最新东南大学研究生学位英语试卷a
2022研究生学位英语考试真题及答案
2022研究生学位英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys, have you ever wondered what kind of questions are on the 2022 postgraduate English exam? Today, I'm going to share the questions and answers with you!Question 1:Fill in the blank with the correct word:She likes to play piano _____ her brother likes to play guitar.Answer:whileQuestion 2:Choose the correct option:I _____ to the supermarket yesterday.a) gob) goesc) wentAnswer:c) wentQuestion 3:Make a sentence using the words provided:Dog - park - happyAnswer:The dog is happy playing in the park.Question 4:Write a short paragraph about your favorite animal.Answer:My favorite animal is a panda. Pandas are so cute and fluffy. They love to eat bamboo and play in the trees. I wish I could hug a panda one day!Question 5:Translate the following sentence into English:。
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)2021-6PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points ) Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous 22.The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence. A. support B. restrict C. raise D. modify 23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions forquick recovery. A. improve on B. abide by C. draw upon D. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove ourfear of GM foods. A. abundant B. controversial C. conducive D. convincing 25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for thetest will be better off. A. more wealthy B. less successful C.dismissed earlier D. favorably positioned 26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum. A. influence B. strength C. outlook D. consequence 27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches. A. believed B. discarded C. advocated D. confirmed 28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices. A. assessing B. cutting C. elevating D.altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices ofhousing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the citiesto live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled upwith32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guestin his _____ home. A. humble B. obscure C. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from________ as possible. A. humidity B. humanity C. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play ahuge role in our life. A. vessel B. vest C. venture D. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high schooldiploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaningdigitalization could drive an even deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation137. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to 38. Thesun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths. A. elegant B. immense C. hollow D. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. Thatwould _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution,around the sun. A. tour B. travel C. visit D.tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.\research, and science in general are ever more important,\Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.\should be spending a semester at a university in China.\It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required \curriculum\The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized \Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49\College Courses\for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting 42. A. in accordance with 43. A. update 44. A. trust-worthy 45. A. turn out 46. A. In spite of 47. A. perish 48. A. appropriate 49. A. optical 50. A. sparingB. reviewing B. in line with B. uphold B. note-worthy B. turn in B. As if B. destroy B. imaginative B. optional B. spiralingC. searching C. in charge of C. upset C. praise-worthy C. turn to C. Let alone C. abolish C. special C. opposite C. spanningD. underlying D. in response to D. upward D. reward-worthy D. turn over D. Rather than D. denounce D. specific D. optimistic D. sparkling2PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants. 51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________. A.can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disaster B. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side___________. A. where the wind is coming B. where the wind is going C. where the wind is weaker D. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus355. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny ironparticles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus 56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________. A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduce B. stay away from the traffic as far aspossibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably easethe climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. \piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action,\Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said. Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider. \along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet,\57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________. A. can be eased B. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________. A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patterns B. subtle changes in atmospheric patterns C. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word \4A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible 60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming? A. Tofind other energy sources besides fossil fuels. B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate. C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the \you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actuallybehave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University inthe US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas ofthe brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain whenthe eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to_____________.5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
03研究生英语水平测试A卷(含答案)
English Qualification Examination PaperFor the Postgraduates of Information Engineering UniversityPaper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 25 points)Section 1:Directions: In this section, you are going to listen to an IT professional discussing the dangers of the internet. Before you listen, look at questions one to ten. The conversation will be read only once.Questions 1--7Complete the table below. Write no more than three words for each answer.Questions 8--10Choose the correct letters A-C.8. What do email service providers do to protect you?A. issue expensive phone billsB. provide filter functionsC. provide an identity9. How do offenders avoid detection?A. They take a lot from many people.B. They take a little from one person.C. They take a little from many people.10. Who can you seek for assistance?A. the victimsB. institutions and organizationsC. an internet officeSection 2: PassagesDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage 111. A. How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and other sounds.B. The differences between a baby’s and an adult’s ability to comprehend language.C. How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their early stages of languagedevelopment.D. The response of a baby to sounds other than the human voice.12. A. To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds.B. To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry.C. To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds.D. To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like.13. A. Babies who are exposed to more than one language can acquire language earlier than thoseto a single language.B. Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in a similar way.C. The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their babies to speak.D. Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending their parents’ language.14. A. They understand the rhythm.B. They enjoy the sounds of them.C. They can remember them easily.D. They focus on their parents’ work.Passage 215. A. The new system the immigration office hasB. The tips for applicants to line upC. The information immigrants have to provideD. The procedure applicants have to obey16. A. They are scared of the thieves.B. They are more careful than before.C. They are afraid of being sent back home.D. There are no thieves now.17. A. They start lining up outside the building at 6:00 p.m.B. They can finish their application in an hour.C. They have to make an appointment 15 minutes before.D. 40 applicants can be processed in an hour.Passage 318. A. It won’t have any side-effectB. It can be as effective as conventional treatmentsC. It can kill drug-resistant tumoursD. It can stop cancer cells from spreading in the body19. A. How to strengthen the body’s immune systemB. How to inject viruses directly into tumoursC. How to allow viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs doD. How to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours effectively20. A. To use it to cure 75% of the patients with malignant cancersB. To apply it to treat all kinds of cancersC. To make it accepted by the patients with incurable cancersD. To apply it to those with secondary cancersSection 3: Compound DictationDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.From a personal 21. _______, to doing searches on the Internet, to the autopilot function, simple artificial intelligence, or AI, has been around for some time, but is quickly getting more 22. _______ and more intelligent.“If we are going to make systems that are going to be more intelligent than us, it’s absolutely essential for us to understand how to absolutely 23. _______ that they only do things that we are happy with.”Computer science professor Stuart Russell says, many present-day jobs that are labor 24. _______, or require data analysis, such as in the financial industry, will be replaced by machines with artificial intelligence.“But if we replaced all the jobs that require human physical labor and then we replace all the jobs that require human mental labor, then you have to ask about what, what’s left?”Guruduth Banavar of IBM sees a future in which new jobs skills will be 25. _______.“The future will require everybody to work with these learning reasoning machines. So I think the skill set for many of these jobs will end up being different in the future.”Russell envisions that AI will change the economy and the 26. _______life.“Most people will be employed, possibly even self-employed, in providing 27. _______ personal services to other human beings, that we won’t have mass employment in manufacturing or in financial services. The kinds of scenarios where there is a giant factory or a giant office building with thousands of people doing the same thing will go away.”Artificial intelligence is already transforming the health care industry. AI can process huge 28. _______ data and have the most up-to-date research to help doctors diagnose and treat patients. IBM’s Watson 29. _______________________________________________________ in North and South America, Europe and Asia.“The difference between going to a doctor who has Wats on versus not having Watson is very big, because when you go to a doctor today you might find somebody who is 10 years out of date.”But there is also a dangerous side of artificial intelligence-autonomous weapons out of drone technology .“The risk with a utonomous weapons is that people will use them as a kind of poor man’s weapon of mass destruction-a poor man’s nuclear weapon.”Russell says 30. _______________________________________________ to ban this type of weapon.“It is a race against time because the weapons are starting to emerge, the research is moving into development, development is moving into production.”While it is up for debate whether artificial intelligence will hurt or benefit mankind, researchers say, it is a fact that 31. __________________________________________________ many aspects of life.Part II Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 15 points)AI-spyARTIFICIAL intelligence (AI) is barging its way into business. As our special report this week explains, firms of all types are harnessing AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. In 2017 companies spent around $22bn on AI related mergers and acquisitions, about 26 times more than in 2015. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank, reckons that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7trn over the next 20 years. Google’s boss has gone so far as to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fire or electricity.Such forecasts kindle anxiety as well as hope. Many fret that AI could destroy jobs faster than it creates them. Barriers to entry from owning and generating data could lead to a handful of dominant firms in every industry.Less familiar, but just as important, is how AI will transform the workplace. Using AI, managers can gain extraordinary control over their employees. Amazon has patented a wristband that tracks the hand movements of warehouse workers and uses vibrations to make them more efficient. Workday, a software firm, sums up around 60 factors to predict which employees will leave. Humanyze, a startup, sells smart ID cards that can track employees around the office and reveal how well they interact with colleagues.Surveillance at work is nothing new. Factory workers have long clocked in and out; bosses can already see what idle workers do on their computers. But AI makes surveillance worthwhile, because every bit of data is potentially valuable. Few laws govern how data are collected at work, and many employees unguardedly consent to surveillance when they sign their employment contract. Where does all this lead?Start with the benefits. AI ought to improve productivity. Slack, a workplace messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks. Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving.Employees will gain, too. Thanks to strides in computer vision, AI can check that workers are wearing safety gear and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.Machines can help ensure that pay rises and promotions go to those who deserve them. That starts with hiring. People often have biases but algorithms, if designed correctly, can be more impartial. Software can mark patterns that people might miss. Textio, a startup that uses AI to improve job descriptions, has found that women are likelier to respond to a job that mentions “developing” a team rather than “managing” one. Algor ithms will pick up differences in pay between genders and races, as well as sexual harassment and racism that human managers consciously or unconsciously overlook.Yet AI’s benefits will come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms may not be free of the biases of their programmers. They can also have unintended consequences. The length of a commute may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may inadvertently harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is productivity.And surveillance may make us feel being controlled. People have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives. Companies are starting to monitor how much time employees spend on breaks. Veriato, a software firm, goes so far as to track and log every keystroke employees make on their computers in order to judge how committed they are to their company. Firms can use AI to sift through not just employ ees’ professional communications but their social-media profiles, too.Some people are better placed than others to stop employers going too far. If your skills are in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially vulnerable. That could fuel a revival of labour unions seeking to represent employees’ interests and to set norms. Even then, the choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.As regulators and employers weigh the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to guide its spread. First, data should be anonymised where possible. Microsoft, for example, has a product that shows individuals how they manage their time in the office, but gives managers information only in aggregated form. Second, the use of AI ought to be transparent. Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their work places and which data are being gathered. As a matter of routine, algorithms used by firms to hire, fire and promote should be tested for bias and unintended consequences. Last, countries should let individuals request their own data, whether they are ex-workers wishing to contest a dismissal or jobseekers hoping to demonstrate their ability to prospective employers.The march of AI into the workplace calls for trade-offs between privacy and performance. A fairer, more productive workforce is a prize worth having, but not if it restricts and dehumanizes employees. Striking a balance will require thought, a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt, and a strong dose of humanity.Section A: Questions 32-36 (5×1=5 points)Directions: Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In blanks 32-36 on your answer sheet, chooseA for TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.B for FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.C for NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.32.Google’s boss has gone too far to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fi re orelectricity.33.People are worried that with the development of AI, every industry will be controlled by onlya few companies because obstacles exist in owning and generating data.34.Many employees disagree with the surveillance when they sign their employment contract.35.Algorithms, if designed correctly, can entirely avoid biases in workplace.bour unions seeking to represent employe es’ inte rests oppose the application of AI inworkplace.Section B: Questions 37-44 (8×1=8 points)Directions: Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONL Y from the passage for each blank. Write your answers in blanks 37-44 on your answer sheet.37.Predictions on AI brought us not only _______, but also hope.38.__________ at work has existed for a long time. For example, time recorders are widely usedin factories and offices; workers are observed by their bosses on computers.39.Machines can help ensure _________ in pay rises and promotions if algorithms are designedcorrectly.40.If your skills are not in demand, you will be especially _________, and are less likely to beable to resist the surveillance.41.In ________ the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to be consideredto guide its spread.42.To keep personal privacy, data should be __________ where possible.43.Individuals should be allowed to _______ their own data, no matter they are ex-workers orjobseekers.44.The application of AI in the workplace calls for a _________ between privacy and efficiency.Section C: Question 45 (2 points)Directions: Paraphrase the following sentence. Write your answer in the blank 45 on your answer sheet.45. The choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.______________________________________________________________________________ ———————————————————————————————————————Part III. Translation (40 minutes, 20 points)Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)46.Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the Answer Sheet.A claim more often made by mathematicians is that mathematics is one of the finest flowerings of the human spirit, a temple of enduring knowledge built piece by piece over the ages. But if so it is a temple with few worshipers, unknown to most of humankind. Mathematics plays no role in mass culture, it cannot evoke the emotions and inspire the awe that music and sculpture do, it is not a significant companion in the lives of more than a very few. And yet it is worth asking whether mathematics is essentially remote, or merely poorly communicated. Perhaps it is a remediable ignorance, not an inability that now limits appreciation and enjoyment of mathematics by a wider audience.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)47.Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your English version on the Answer Sheet.物联网是由物理对象，例如：设备、车辆和建筑等等，连接而成的网络。
大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A类(研究生)模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)
大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）A类（研究生）模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comperhension 2. V ocabulary and Structure 4. Reading Comperhension 5. Cloze 6. Translation 7. IQ Test 8. Writing 9. Error CorrectionPart I Listening ComperhensionSection A听力原文：W: Hal, how long did it take you to finish Mr. Winter’s home-work assignment? M: Not long. I was able to do the whole thing this morning before class.1．What did Hal do?A．Met Mr. Winter.B．Worked all night.C．Did his homework.正确答案：C解析：由女士的问话可知Hal是在做家庭作业。
听力原文：M: Would you like to come over and study tonight, Janet?W: Oh, I’m sorry, Tom. I forgot to tell you that my parents are in town and want to take me to the concert tonight.2．Where will Janet probably go tonight?A．To study.B．To the concert.C．To town.正确答案：B解析：由女士的回答可知Janet和她的父母亲要去听音乐会。
听力原文：W: The letter of credit will be opened in your favor within 10 working days from the date of the contract. M: All right. I accept your terms. I hope everything turns out Okay.3．When will the letter of credit be opened?A．Within 10 working days from the date of the contract.B．Within 20 working days from the date of the contract.C．Within 30 working days from the date of the contract.正确答案：A解析：以您为受益人的信用证将在你签订合同之日起的10个工作日以内开通。
东南大学学位英语Unit 02 How to Write Style完整课文与答案
Section A Intensive Reading and WritingHow to Write with styleBy Kurt V onnegut[1] Newspaper reporters and technical writers are trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writings. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to readers. We call these revelations, accidental and intentional, elements of style.[2] These revelations tell us as readers what sort of person it is with whom we are spending time. Does the writer sound ignorant or informed, stupid or bright, crooked or honest, humorless or playful? And on and on.[3] Why should you examine your writing style with the idea of improving it? Do so as a mark of respect for your readers, whatever you’re writing. If you scribble your thoughts any which way, your readers will surely feel that you care nothing about them. They will mark you down as an egomaniac or a chowderhead -or, worse, they will stop reading you.[4] The most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an emptyheaded writer for his or her mastery of the language ? No.[5] So your own winning style must begin with ideas with ideas in your head.1. Find a subject you care about[6] Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others shouldcare about. It is this genuine caring, and not your games with language , which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style.[7] I am not urging you to write an novel, by the way – although I would not be sorry if you wrote one, provided you genuinely cared about something. A petition to the mayor about a pothole in front of your house or a love letter to the girl next door will do.2. Do not ramble, though[8] I won’t ramble on about that.3. Keep it simple[9] As for your use of language: Remember that two great masters of language, William Shakespeare and James Joyce, wrote sentences which were almost childlike when their subjects were most profound. “To be or not to be?” asks Shakespeare’s Hamlt. The longest word is three letters long. Joyce, when he was frisky, could put together a sentence as intricate and as glittering as a necklace for Cleopatra, but my favorite sentence in his short story , “Evelin”is this one: “She was tried.”At that point in the story, no other words could break the heart of a reader as those three words do.[10] Simplicity of language is not only reputable, but perhaps even sacred. The Bible opens with a sentence well within the writing skills of a lively fourteen-year-old: “In the beginning God created the neaven and the earth.”4. Have guts to cut[11] It may be that you, too, are capable of making necklaces for Cleopatra, so to speak. But your eloquence should be the servant of the ideas in your head. Your rulemight be this: If a sentence, no matter how excellent, does not illuminate your subject in some new and useful way, scratch it out.5. Sound like yourself[12] The writing style which is most natural for you is bound to echo the speech you heard when a child. English was Conrad’s third language , and much that seems piquant in his use of English was no doubt colored by his first language, which was Polish. And lucky indeed is the writer who has grown up in Ireland, for the English spoken there is so amusing and musical. I myself grew up in Indianapolis, where common speech sounds like a band saw cutting galvanized tin, and employs a vocabulary as unornamental as a monkey wrench.