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
经济学原理 课件ppt
A
A
B
要素增加
B
技术进步
2.解决经济问题的制度选择
A.共同的问题 生产什么（What） 怎样生产(How) 为谁生产(for Whom)
B. 不同的制度选择
2.解决经济问题的制度选择
经济制度 产权所有 决策层次 配置机制 分配方式
“社会主义” 公有 中央 计划
按劳分配
“资本主义” 私有 分散 市场
New cars
1.20
ELASTIC
Charitable giving
1.29
Marijuana
1.50
Air travel
2.40
Toilet articles, preparations
3.04
Motion pictures
3.70
数据来源：Principles of Economics,Richard,w.Tresch,1994 ,P 120
预期（收入、价格） 政府政策（税收、补贴）
2、需求(G)
G.决定市场需求变动的因素： 消费者的人数
3、供给(A-C)
A.定义:在不同的价格下厂商愿意生产和出售的商 品和服务的数量
B.供给表与供给曲线 供给表：表示一种商品价格与供给量之间关系 的表格 供给曲线：一种商品价格与供给量之间关系的 图形
p
P
超额供给
供给
需求 Q
超额需求
Q
C.市场均衡的变动
需求变动的影响
S
D1
D2
需求增加
供给变动的影响
S1 S2 D2 供给增加
需求与供给都变动的影响
S1 S2
D2 D1
供给需求都增加
其他条件不变时，
经济学原理英文版课件-总需求及供给
▪ The neutrality of money: Changes in the money supply affect nominal but not real variables.
6
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ Most economists believe classical theory describes the world in the long run, but not the short run.
16,000
14,000 12,000
U.S. real GDP, billions of 2005 dollars
10,000
8,000
6,000 4,000 2,000
The shaded bars are
recessions
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
5
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ The previous chapters are based on the ideas of classical economics, especially:
▪ The Classical Dichotomy, the separation of variables into two groups: ▪ Real – quantities, relative prices ▪ Nominal – measured in terms of money
17
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
The Aggregate-Demand curve
What happens to the AD curve in each of the following scenarios?
6
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ Most economists believe classical theory describes the world in the long run, but not the short run.
16,000
14,000 12,000
U.S. real GDP, billions of 2005 dollars
10,000
8,000
6,000 4,000 2,000
The shaded bars are
recessions
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
5
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ The previous chapters are based on the ideas of classical economics, especially:
▪ The Classical Dichotomy, the separation of variables into two groups: ▪ Real – quantities, relative prices ▪ Nominal – measured in terms of money
17
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
The Aggregate-Demand curve
What happens to the AD curve in each of the following scenarios?
经济学专业英语教程(第四版 上)课件Unit 14
Income redistribution is usually accomplished through taxation and spending policies, though regulation sometimes plays a role as well.
4. STABILIZING THE ECONOMY
In addition, government tries to smooth out the ups and downs of the business cycle, in order to avoid either large-scale unemployment at the bottom of the cycle or raging price inflation at the top of the cycle.
Government may use its influence to control harmful externalities. Government can levy taxes on activities which impose external public costs, or it can subsidize activities which are socially beneficial.
• positive externality • free rider • unregulated market • health care • pharmaceutical company • household appliances • income redistribution • economic function
5. CONDUCTING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
4. STABILIZING THE ECONOMY
In addition, government tries to smooth out the ups and downs of the business cycle, in order to avoid either large-scale unemployment at the bottom of the cycle or raging price inflation at the top of the cycle.
Government may use its influence to control harmful externalities. Government can levy taxes on activities which impose external public costs, or it can subsidize activities which are socially beneficial.
