东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8
研究生英语核心教材—综合教程(下册)课后练习答案unit6,8,9
Unit 6 Same Sex Marriage in the United StatesVocabularyI. Word Distinctions1. allege; charge两个词均有‘指控’的意思：allege: 在没有证据或得到证据之前指控(To assert without or before proof): 课文中Baehr and her attorney sought their objectives ... by alleging exclusively violations of state law，所以州政府以failure to state a claim（未能提出充足的证据) 申请州法院将其起诉驳回。
charge: 掌握证据后正式起诉（make a formal accusation)。
选择以上适当的词填空：1）The former mayor will appear before the local court today ____ with taking bribes.2）His classmates ____ that he was cheating in the exam, but they failed to produce any solid proof.3）She’s been arrested after being____ with murdering her husband.4）The ____ murderer was proved innocent.charges alleged charged alleged2. affirms; confirm两个词均指‘确认’affirm: to state something as true;confirm: to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing选择以上适当的词填空：1）Six people have ____ that they will be attending and ten haven’t replied yet.2）The suspect ____ that he had been at home all evening.3）I’ve accepted the job over the phone, but I haven’t____ in writing yet.4）She ____ her intention to apply for the post.5）Flights should be ____ 48 hours before departure.confirmed affirmed confirmed affirmed confirmedII. Decide the meanings of the following words by matching each word in Column A with the word or expression in Column B that is similar in meaning.TranslationI．Put the following Chinese expressions into English.1) 有争议的问题provocative issues2) 社会和宗教传统societal and religious conventions3) 异族通婚interracial marriage4) 法律援助legal aid5) 家庭伴侣关系法domestic partnership laws6) 异性婚姻heterosexual marriage7) 违反法律violations of laws8) 单方婚姻无效singular marriage voidII．Put the following Chinesse sentences into English with the words or phrases in the brackets.1) 所有的战士都知道他们的秘密任务需要冒一定的风险。
研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2
Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.。
大学英语综合教程第一册Unit6课后练习答案
大学英语综合教程第一册Unit6课后练习答案Unit 6Part II Text AText Organization1. Eugene Linden wants to tell the reader that animals do have, at least, some limited intelligence, and the personal experiences of those who are in close contact with animals are more convincing evidence than that any experiments can provide.2.Subheadings Main Ideas Let's Make a Deal Some animals are intelligent enough to know how to bargain with people. Tale of a Whale Animals like whales can assess a situation and act accordingly. Primate Shell Game Animals sometimes can be tricky.I. 1.1) maintaining 2) intelligent 3) go (very) far 4) has expanded 5) make a deal6) In the interest(s) of 7) wiped out 8) surrounding 9) convince 10) figure out11) encountered 12) has cooperated 13) assessed 14)（had）switched 15) envy2. 1) There used to be a long / long-running controversy over whether the book should be published or not.2) Kate felt relieved after her first meeting with Tom had gone smoothly.3) Something suddenly went wrong with my computer whenI was in the middle of writing the essay.4) It's a miracle that she survived the air crash when it brought about 109 deaths.5) She is determined not to give in until they give her a pay rise.3. 1) It is obvious that Sherman never thought Melati was so intelligent that she would deceive her.2) Scientists have undertaken various kinds of original research projects to explore animal intelligence, but they still can't reach an agreement on whether it exists or not.3) Lots of evidence convinced us/them/me/him/her that the lost ancient tunnel must have run right underneath the city, extending to the seashore.II. Confusable Words1. firstly2. first, first3. At first4. First/Firstly5. first6. First7. at first8. firstIII. UsagePhrases1. animal intelligence2. zoo keeper3. eye contact4. money supply5. killer whale6. baby whale7. family member8. sea turtleIn the phrase, the attributive noun indicates:whosewherethrough whatof whatwhat kindhow oldof whatwhat kind/ whereStructure1. 1) Scott arrived at the South Pole on January 18th, only to find that someone had got there beforehim.2) They spent a lot of time negotiating for a pay increase, only to get fired.3) I got to the theater only to find that I had left the ticket at home.4) I went to this St. Valentine's party to have some fun only to discover that everyone there was my mother's age.2. 1) Why pay so much for such a coat? You could have it at half of the price in the supermarketnear our house.2) The central heating system seems to have gone wrong. Why not call the repairman to check it?3) Why argue with him any more? He's made up his mind not to undertake this task.4) "I called and left a message for him several times but he never called back." "Why not try his mobile phone, then? "Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1.emergency 2. evidence 3. original 4. sizing up5. negotiates6. reveal7. intelligent8. make a deal9. dominant 10. in their interest(s)11. deceiving 12. controversy 13. judgment 14. explore(B)1. or2. How3. from4. However5. behavior6. when7. doesn't8. example9. But 10. attention11. Another 12. that 13. a 14. every 15. associate16. when 17. food 18. LearningII. TranslationWhen I was young I developed a keen interest in