[13] In some of the more remote hollows of Appalachia, children still grow up hearing songs and locutions of Elizabethan times. Yes, and many Americans grow up hearing a language other than English, or an English dialect a majority of Americans cannot understand.[14] All these varieties of speech are beautiful , just as the varieties of butterflies are beautiful, No matter what your first language, you should treasure it all your life, If it happens to not be standard English, and if it shows itself when you write standard English, the result is usually delightful, like a very pretty girl with one eye that is green and one that is blue.[15] I myself find that I trust my own writing most, and others seem to trust it most , too, when I sound most like a person from Indianapolis, which is what I am. What alternatives do I have? The one most vehemently recommended by teachers has no doubt been pressed on you, as well: to write like cultivated Englishmen of acentury or more ago.6. Say what you mean[16] I used to be exasperated by exasperated by such teachers, but am no more, I understand now that all those antique essays and stories with which I was to compare my own work were not magnificent for their datedness or foreignness, but for saying precisely what their authors meant them to say. My teachers wished me to write accurately, always selecting the most effective words, and relating the words to one another unambiguously, rigidly, like parts of a machine. The teachers did not want to turn me into an Englishman after all. They hoped that I would become understandable—and therefore understood. And there went my dream of doing with words what words what Pablo Picasso did with paint or what any number of jazz idols did with music. If I broke all the rules of punctuation, has words mean whatever I wanted them to mean, and strung them together higgledy- piggledy, I would simply not be understood. So you , too, had better avoid Picasso-style writing, if you have something worth saying and wish to be understood.[17] Readers want our pages to look very muck like pages they have seen before. Why? This is because they themselves have a tough job to do, and they need all the help they can get from us.7. Pity the readers[18] They have to identify thousands of little marks on paper, and make sense of them immediately. They have to read, an art so difficult that most people don’t really master it even after having studied it all through grade school and high school–twelve long years.[19] So this discussion must finally acknowledge that out stylistic options as writers are neither numerous nor glamorous, since out readers are bound to be such imperfect artists. Our audience requires us to be sympathetic and patient readers, ever willing to simplify and clarify- whereas we would rater soar high above the crowd, singing like nightingales.[20] That is the bad news. The good news is that we Americans are governed under a unique Constitution, which allows us to write whatever we please without fear of punishment. So the most meaningful aspect of out styles, which is what we choose to write about, is utterly unlimited.8. For really detailed advice[21] For a discussion of literary style in a narrower sense, in a more technical sense, I recommend to your attention The Elements of style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. E. B. White is, of course, one of the most admirable literary stylists this county has so far produced. You should realize, too, that no one would care how well or badly Mr. White expressed himself, if he did not have perfectly enchanting things to say.Part I Comprehension of the Text1. What is Kurt V onnegut arguing in his writing? What’s his understanding of writing style?2. What kind of language style does he use in this essay?3. What does the author mean by mentioning “Picasso style and jazz style”?4. Does the author practice what he preaches in his writing?5. What does the author suggest at the end of this essay?Part II VocabularyA. Choose the one from the four choices that best explains the underlined word or phrase.1. He finds himself involved with a crooked businessman and a group of thugs who attempt to sabotage his invention.A. distortedB. twistedC. dishonestD. deceptive2. He remembered how proud and haughty her face was and scratched out the word he had written.A. polishedB. perishedC. deletedD. depleted3. If you choose credit counseling as a strategy for your debt, you must make sure you’re choosing a reputable company and not a scammer.A. well-knownB. professionalC. reliableD. respectable4. He added that nature gave him everything he need as a champion-unusual strength, stamina, a terrific punch, and plenty of guts.A. wisdomB. courageC. wealthD. charm5. Qualitative research strategies of interview, participant observation, and field notes were used to illuminate the topic.A. reinforceB. decorateC. paraphraseD. interpret6. He suddenly found himself exasperated by slow moving pedestrians, and, like a true New Yorker, began darting around them instead.A. provokedB. offendedC. annoyedD. disappointed7. As one moves through this colourful world of Indian handicrafts, many intricate paintings and sculptures catch the eye.A. charmingB. elegantC. delicateD. complicated8. Many judges will acknowledge that one of the most difficult aspects of a criminal case is sentencing.A. admitB. assertC. proveD. agree9. Its charming towns and picturesque landscapes provide the enchantingsurroundings for your sparkling romantic holiday treat.A. magnificentB. compellingC. genuineD. glamorous10. Circumstances beyond my control have left me with no alternative but to returnmy vehicle to lender.A. meansB. optionC. fashionD. mannerB. Choose the one from the four choices that best completes the sentence.1. The infinite beauty of a reverse navel ring ___________with dual colors in the trio of stones that fill the center of the continuous infinity design.A. twinklesB. simmersC. flashesD. glitters2. He was early _____________as a man of ability and maturity of character, a promise fully realized in his many great achievements.A. marked downB. turned downC. looked upD. agreed upon3. When he was not quite able to follow, Newton just took the pad from his friend’s hands and _____________his own remarks into the notebook.A. stumbledB. scrabbledC. scribbledD. scrupled4. There are many reports of the Prophet’s mastery of the Arabic tongue together with his _________ and fluency of speech.A. eloquenceB. sequenceC. frequencyD. delinquency5. These stories and the principles principles drawn from them are ___________toyou for your benefit and learning and enjoyment.A. commentedB. commendedC. commandedD. commenced6. Some applicants may _________ on about themselves in a manner that may appear self-indulgent and not very appealing to the committee.A. rambleB. tumbleC. complainD. chatter7. Cherry tomatoes have a strong taste and are very juicy-this makes them ideal for creating this ___________sauce.A. vehementB. friskyC. disgustingD. piquant8. To help soldiers _________ data from drones, satellites and ground sensors, the U.S. military now issues the iPod Touch.A. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. take notice ofD. make use of9. As the same way, we need to listen to some fascinating English materials as many as possible, so that we can ___________ our interest to learn it.A. motivateB. cultivateC. advocateD. retaliate10. Her 8-year-old daughter was adorable as she got to meet her __________, Simon, whom she praises for his negativity.A. imageB. idiotC. idolD. tokenC. Complete each sentence with the proper form of the word given in theparenthesis.1. Many philosophers hold ________ about mental properties, and manyphilosophers hold humility about fundamental physical properties. ( reveal )2. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a ________ of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ( master )3. Despite the apparent ______ of the water molecule, liquid water is one of the mostmysterious substances in out world. ( simple )4. On this level, a common protocol to structure the data is used; the format of the information exchange is ________ defined. ( ambiguity)5. It was expected that these images will look charming and __________, but thefinal result was a bit different. ( glamour)6. I find it hard to be _________ about a man who used his wealth and power tomolest children and to then evade justice. ( sympathy)7. The question is whether or not it is possible to bottle these pheromones and use them for our own _________ advantage. ( seduce)8. Despite the gruesome images on cigarette packs, a survey shows Australiansmoker are surprisingly ________ of the dangers of the habit. ( ignore)9. In several poems the reader will encounter the plain, ________ language really used by common man, and this goes straight to the heart. ( ornament)10. Many new illustrations help to _______the text and make the book moreinstructive to students and practitioners. ( clear)Part III ClozeDirections: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase for each blank in the passage.It is very difficult to arriver at a full description of style that is acceptable to all scholars. As such there are many definitions of the word style __1_________ there are scholars yet no __2_________is reached among them on what style is. Chapman is of the view that style is the product of a common relationship between language users. He _3______ said that style is not an ornament or virtue and is not __4______ to written language, or to literature or to any single aspect of language.Language is human __5_______ and used in society. No human language is fixed, uniform, or varying; all languages show internal variation. This variation sows the _6_______ feature of individuals or a group of people which is usually referred to as style. Style is popularly _7_________ to as “dress”of thought, as a person’s method of _8_______ his thought, feelings and emotions, as the manner of speech or writing. From the definition above, one can __9_______ that style is the particular way in which an individual communicates his thought which _10______ him from others.Style can _11_______ be defined as the variation in an individual’s speech which is _12________ by the situation of use. From the definition above, style is described as the variations in language usage. In _13________, style is conditioned by the manner in which an individual makes use of language.Middleton is of the view that style refers to personal idiosyncrasy, the technique of __14______ and Chatman says that style means manner-the manner in which the from executed or the content expressed. From the definitions above, it can be deduced that style is__15______ to every individual or person and it is a product of the function of language as a means of communication.1. A. as B. because C. when D. since2. A. conscience B. consistence C. conclusion D. consensus3. A. otherwise B. further C. moreover D. besides4. A. confined B. confirmed C. confronted D. confided5. A. friendly B. concerned C. specific D. related6. A. instinct B. extinct C. district D. distinct7. A. looked B. referred C. viewed D. defined8. A. expressing B. explaining C. exploring D. exploiting9. A. seduce B. induce C. deduce D. reduce10. A. extinguishes B. separates C. distributes D. distinguishes11. A. yet B. also C. either D. only12. A. occasioned B. influenced C. determined D. demonstrated13. A. contrast B. return C. addition D. essence14. A. exposure B. exposition C. disposition D. expression15. A. subject B. accessible C. unique D. essentialPart IV WritingDirections: Develop each of he following topics into an essay of about 200 words.1. The Importance of Punctuation2. The Standards of an Essay3. Essay Writing and English LearningSection B Extensive Reading and TranslationVariety and Style in Language[1] All of us change out behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us; when we speak to employers, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don’t make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble, We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to considered ill-mannered or worse. From one point of view, language is behaviour; it is part of the we act. It builds a bridge of communication without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any on e language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style. [2] Among people who are used to a writing system, there is one adjustment everyone makes, They speak one way and write another way. Most speech is in the form of ordinary conversation, where speakers can stop and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood. They are constantly monitoring themselves as their message comes across to the listeners. But writers cannot do this. (1) They often monitor what they write, of course, going back over their writing to see that it isclear and unambiguous; but this is before the communication occurs, not while it is happening. Once writers have passed their writing on to someone else, they cannot change it.[3] Speakers can use intonation, stress, and pauses to help make their meaning clear. A simple sentence like “John kept my pencil” may, by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns, single out through contrast whether John rather than someone else kept the pencil, whether John kept rather that just borrowed the pencil, or whether it was a pencil or a pen or something else that he kept.[4] (2) It is true that writers have the special tools of various punctuation marks and sometimes typographical helps like capitals, italic letters, heavy type and the like; but these do not quite take the place of the full resources of the spoken language. The sentence “Cindy only had five dollars” is not likely to be misinterpreted when spoken with light stress and no more than level pitch on “only”, but in writing it could easily be taken to mean something else. To prevent ambiguity, skillful writers could change the word order to “Cindy had only five dollars”if they wanted “only”to modify “five”. They would shift “only” to the beginning 0f the sentence if they wanted it to modify “Cindy”.[5] This simple example shows that good writers do try to avoid ambiguity. (3) As writers, they like a structure that is compact; as speakers, thinking aloud, they produce sentences that are looser, less complex, perhaps even rather jumbled. Notice, for instance, that the first sentence in the first letter to Ann Landers reads, “You have made plenty of trouble for me and I want you to know it.” Like most letters to Ann Landers, this is really talk written down. The sentence contains two ideas and treatsthem as equals. If one is really dependent upon the other, a good writer would have written “I want you to know that you have made plenty of trouble for me.”This is not to deny the effectiveness of the original sentence in this very informal letter. [6] Speech makes more use of contracted forms. “He is” (she is) and “he has” (she has ) become “he’s”(she’s); “cannot” becomes “can’t”; “they are ” become “they’re”; “it is”becomes “’tis”or “it’s”; and with a more noticeable change, “will not”becomes “won’t”. So in the conversational letters to Ann Landers, contractions abound, but in the carefully prepared manuscript speeches of the Reverend Martin Luther King and President Kennedy, there are no contracted forms.[7] Besides the difference between speech and writing there is a difference between formality and informality. A formal message is organized and well-rounded; it usually deals with a serious and important topic. Most formal language is intended to be read. Since there is no opportunity to challenge or question the writer when it is being read, the message has to be self-contained and logically ordered.