• positive externality • free rider • unregulated market • health care • pharmaceutical company • household appliances • income redistribution • economic function
5. CONDUCTING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
经济学原理(宏观)课程第14章_第2节_IS曲线
1β
1 0.5
08:04
5
二 IS曲线的推导
代数式
结论： 根据方程可直接描绘出IS曲线 收入与利率呈反向变化关系，即IS曲线向右
下方倾斜 曲线上任何一点都表示投资等于储蓄
（i=s），即产品市场处于均衡。
08:04
6
二 IS曲线的推导
几何方法
s=-500+0.5y
i=s均衡条件
来源于i=e-dr
r αe 1β y dd
IS曲线较 平坦
同样的
利率变
乘数
投资对利 化 投资变化 效应
率较敏感
较大
收入变化 较大
08:04
11
三 IS曲线的斜率
两部门：
β 变化的解释
较大
来源于c=-y
r αe 1β y dd
IS曲线较 平缓
投资乘数 效应较大
08:04
注意：曲线之左任何一点都表明需求过度，之右任何一点都表 明供给过剩
08:04
9
三 IS曲线的斜率
两部门：
均衡收入的代数表达式： r α e 1β y
dd
斜率的绝对值= 1 β d
可见，斜率同时取决于d和
08:04
10
三 IS曲线的斜率
两部门：d变化的解释d大08:04i=1250-250r
7
利 率
IS
曲
线 的
储
几蓄
何
推
导
08:04
45o
利 率
投资 储 蓄
投资
收入 收入8
二 IS曲线的推导
IS曲线
一条反映利率和收入间相互关系的曲线。这条曲线上任何一点 都代表一定利率和收入的组合，在这样的组合下，投资和储蓄 是相等的，即i=s，从而产品市场是均衡的，这条曲线称为IS曲 线。
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committed and cannot be recovered
Sunk costs should be irrelevant to decisions;
you must pay them regardless of your choice.
FC is a sunk cost: The firm must pay its fixed
6
Profit Maximization
What Q maximizes the firm’s profit? To find the answer,
“Think at the margin.” If increase Q by one unit, revenue rises by MR, cost rises by MC.
3. Firms can freely enter or exit the market.
Because of 1 & 2, each buyer and seller is a
“price taker” – takes the price as given.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
The MC curve determines the firm’s Q at any price. Hence, the MC curve is the firm’s supply curve. Q1
CHAPTER 14 FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
Costs
MC P2 MR2
Notice that $20 $10 MR = P
$30 $40 $10 $10
$10
$10
5
$10
$50
$10
5
MR = P for a Competitive Firm
A competitive firm can keep increasing its output
without affecting the market price.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
11
Байду номын сангаас
A Firm’s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down
If firm shuts down temporarily,
• revenue falls by TR • costs fall by VC
2
The Revenue of a Competitive Firm
Total revenue (TR) Average revenue (AR) Marginal Revenue (MR):
The change in TR from selling one more unit.
TR = P x Q
Should you have the transmission repaired? Don’t consider $1000 when you make decisions. It is a sunk cost.
CHAPTER 14 FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
15
A Firm’s Long-Run Decision to Exit
At the last minute, the transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t.
So, each one-unit increase in Q causes revenue
to rise by P, i.e., MR = P. MR = P is only true for firms in competitive markets.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
A firm that shuts down temporarily must still pay
its fixed costs. A firm that exits the market does not have to pay any costs at all, fixed or variable.
14
Firms in Competitive Markets
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
8
MC and the Firm’s Supply Decision
Rule: MR = MC at the profit-maximizing Q. At Qa, MC < MR. So, increase Q to raise profit. At Qb, MC > MR. So, reduce Q to raise profit. At Q1, MC = MR. P1
Introduction: A Scenario
Three years after graduating, you run your own
business.
You have to decide how much to produce, what
price to charge, how many workers to hire, etc.
CHAPTER 14
Q 0
TR $0
TC $5
Profit MR MC
Profit =
MR – MC
$6 4 2
–$5
$10 $4 1 10 5 10 7 8 6
1 2 3
4 5
10 20 30
40 50
9 15 23
33 45
10 7 10
5
10 12
0 –2
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
P1
MR
Q2
Q
10
Shutdown vs. Exit
Shutdown:
A short-run decision not to produce anything because of market conditions.
Exit:
A long-run decision to leave the market.
5
$10
$50
4
ACTIVE LEARNING
Answers
Q 0 1 2 3 4
1:
∆TR ∆Q
Fill in the empty spaces of the table.
P $10 $10 $10 $10 $10 TR = P x Q $0 $10 AR = TR Q MR =
n.a.
$10
$10 $10 $10
decision as: Exit if P < ATC
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
16
A New Firm’s Decision to Enter the Market
In the long run, a new firm will enter the market if
What factors should affect these decisions?
• Your costs (studied in preceding chapter) • How much competition you face
We begin by studying the behavior of firms in
If MR > MC, then increase Q to raise profit.