animals. So I often visited the zoo in my home town. There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male. They were kept in a huge iron cage at first, but later was released from it and put in a place called Tiger Hill. The hill was separated from the visitorsby a very wide and deep ditch. What's more, it was also surrounded by a high iron fence along the ditch.Twenty years later, I revisited the zoo and was relieved to find the Tiger Hill was still there but greatly extended. Moving around now were six tigers, old and young, instead of two!Part III Text BComprehension Checkl. b 2. d 3.d 4. b 5. c 6. aLanguage Practice1. purchase2. took to3. display4. rejected5. shed light on6. magnificent7. typical8. Nevertheless9. alarmed 10. exhibited/displayed11. pulled himself together 12. indicate13. cautious 14. observing15. accompany。
研究生英语核心教材—综合教程（下册）课后练习答案unit6,8,9
研究⽣英语核⼼教材—综合教程（下册）课后练习答案unit6,8,9Unit 6 Same Sex Marriage in the United StatesVocabularyI. Word Distinctions1. allege; charge两个词均有‘指控’的意思：allege: 在没有证据或得到证据之前指控(To assert without or before proof): 课⽂中Baehr and her attorney sought their objectives ... by alleging exclusively violations of state law，所以州政府以failure to state a claim（未能提出充⾜的证据) 申请州法院将其起诉驳回。
charge: 掌握证据后正式起诉（make a formal accusation)。
选择以上适当的词填空：1）The former mayor will appear before the local court today ____ with taking bribes.2）His classmates ____ that he was cheating in the exam, but they failed to produce any solid proof.3）She’s been arrested after being____ with murdering her husband.4）The ____ murderer was proved innocent.charges alleged charged alleged2. affirms; confirm两个词均指‘确认’affirm: to state something as true;confirm: to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing选择以上适当的词填空：1）Six people have ____ that they will be attending and ten haven’t replied yet.2）The suspect ____ that he had been at home all evening.3）I’ve accepted the job over the phone, but I haven’t____ in writing yet.4）She ____ her intention to apply for the post.5）Flights should be ____ 48 hours before departure.confirmed affirmed confirmed affirmed confirmedII. Decide the meanings of the following words by matching each word in Column A with the word or expression in Column B that is similar in meaning.TranslationI．Put the following Chinese expressions into English.1) 有争议的问题provocative issues2) 社会和宗教传统societal and religious conventions3) 异族通婚interracial marriage4) 法律援助legal aid5) 家庭伴侣关系法domestic partnership laws6) 异性婚姻heterosexual marriage7) 违反法律violations of laws8) 单⽅婚姻⽆效singular marriage voidII．Put the following Chinesse sentences into English with the words or phrases in the brackets.1) 所有的战⼠都知道他们的秘密任务需要冒⼀定的风险。
学术英语课后答案 unit6
Unit 6 Making an Oral PresentationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.prepare yourself for an oral presentationanize the content of an oral presentatione oral presentation language4.deliver your oral presentatione appropriate visual aids6.deal with questions7.participate in discussionII. Teaching Procedures1 Preparing your oral presentation2 Organizing the contentTask 11 Describe the outline of the talk2 Introduce the topic3 Indicate the shift from one idea to another4 Give closing remarks5 Summarize the talkTask 2Answers may vary.Task 31 Yes, he wanted to draw the audience attention immediately.2 To introduce his topic and raise the awareness about the seriousness of global warming.3 Yes, the story really created the effect he wanted to have on the audience.4 To echo the idea presented in the beginning part of the talk that global warming is a serious issue.5 He was really concerned about global warming and tried to create a good effect on the audience.Task 4According to a recent survey, two-thirds of the world’s polar bears will be extinct by the mid-century. We heard “save the whales” in the 1990s, we are hearing “save the polar bear” now, we will hear soon “save the human beings”. For the next 10 minutes or so I’m going to look at some of the serious effects of global warming. Basically I’ve divided my presentation into 3 parts. In the first part I’ll talk about the melting glaciers and the way that these are c ontributing to rising sea levels. Then in the second part I’ll look at climate change and give you some examples of how this is having a serious impact on wild animals’ behavior and habitat. And in the final part I’ll focus on the retreating snowlines and consider how these are causing the death of certain species of trees.3 Using proper languageTask 11 Questions about personal sleep habits. There are two functions for asking the questions: i) a topic-related question may help lead audience to this talk; ii) it is more attractive and interesting for audience.2 There are three major points the lecturer will cover in his lecture: i) the problem of sleep deprivation; ii) the causes; and iii) the effects. The lecturer introduces the main points of his lecturer in the very beginning so that the audience can follow it easily.3 Let’s start with the problem of sleep deprivation.First, what are the causes of sleep deprivation?Now I’ m going to move on to the effects of sleep deprivation.Another consequence of sleep deprivation is car accidents.4 To make his lecture more concrete