[8] At the opposite pole is the language of casual and familiar speech among friends and relatives, between people who have some kind of fellow feeling for one another. The speaker or writer is simply being him-or herself. This person knows that the others involved – rarely more than five-see and accept the speaker for what he or she is. (4) The speaker also assumes that the others know him or her well enough to make unnecessary any background information for everything that is used. The writer who signed herself “Weepers Finders”assumed that whoever read the letter would recognize the saying, “Finders keepers, losers weepers.”In contrast to the formal style, this style may be called the casual style.[9] There is also a recognizable midpoint between the formal and the casual. There are situations less rigid than the ceremonial address or the formal written message but also more structured than intimate conversation. These permit some response; there is a certain amount of give and take. Yet each speaker will feel the need to be quite clear, sometimes to explain background for the other person’s benefit or in order to prevent misunderstanding or embarrassment. This middle style is known as the consultative style. It should be noted that the consultative style can allow contractions, but rarely would use slang or the incomplete expressions of the casual style.[10] It should not be thought that speech is always informal and writing always formal. (5) The casual style is spoken more often than it is written, but it is found also in letters between friends or family members, possibly in diaries and journals, and sometimes in newspaper columns. Formal English is typically written but may also be spoken after having first been written down. Much consultative speech is spoken, but a fair amount of writing also has the same need for full explanation even if it is otherwise quite informal.[11] Of course, none of there styles or modes of communication is better than any other. The spoken word and the printed page are simply two different ways to communicate. Some people have thought that formal English is “the best”of the stylistic variants, but it is not. Of course, President Kennedy could not have substituted the quite casual “Nobody’s here today to whoop it up for the Democrats”for “We observe today not a victory of party”; but if he had ever used the formal public speaking style at a dinner table, he would have bored everyone there. Intelligent adjustment to the situation is the real key to the effective use of language.[12] In some respects the English language raises certain problems. In conversation some languages allow an easy distinction between the formal and the informal through their dual system of pronouns. In French, for example, intimacy on the one hand or social distance on the other are overtly marked by a choice between “tu” and “vous”. English lacks such a system, but it does have a complex code of choices of title, title and surname, surname alone, given name alone and nickname, as “Doctor”, “Doctor Stevens”, “Stevens ” , “Charles”, “Charley”, and “Chuck”.[13] Another problem arises because of the two-layered nature of the English vocabulary. One layer consists of short, familiar words largely of native English origin ( house, fire, red, green , make, talk); the other of much longer words, chiefly taken from Latin and French ( residence, domicile, conflagration, scarlet, verdant, manufacture, conversation). But it is an oversimplification to equate the popular words with the casual style and the learned words with the formal style. We must admit that many Americans, especially in bureaucratic contests, are fond of big, windy words-words that are often awkward and sometimes inexact.[14] Although adjustment is the key to good use of the various styles, it poses problems for the student coming to English from another language, It is hard enough to become proficient in just one of the styles without having to switch from one style to another. The causal style, in particular, is not easily acquired by the nonnative speaker. Happily, this problem is not too serious. Native speakers of English are much readier to accept the features of the consultative style in a causal situation than to accept casual features in a noncasual situation. Indeed, many Americans are likely to credit a consultative speaker with greater correctness in using English than theyhave themselves. But even if only this one style is acquired, it is important for learners to recognize the other styles when they meet them in speech or writing and to have some sense of the situations that call for their use.Part A Translate English into ChineseI.Translate the underlined sentences in the above text into Chinese.II.Translate the first and the last paragraph in the above text into Chinese.Part B Translate Chinese into EnglishI. Translate the following sentences into English with the words or phrases inthe passage in Section B.1. 在当代英语中有许多新的语言现象，这些现象并不总是符合公认的语法规则的。
全国英语竞赛《A类研究生》初赛试题含答案解析
全国英语竞赛《A类硏究生》初赛试题及答案［单选题］L If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of .A.assuranceB.confirmationC.encouragement□.persuasion参考答案:C参考解析：句意：如果一个人谈论了自己的弱点，他期盼听众能说一些鼓励的话。
assurance 保证;断言。
confirmation 确认批准。
encouragement 鼓励激励。
persuasion 说服；信念。
由于encouragement符合句意，故正确答案为C。
［单选题］2.1n science fiction we read of flying saucers divaveiling throughA.spaceB.a spaceC.the spaceD.spaces参考答案:A参考解析：句意：科幻小说中，我们读到飞碟在宇宙中穿梭。
space意为〃宇宙〃，由于只存在一个宇宙,所以space前不使用冠词或不定冠词。
故正确答案为A o［单选题］3.The chimney is no longer volumes of waste gas into the atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.A.giving awayB.giving inC.giving offD.giving up参考答案:C参考解析：句意：由于使用了防护过滤器，烟囱不再向大气排放废气。
give away赠送;丧失。
give in屈服。
give off散发出（气体、热量或气味）。
give up放弃。
根据句意，giving off最符合，故正确答案为C o［单选题］4.Every university student should be encouraged to knowown potentialities and to weigh the chances of developing .A.his; itB.their; themC.their; itD./; them参考答案：B参考解析：句意：应该鼓励每个大学生发掘自己的潜力，然后权衡发展潜力的机会。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷(历年真题)
AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试分A, B两种试卷，请考生拿到试卷后在答题卡的试卷类型一栏标明。
如：拿到A卷就在试卷类型一栏的字母[A]上划横线，拿到B卷在[B]上划横线。
不标明A、B卷的试卷将以作废处理。
请考生在机读卡的“学号”一栏填涂学号。
二、A、B卷都分别由两份试卷组成：试卷一(Paper One) 包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按序号统一编号；试卷二(Paper Two) 包括翻译与写作两部分，共3题。
三、试卷一(题号1-80 )为客观评分题，答案一律用中性2B铅笔做在机读卡上, 在对应题号下所选字母中间划黑道。
四、卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上，答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
五、答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
六、本考试全部时间为180分钟。
其中，试卷一为100分钟，听力理解部分的时间以放完录音为准，大约20分钟；其余部分所占时间与得分标准标在试卷上，由考生自行掌握。
试卷二为80分钟。
每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
考试终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，将试卷和答案留在座位上，待监考老师收点无误后，经主考老师宣布本考试结束后方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause, during the pause, you must read the suggested answer marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A. He can't read French novels without the help of his teacher.B. He has no problems understanding French novels.C. He cannot do away with dictionaries when he reads French novels.D. He fell on a dictionary when he is reading a French novel.2. A. She'd like to take a later flight.B. They won't arrive late.C. They should leave for the airport immediately.D. She isn't afraid to travel alone.3. A. To apply for a job.B. To find out her position in the company.C. To offer her a position in the company.D. To make an appointment with the sales manager.4. A. She has to get ready for her speech.B. She doesn't like sea food.C. She thinks the restaurant is too expensive.D. She will accompany the man to the restaurant.5. A. It's no longer of any use to her.B. She feels the man's apology is enough.C. It does have a back cover.D. She is a generous woman by nature.6. A. To a guest house.B. To the theater.C. To a hotel.D.To a restaurant.7. A. To remind him of the time for the film.B. To tell him she is busy.C. To ask him to go to the movies.D.To invite him to sing.8. A. He is curious.B .He is satisfied.C. He is exhausted.D.He is impatient.9. A. Looking for a job.B. Looking for an apartment.C. Taking a suburban excursion.D.Asking the man for his opinions.