If MR < MC, then reduce Q to raise profit.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
7
Profit Maximization
(continued from earlier exercise) At any Q with MR > MC, increasing Q raises profit. At any Q with MR < MC, reducing Q raises profit.
perfectly competitive markets.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
1
Characteristics of Perfect Competition
1. Many buyers and many sellers
2. The goods offered for sale are largely the same.
TR =P AR = Q ∆TR MR = ∆Q
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
3
ACTIVE LEARNING
Exercise
Q 0 1 2 3 4
1:
Fill in the empty spaces of the table.
Sunk costs should be irrelevant to decisions;
you must pay them regardless of your choice.
FC is a sunk cost: The firm must pay its fixed
6
Profit Maximization
What Q maximizes the firm’s profit? To find the answer,
“Think at the margin.” If increase Q by one unit, revenue rises by MR, cost rises by MC.
3. Firms can freely enter or exit the market.
Because of 1 & 2, each buyer and seller is a
“price taker” – takes the price as given.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
The MC curve determines the firm’s Q at any price. Hence, the MC curve is the firm’s supply curve. Q1
CHAPTER 14 FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
Costs
MC P2 MR2
Notice that $20 $10 MR = P
$30 $40 $10 $10
$10
$10
5
$10
$50
$10
5
MR = P for a Competitive Firm
A competitive firm can keep increasing its output
without affecting the market price.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
11
Байду номын сангаас
A Firm’s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down
If firm shuts down temporarily,
• revenue falls by TR • costs fall by VC
2
The Revenue of a Competitive Firm
Total revenue (TR) Average revenue (AR) Marginal Revenue (MR):
The change in TR from selling one more unit.
TR = P x Q
Should you have the transmission repaired? Don’t consider $1000 when you make decisions. It is a sunk cost.
CHAPTER 14 FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
15
A Firm’s Long-Run Decision to Exit
At the last minute, the transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t.
So, each one-unit increase in Q causes revenue
to rise by P, i.e., MR = P. MR = P is only true for firms in competitive markets.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
A firm that shuts down temporarily must still pay
its fixed costs. A firm that exits the market does not have to pay any costs at all, fixed or variable.
14
Firms in Competitive Markets
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
8
MC and the Firm’s Supply Decision
Rule: MR = MC at the profit-maximizing Q. At Qa, MC < MR. So, increase Q to raise profit. At Qb, MC > MR. So, reduce Q to raise profit. At Q1, MC = MR. P1
Introduction: A Scenario
Three years after graduating, you run your own
business.
You have to decide how much to produce, what
price to charge, how many workers to hire, etc.
CHAPTER 14
Q 0
TR $0
TC $5
Profit MR MC
Profit =
MR – MC
$6 4 2
–$5
$10 $4 1 10 5 10 7 8 6
1 2 3
4 5
10 20 30
40 50
9 15 23
33 45
10 7 10
5
10 12
0 –2
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
P1
MR
Q2
Q
10
Shutdown vs. Exit
Shutdown:
A short-run decision not to produce anything because of market conditions.
Exit:
A long-run decision to leave the market.
5
$10
$50
4
ACTIVE LEARNING
Answers
Q 0 1 2 3 4
1:
∆TR ∆Q
Fill in the empty spaces of the table.
P $10 $10 $10 $10 $10 TR = P x Q $0 $10 AR = TR Q MR =
n.a.
$10
$10 $10 $10
decision as: Exit if P < ATC
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
16
A New Firm’s Decision to Enter the Market
In the long run, a new firm will enter the market if
What factors should affect these decisions?
• Your costs (studied in preceding chapter) • How much competition you face
We begin by studying the behavior of firms in
If MR > MC, then increase Q to raise profit.
If MR < MC, then reduce Q to raise profit.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
7
Profit Maximization
(continued from earlier exercise) At any Q with MR > MC, increasing Q raises profit. At any Q with MR < MC, reducing Q raises profit.
perfectly competitive markets.
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
1
Characteristics of Perfect Competition
1. Many buyers and many sellers
2. The goods offered for sale are largely the same.
TR =P AR = Q ∆TR MR = ∆Q
CHAPTER 14
FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
3
ACTIVE LEARNING
Exercise
Q 0 1 2 3 4
1:
Fill in the empty spaces of the table.