and understandable.5 How many of you would say that… that you don’t go to sleep when you should because of the TV or the Internet?So now, what are the effects of sleep deprivation? The most common effect is, of course, sleepiness during the day. Let me ask you…When do you feel sleepy?The rhetorical questions may involve the audience into his lecture.6 Let’s, well, yeah, now, so, you, as you can see. The colloquial expressions may narrow the distance between the lecturer and audience.7 The style is more informative and colloquial. The language is easy. For example, the structure and the vocabulary are simple. Many transitional words are used to guide the audience. For example, personal experiences and stories are preferred to make the talk more interesting. Repetition is often employed to make his lecture more understandable.Task 2Answers may vary.4 Delivering your presentationTask 11 Yes, he varied his voice and his speed when he wanted to place the emphasis on what he was saying. He did this when he said the following sentences: “Now, here’s hard question, if the (I)don’t know”, “So, our call to action… your gig”, “I can’t wait to see what… hope that”.2 Yes, he made full use of his hands and his facial expression to achieve the maximal effects. He did this when he said the following sentences: “Well, I’ll tell you… the Internet”, “if the trajectory… what are we gonna do”, “So, our call to action… big thing”, “You could join… gas reductions”, “use your personal… in going green” and so on.3 He paused for the audience to think of the answer. He spoke word by word to emphasize the terrible result if the question is not appropriate replied.4 The lecturer wanted to place emphasis on the idea conveyed.5 To add weight to the sentence.Task 2Answers may vary.5 Using visual aidsTask 11 By using the slide in which the statistics of U.S. emissions are shown.2 He wrote the suggestions on the slides, each slide for one suggestion.3 The lecturer of Lecture 11 uses more pictures while Gore uses more words. They both put key words or key points on the slides and use bold typeface and a reasonable size so that the audience can see the words clearly.4 Gore uses key words or key points on the slides while the lecturer of Lecture 11 mainly uses pictures to help audience memorize. Both are efficient.5 The lecturer of Lecture 11 uses small cards held in his hand while Gore simply uses slides as a prompt for his lecture.6 Gore asked the audience to raise hands to answer the question “how many people here serve on the board of directors of a corporation?” while the lecturer of Lecture 11 uses “we” and “you” to narrow the distance between the audience and him. He also uses a lot of gestures and facial expression to achieve effects.Task 2Answers may vary.6 Dealing with Q and A7 Raising questions in class and in the lectureTaskAnswers may vary.8 Participating in discussionsTask1 Express a point of view2 Explain a reason3 Give evidence for an argument4 Acknowledge a person’s idea5 Offer a reason for disagreement6 Give your own argument。
东南大学研一学术英语教程答案
Unit 1Keys for 1.3.1, 1.3.2Developing an Academic Voice:Most inexperienced writers use only the voices within their experience. When there is narrow experience, there may be the use of inappropriate voice. Writers may resort to their casual voice, which is inappropriate for academic writing. Developing an appropriate voice in academic writing establishes authority and respect for the writer. An academic voice can be developed through understanding categories of voice, recognizing your writing voice, and learning voice changing strategies.Categories of Voice:-Formal voice is an informative voice used in analysis and critique.-Consultative voice is reserved for opinion, reaction, position, and persuasion papers. -Casual voice allows you to share personal knowledge and experience. This style is not appropriate for an academic paper unless expressly allowed by your professor (as in a personal narrative).Strategies for Changing your Voice:- Eliminate casual fillersEliminate words that are associated with casual style and are generally found in conversation. You can ensure you are using an academic voice by avoiding colloquial speech patterns in your writing.Example: “You know,” “well,” “now”- PersonCheck for the appropriate person for each style of paper. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not the formal. Be sure you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.- Wordiness and Word ChoiceExpress ideas clearly and concisely by removing extraneous words that only provide confusion. Also, remove ambiguous words such as “very” or “great” and select words that provide specific definition.Keys for 2.1.1Key for 2.2A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses and can also indicate the relationship between the elements it connects. In only one single sentence we often find that it contains one or more ideas which may be equal or unequal in importance. When the ideas are equal, they are called coordinate ideas. These sentences may be joined into a compound sentence that shows the relationship between the two ideas. When this is done in such a way that the equality of the ideas is maintained, we call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.Keys for 3.11.Science magazine2.advertisement3.Hemingway’s short story: cat in the rain4. a research paper5. a newspaperKeys for 3.2Key for 3.3There appear to be two principal reasons for the growing traffic congestion. Firstly, public transportation has become increasingly expensive in relation to the falling cost of driving. In addition, car ownership is more convenient than using public transportation, together these factors result in higher vehicle density.。