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 10~12 are based on the following passage:10.A. Intellectual challenge.B. Social challenge.C. Physical challengeD. Economic challenge..11.A. Building pyramids.B. Exploring the spaceC. Making plans for transportation.D. Painting a picture.12. A. They face them.B. They are interested in them.C. They accept and enjoy them.D. They ignore themQuestions 13 — 15 are based on the following passage:13. A. It's a new method to measure a country's production.B. It's a way to study the economies of different countries.C. It's a new system to help make economic decisions.D. It's a means to understand a country's economic changes.14. A. GDP does not include earnings of companies operating in foreign countries.B. GDP counts only goods and services produced within the nation's borders.C. GDP refers to earnings from home-made products.D. Earnings by foreign-owned companies are not included in GDP.15. A. Because economic experts generally approve GDP.B. Because most industrial countries used GDP.C. Because GDP provides a truer measure of a country's economy.D. Because GDP is easier to be understood.PART II VOCABULARY ( 15 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. Reports of torture and mass execution in the concentration camps have outragedthe world religious leaders.A. irritatedB. slashedC. ragedD. reminded17.Thousands of English words derive from Latin.A. obtainB. detectC. decodeD. originate18.I have always regarded him as a man of integrity.A. characterB. integrationC. kindnessD. uprightness19. What a tremendous party it's been! I have enjoyed every minute of it.A. humorousB. fortunateC. contentD. wonderful20. Jefferson believed in human rights. He approved of the French Revolution.A. joinedB. opposedC. devotedD. was in favor of21.People are understandably wary of the new government.A. gratefulB. hostileC. cautiousD. ironic22.She gave a cordial reception to her guest.A. welcomeB. partyC. invitationD. overcoat23. This is one of several extraordinary scenes in the movie, including the suddenmurder of a young man that triggers the suppressed desire between George and Lucy.A. activatedB. wipedC. meddledD. posed24. William E. Boeing, founder of the company that designed the 747, had to resort tomanufacturing bedroom furniture to survive some lean years.A. come toB. turn toC. add toD. apply to25. These changes have made the campus an easier place for people with handicaps.A. disabilitiesB. casualtiesC. obstaclesD. injuriesSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. If you want to know the train schedule, please ______ at the booking office.A. acquireB. inquireC. requestD. require27. One of the rumors ____ at the moment is that the company is about to gobankrupt.A. evaporatingB. circulatingC. emittingD. elaborating28. This candidate has an impressively _____ range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. reverseC. adverseD. controversial29. China will continue to be the most ______ economic region in Asia.A. effectiveB. intermediateC. practicalD. dynamic30. May I _____ that if we don't leave now we shall miss the bus?A. point outB. pick outC. wipe outD. make out31. The patient condition has _______ since he had a heart attack.A. deterioratedB. decreasedB. treated D. diagnosed32.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and ______ him ofspeeding.A. chargedB.accusedC. blamedD. weary33.The poverty of some of the districts is an _____ to good education.A. objectionB. obstacle:C. obligationD. obsession34. It has become necessary to develop new and better tools of market research inorder to _____sales with greater certainty because production and purchasing has to be adjusted to sales expectations.A. foster C. forecastB. calculate D. promote35. In the past few years the workers have_____ a lot of suggestions, some of whichare being put into practice.A. put downB. put offC. put outD. put forwardPART III CLOZE TEST ( 20 minutes 15 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36. A. in charge of B. responsible for C. controlling D. accused of37. A. setbacks B. troubles C. crisis D. difficulties38. A. promote B. enhance C. raise D. speed up39. A. in line with B. according to C. based on D. depended on40. A. If B. Since C. While D. Although41. A. requirement B. demand C. necessity D. possibility42. A. lift B. boost C. develop D. accelerate43. A. versatile B. susceptible C. flexible D. fresh44. A. make B. take C. assign D. allocate45. A. items B. terms C. lists D. projects46. A. well-off B. well-being C. well-to-do D. welfare47. A. insurance B. funds C. coverage D. reports48. A. despite B. as C. supposing D. given49. A. As a result B. In a word C. Generally D. all in all50. A. instead of B. would rather C. as well as D. rather thanPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Gopher Prairie, in which the action of Sinclair Lewis' Main Street (1920) takes place, is a town of 3, 000 inhabitants, smug, dull people whose one idea is to get on materially. They have no use for anyone who wishes something better for them; they oppose civic（市政的）reform, cultural and educational projects. The most honored citizens are bankers. Carol, who has been to college and held a position as a librarian, comes to Gopher Prairie to live with her doctor husband. Appalled by the stagnant（停滞的）life of the town, and failing to become adjusted to it, she tries a number of cultural ideas. Her efforts to establish a little theater meet with no encouragement. Indeed, the people merely think she is putting on airs. Her affection for her husband wanes（衰落）, and she takes up with Erik Valborg, in whom she sees a spirit akin（类似的）to her own. She leaves the little town for Washington, D. C., where she works as a government clerk. Later she returns to Gopher Prairie, better equipped than before to understand the forces which shape Main Street.At the time of its first appearance, Main Street provoked a storm of protest on the ground that the novelist libeled（诽谤）good Americans. Today, no one thinks of repeating this charge. Indeed, as Lewis Gannett points out, Main Street has in no way changed except externally; it is the same Main Street; yet, doubtless it reads Sinclair Lewis' novels as eagerly as the rest of the nation. At the time when Main Street was published Lewis was accused of hating dull people. The novelist retorted that he did not hate them: he loved them. The truth is, the world of 1920 could not stand criticism. The Pulitzer Prize committee refused to award Main Street a prize. The novelist was to have his revenge six years later, when he rejected the same award for Arro w smith .51. Which of the following is the central preoccupation of the people of GopherPrairie?A. Progressive education.B. Material possessions.C. Cultural activity.D. Civic reform.52. When the people of Gopher Prairie thought that Carol was "putting on airs, " theymeant that she ______.A. talkativeB. pretentiousC. organizedD. overdressed53. In the first paragraph, Erik Valborg's spirit is said to be "akin" to Carol's, because they ______ .A. are related by marriageB. share a common religionC. have mutual interestsD. are emotional people54. According to the passage, why was there such adverse reaction to Main Street in1920?A. People were reluctant to admit their faults.B. Sinclair Lewis did not like honorable citizens.C. Gopher Prairie was portrayed inaccurately.D. The main character led an unconventional life.55. According to the passage, which of the following statements best explains whySinclair Lewis rejected the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith?A. He thought Arrowsmith was not worthy of the honor.B. He disapproved of the composition of the Pulitzer Prize committee.C. He claimed that the Pulitzer Prize had no status.D. He felt the committee had unjustly overlooked his previous work.Passage 2It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, butnowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.56. According to the passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by _____.A. people's attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modern lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions57. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule. " (para. 1) impliesthat ________.A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists58. By "good sense", the writer means _______ .A. the driver's ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behaviorD. the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations59. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,______.A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesD. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others60. In the writer's opinion, ______.A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage 3As a medium of exchange, money permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa（反之亦然）. Hence, producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value — that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy（物物交换经济）it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to image saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages — imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.61. Using money as a medium of exchange means that ______.A. you have to sell something in order to buy somethingB. you have to buy something in order to sell somethingC. you don't have to buy something in order to sell somethingD. the seller and the purchaser are the same person62. Specialization is encouraged because _______.A. people can use their money to buy whatever they wantB. people do not need to make a complete product for exchangeC. people make a great contribution to the manufacture of a productD. people can not use their money to buy whatever they want63. A barter economy is one in which _______.A. value is decided by weightB. value is decided by numberC. money is used and goods are not exchangedD. goods are exchanged and money is not used26164. If one had to save products instead of money, _______.A. this would need years of practiceB. coal, for example, would lose its valueC. they could not be stored for years on endD. many products would lose their value65.How many advantages of money are mentioned in this passage?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.Passage 4Kristina Mercier noticed her ten-year-old son, Brad, was becoming a nervous wreck（精神脆弱者）the closer it got to test day. A high school English teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, says Brad was terrified he'd flunk（不及格） a state-mandated test（州统考）. "He didn't want to go to school and started crying about every little thing," she says. "For a while, he was even having nightmares. I thought I'd have to take him to a psychiatrist. Then I found out the school principal was getting on the intercom every morning and saying, ' I want you to work really hard today so you'll pass the test. ' Brad has always been a bit of a worrier. He really took it to heart."The rise of standardized tests has had some unfortunate results. Now mandated （规定）by 48 states, such tests are intended to raise standards, providing parents —and legislators — with a measuring stick of how well teachers are doing. School district budgets, teacher pay and bonuses（奖金）, and student grade advancement are tied to test performance in a growing number of communities. As educators feel the heat, so do the kids — and some can't handle it. "Kids see their teachers' anxiety over the tests and that makes them feel there's something to really worry about," says Leo Mickey Fenzel, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology at Loyola College in Maryland, and author of several studies on children's stress. "Even the best students get nervous because they're afraid they'll mess up and disappoint teachers, parents, and themselves."Devin O'Leary of Bloomington, Indiana, had a full-fledged（全面的）meltdown （垮台）, thanks to his statewide third-grade test. "For weeks, teachers let the children know that this was a very serious test — the school had placed below the state averagein the past, so everyone was uptight（紧张的）, " says Debby O'Leary, his mother. Then, on test day, Devin was scolded for leaving his chair to help another child who was whining（嘀咕）because he couldn't do the math problems. "Devin got hysterical（歇斯底里）; he was crying and shaking so much he had to be sent to the principal's office, " she says. Although her son scored in the ninety-seventh percentile, Debby is relieved to know that he won't have another such test until he's in the sixth grade.Ramirez Miller has seen kids cry, get sick to their stomachs, even wet their pants over such pressure. But she's found ways to ease the strain on the kids in her class. "We used to give the tests cold turkey, but now we teach basic test skills, like how to fill out an answer bubble, and give practice exams, so kids become comfortable with the questions, " she says."I try to make the two weeks before the test very relaxed, because if I'm showing stress, it will be transmitted to the children." The result? Relaxed children and higher scores. Which proves that, with some insight and creativity, school stress need not be a required part of the curriculum.66. Which of the following applies to the description of Kristina Mercier's son afterhis examination?A. He was completely destroyed by the horrible stated-mandated test.B. He showed certain symptoms of nervous breakdown.C. He couldn't concentrate on doing things related to the exam.D. He was brought to the hospital for advice from a psychiatrist.67. What is the purpose of the increase of standardized tests in 48 states in the USA?A. To improve the standards of teaching and help offering a reference framework.B. To help raise the school region budgets, teacher's salary and his or her bonuses.C. T o make the examination more complicated to be handled with by the students.D. To put both the teachers and students under certain pressure for furtheradvancement.68. The first sentence in the third paragraph refers to that ______.A. Devin got a perfect mark in the state-mandated test when he was in the thirdgradeB. Devin melt a full cup of ice when he participated in his third grade test in thestateC. Devin was thoroughly destroyed in his mind because of his behavior in the testD. Devin was very grateful for the statewide test in that he fled from themeltdown69. What is the probable meaning of "cold turkey" in the last paragraph?A. A large, widely domesticated North American bird with cold body.B. An uncooked cold dish provided in the test like salad.C. A retarded child who acted like a dumb cold turkey.D. A sudden or unprepared administration of certain examination.70.What's the author's attitude towards the rise of American standardized tests?A. Approval.B. Objection.C. Objectivity.D. Indifference.Passage 5Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one's gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one's conversation partner."The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.71. The author is convinced that the eyes are ______ .A. of extreme importance in expressing feeling and exchanging ideasB. something through which one can see a person's inner worldC. of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD. something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate72. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _______ .A. whose front view is fully perceivedB. whose face is covered with a maskC. whose face is seen from the sideD. whose face is free of any covering73. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner's neck because _______.A. they don't like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB. they need not communicate through eye contactC. they don't think it polite to have eye contactD. t hey didn't have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact inbabyhood74. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷一、选择题（每题1分，共15分）请在每道题的四个选项中选择一个最正确的答案。
1、下列哪个国家是英语的发源地？A.美国B.英国C.加拿大D.澳大利亚2、在英语中，“do”是一个助动词，它的基本意思是“做”。
下列哪个选项是“do”的正确用法？A.我做了饭。
B.我做饭了。
C.我做的是饭。
D.做饭给我。
3、下列哪个单词是名词？A.bookB.chairC.tableD.bookcase4、下列哪个单词是动词？A.writeB.readC.countD.check5、下列哪个短语是正确的？A.in the morningB.at noonC.in the nightD.at nightfall6、下列哪个选项是一个完整的句子？A.The cat is on the mat.B.The mat is on the table.C.The table is in the room.D.The room is in the building.7、下列哪个单词有比较级形式？A.beautifulB.uglyC.tallD.short8、下列哪个选项是一个正确的问句？A.What's your name?B.How are you?C.Where are you from?D.Who are you?9、下列哪个单词的意思是“也”？A.yesB.noC.eitherD.neither10、下列哪个单词的意思是“一”？A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four11-15题略。
学术性学位与专业学位研究生培养模式的特性比较随着高等教育的不断发展，学术性学位与专业学位研究生培养模式成为的焦点。
这两种培养模式在目标、招生制度、教育过程、考核方式等方面存在一定的差异，本文将对其进行比较分析。
在培养目标方面，学术性学位研究生注重学术素养和科研能力的培养，以培养学术研究型人才为主。
此类研究生需要具备扎实的理论基础和较高的研究能力，能够独立承担科学研究任务，具备创新意识和团队协作精神。