研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2
Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.。
东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter4
Unit 41.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1. Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage1.3.2. Understand more about Method Section of this research. What do you know about the questionnaire used in the survey?thencomplete the following table:2.2.1 The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential wordsand rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.Firstly, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips which are mixed with water and acid. After that, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. Later, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then sheets of wet paper are produced. finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.2.2.2 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.1. subjects,2. material,3. procedure,4.overview,5. statistical treatment,6. procedureand material, 7. sampling, 8. research location3.1 Completing sentencesComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.1) The questionnaire was administered2) completed the questionnaire3) Background information about these participants is presented in Table 24) The mean age of the participants was approximately 29 years old5) the years of working experience was six on the average3.2: 1c, 2 e, 3 d, 4 f , 5g, 6 b, 7 I, 8 a , 9h3.3 Rewriting sentences(1) Table 2 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgroundsrepresented.(2) Two questionnaires administered respectively to the personnel officers andbusiness employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.(3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and entered for statistical analysis.(4) The model used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2009 Testpackage, originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.(5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule, using scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.(6) After the teacher explained the directions, the students began to write.( place modifiers so that they clearly modify what you intend them to modify ) (7) Students achieved better results, although the schedule was in effect only 1 year.(Put the main idea in the main clause )(8) After putting the assignment on the board, the teacher found by checking theroll that three students were absent. (Too many and s )(9) Because many school administrators seem interested in making only simple andinexpensive changes, they have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.( avoid inserting long modifiers between the subject and the verb )(10) Many people are reluctant to install solar energy systems because of the largecapital investment required. ( avoid using subordinate clauses that modify other subordinate clauses )3.4 Turning notes into a passageA taste test was conducted to determine student’s preferences and attitudes toward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Ten people, five male and five female students, from Science English class 1 were chosen at random to participate in the test. The materials used were thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and two containers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the United States. One container held four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar. The other container held four cups of orange Kool-aid sweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brand artificial sweetener.The steps included in the test were as follows. Ten volunteer students were chosen, five male students and five female students. They were placed into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women completed the taste test. To complete the test a blindfold was first fastened over the eyes of the tester so that he/she could not see. Then the two cups were filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. The tester was then asked three questions from a survey and the answers were tabulated. Next, using a straw, the tester took a sip from each cup. Then the final two questions on the survey were asked and the answers tabulated. Finally, the remaining drink was thrown away, and the next tester came forward to repeat the process.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Unit Six1.3.11. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer.1.3.21. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.2.12Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal2.2.12.3In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation3.2Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.3.3The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper.DiscussionA thorough analysis of both …worst‟ and …best‟ rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but alsosmall-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of awater-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.As regards liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an embankment of stabilized soil plays an important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in the absence of embankment, liming offers no chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas the site becomes partly reusable when an embankment of limed soil is achieved. However, stabilization provided by the liming technique is not reliable in the long term and it cannot be assured that the site will be safe for coming generations.To conclude, with the view to treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the short-term, the LCA has been a useful tool in determining the most environmentally friendly technique: onsite containment has been revealed to offer the best resource productivity.On the basis of these interesting results, it would be useful to take into account a wider range of environmental flows in order to get a more exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more conventional LCA format could be achieved by using impact categories (global warming,acidif ication…) as inputs in the multi-criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Unit 72.1 Summerizing(Key: This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese man who has lived in Canada for several years. He considers Canadian women better off than Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian women feel nostalgic about the days when they received special courtesies. For example, formerly men opened doors for women or paid for their meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to treat men and women equally. Women today therefore are expected to cover the cost of their own meals. ) 2.2 Paraphrasing(Key for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the 1400s the way we viewed the family and the actual reality of the family changed. However, the change was so slow and subtle that people at that time did not see it. But the event itself, the growing importance of school, was quite striking. Prior to that time children were educated from the age of seven by being placed out or apprenticed to other families. Once schools were no longer limited to religious study, they replaced apprenticeship as society‟s means of educating the young and initiating them into society.)3.1 Key: EFABDC3.21) The present study is designed to determine what in San Francisco attracts visitors more,…2) The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether employees as well as managers have tobe equally trained for working in…3) This study set out to tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in U. S. A.4) The aim of this study is to determine whether education plays a role in….5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the marketing strategies currently applied by….6) The current study aims to determine whether children sent to daycare or preschool start….7) This project is aimed to explore how the discovery of … may change the way we treat….Unit 8 Writing Abstracts1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs in abstracts; tenses in abstracts2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required that solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment.3.1.2The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail3.1.3The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.23.3Writing keywords4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract 4.2 Outline an abstract4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and key words for the sample paper. Abstract:“Megacities” are defined as urban areas with more than ten million inhabi tants. By 2015 it is estimated that Asia (where much of the worldwide process of urbanization is taking place) may contain as many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600 million people in total. This number will dramatically increase over the next decades with more than 2 billion people living in Megacities by the end of this century. Low carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable planning of a new urban development. Sustainable master planning has four components, namely operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, another infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be understood to inform the concept design at its earliest stage, especially if designing to cater for the needs of global megacities where ramifications of poorly integrated planning could result in prof;ound andlong-lasting impacts on carbon and energy intensity. This paper describes how these aspects of low carbon planning and design can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely the Energy and Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban),at a whole city and building plot level.Key words: Urban planning, High density, Urbanization, Energy modeling, Low carbon。